Любитель научной фантастики и технологического прогресса. Хорошо сочетает в себе заумного технаря и утончённого гуманитария. Пишет про IT и радуется этому.
В новой версии разработчики языка добавили параметризованные диспетчеры контекста. Они позволяют форматировать длинные коллекции диспетчеров контекста в несколько строк. Ранее это можно было реализовать через import выражения. Теперь доступен следующий синтаксис:
with (CtxManager() as example):
...
with (
CtxManager1(),
CtxManager2()
):
...
with (CtxManager1() as example,
CtxManager2()):
...
with (CtxManager1(),
CtxManager2() as example):
...
with (
CtxManager1() as example1,
CtxManager2() as example2
):
...
Сообщения об ошибках стали умнее. Улучшили SyntaxErrors, IndentationErrors, AttributeErrors и NameErrors. Они выводят более точное описание проблемы. Например, в прошлых версиях Python SyntaxError для следующего кода возникло бы такое сообщение об ошибке:
expected = {9: 1, 18: 2, 19: 2, 27: 3, 28: 3, 29: 3, 36: 4, 37: 4,
38: 4, 39: 4, 45: 5, 46: 5, 47: 5, 48: 5, 49: 5, 54: 6,
some_other_code = foo()File "example.py", line 3
some_other_code = foo()
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
А в версии 3.10 интерпретатор выдаёт такую ошибку:
File "example.py", line 1
expected = {9: 1, 18: 2, 19: 2, 27: 3, 28: 3, 29: 3, 36: 4, 37: 4,
^
SyntaxError: '{' was never closed
Дебагер стал более точным и надёжным. Стандарт PEP 626 добавил в Python номера строк для отладки, профилирования и мониторящих инструментов.
PEP 634 привнёс структурное соответствие шаблонов. Это позволяет вытаскивать информацию из сложных типов данных и выполнять действия для определённых форматов. Синтаксис состоит из match/case-выражения:
match subject:
case <pattern_1>:
<action_1>
case <pattern_2>:
<action_2>
case <pattern_3>:
<action_3>
case _:
<action_wildcard>
PEP 604 добавил новый оператор — объединение типов. Он используется для выражений «либо тип X, либо Y» и заменяет typing.Union. Например, ниже представлены старая и новая версии:
def square(number: Union[int, float]) -> Union[int, float]:
return number ** 2def square(number: int | float) -> int | float:
return number ** 2
PEP 613 ввёл TypeAlias. Он позволяет объявлять псевдонимы для типов более явно:
StrCache: TypeAlias = 'Cache[str]' # a type alias
LOG_PREFIX = 'LOG[DEBUG]' # a module constant
Подробное описание всех изменений можно прочитать на официальном сайте Python.
Вот как на это отреагировали пользователи Reddit:
«Оператор объединения типов — отвал башки».
Скриншот:
Reddit
«Я думал, что выйдет Python 4. Теперь, получается, нужно ждать ещё несколько лет».
Скриншот:
Reddit
«А Я ВСЁ ЕЩЁ УЧУ PYTHON 3.9!!!»
Скриншот:
Reddit
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<div class="header-banner topBanner" data-type="header" style="display: block; position: sticky; top: 0; z-index: 999;">
<a data-source="210061" data-banner="226288" class="universal-notice js-universal-notice-notice universal-notice--webp universal-notice--bitrix universal-notice--active" href="https://skillbox.ru/sale/main/?utm_source=media&utm_medium=banners&utm_campaign=all_all_media_banners_banners_header_all_all_skillbox" target="_blank" style="--banner-bg: #5927E9;--banner-color: #fff;--button-font-color: #000000;--button-bg-color: #FFFFFF;--banner-img-left: url(https://cdn.skillbox.pro/mainsite/banners/promo_picture_left/602754/f9ac17dd-a1d4-46c6-aa14-4f7b949defd1.png);--banner-img-left-webp: url(https://cdn.skillbox.pro/mainsite/banners/promo_picture_left/602754/f9ac17dd-a1d4-46c6-aa14-4f7b949defd1.webp);--banner-img-center: url(https://cdn.skillbox.pro/mainsite/banners/promo_picture_center/602507/232fc4a5-b130-4af2-a629-bdb293a4dd2e.png);--banner-img-center-webp: url(https://cdn.skillbox.pro/mainsite/banners/promo_picture_center/602507/232fc4a5-b130-4af2-a629-bdb293a4dd2e.webp);--banner-img-center-mobile: url(https://cdn.skillbox.pro/mainsite/banners/promo_picture_center/602507/232fc4a5-b130-4af2-a629-bdb293a4dd2e.png);--banner-img-center-mobile-webp: url(https://cdn.skillbox.pro/mainsite/banners/promo_picture_center/602507/232fc4a5-b130-4af2-a629-bdb293a4dd2e.webp);--banner-img-right: url(https://cdn.skillbox.pro/mainsite/banners/promo_picture_right/602755/ad7a7fe5-b8d3-47a3-885b-51a7971c12a9.png);--banner-img-right-webp: url(https://cdn.skillbox.pro/mainsite/banners/promo_picture_right/602755/ad7a7fe5-b8d3-47a3-885b-51a7971c12a9.webp);">
<span class="universal-notice__wrapper">
<b class="universal-notice__title">
Скидка до 55% и 3 курса в подарок
</b>
<span class="universal-timer js-universal-notice-timer js-universal-notice-active">
<span class="universal-timer__days js-universal-notice-days">2 дня</span>
<span class="js-universal-notice-hours">13</span>
:<span class="js-universal-notice-minutes">30</span>
:<span class="js-universal-notice-seconds">09</span>
</span>
<span class="universal-notice__button">Выбрать курс</span>
</span>
</a><script>
document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => {
// Установите конечную дату
const deadline = new Date();
deadline.setDate(5);
deadline.setHours(0, 0, 0);
// Найдите элементы DOM
var timer = document.querySelector('.universal-timer');
const elDays = timer.querySelector('.js-universal-notice-days');
const elHours = timer.querySelector('.js-universal-notice-hours');
const elMinutes = timer.querySelector('.js-universal-notice-minutes');
const elSeconds = timer.querySelector('.js-universal-notice-seconds');
// Функция обновления таймера
const updateTimer = () => {
const now = new Date();
let diff = Math.max(0, deadline - now);
if (diff === 0) {
let lastDayOfMonth = new Date(now.getFullYear(), now.getMonth() + 1, 0);
let lastDay = lastDayOfMonth.getDate();
if (lastDay - now.getDate() < 4) {
deadline.setMonth(deadline.getMonth() + 1, 1);
} else {
deadline.setDate(deadline.getDate() + 4);
}
diff = Math.max(0, deadline - now);
}
// Time calculations for days, hours, minutes and seconds
var days = Math.floor(diff / (1000 * 60 * 60 * 24));
var hours = Math.floor((diff % (1000 * 60 * 60 * 24)) / (1000 * 60 * 60)).toString();
var minutes = Math.floor((diff % (1000 * 60 * 60)) / (1000 * 60)).toString();
var seconds = Math.floor((diff % (1000 * 60)) / 1000).toString();
if (timer) {
let dayTitles = ['день', 'дня', 'дней'];
let daySuffix = dayTitles[(days % 100 > 4 && days % 100 < 20) ? 2 : [2, 0, 1, 1, 1, 2][days % 10 < 5 ? days % 10 : 5]]
elDays.innerHTML = days + ' ' + daySuffix;
elHours.innerHTML = hours.padStart(2, '0');
elMinutes.innerHTML = minutes.padStart(2, '0');
elSeconds.innerHTML = seconds.padStart(2, '0');
}
};
updateTimer();
const timerId = setInterval(updateTimer, 1000);
});
</script>
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Дмитрий Зверев </div>
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Любитель научной фантастики и технологического прогресса. Хорошо сочетает в себе заумного технаря и утончённого гуманитария. Пишет про IT и радуется этому. </div>
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<html><body><div class="stk-post stk-layout_12col_18068 stk-theme_26309" data-ui-id="post" data-reset-type="class" data-editor-version="3.1.8" data-stk='{"images":[{"id":26943,"alt":"","caption":""},{"id":26942,"alt":"","caption":""},{"id":26941,"alt":"","caption":""}]}' data-layout-type="limited">
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<p class="stk-reset" data-ce-tag="paragraph">
В новой версии разработчики языка добавили параметризованные диспетчеры контекста. Они позволяют форматировать длинные коллекции диспетчеров контекста в несколько строк. Ранее это можно было реализовать через <strong class="stk-reset">import</strong> выражения. Теперь доступен следующий синтаксис:
</p>
<figure class="stk-reset stk-embed_rendered" data-ce-tag="embed"><code class="stk-code"><pre class="hljs" style="display: block; overflow-x: auto; padding: 0.5em; background: #f0f0f0; color: #444444;">with <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: #888888;">(CtxManager()</span> as example):
...
with <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: #888888;">(
CtxManager1()</span>,
CtxMa<span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: #bc6060;">nager2</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: #888888;">()</span>
):
...
with <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: #888888;">(CtxManager1()</span> as example,
CtxMa<span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: #bc6060;">nager2</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: #888888;">()</span>):
...
with <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: #888888;">(CtxManager1()</span>,
CtxMa<span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: #bc6060;">nager2</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: #888888;">()</span> as example):
...
with <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: #888888;">(
CtxManager1()</span> as example<span class="hljs-number" style="color: #880000;">1</span>,
CtxMa<span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: #bc6060;">nager2</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: #888888;">()</span> as example<span class="hljs-number" style="color: #880000;">2</span>
):
...</pre></code><figcaption class="stk-reset stk-description" data-ce-tag="description"></figcaption></figure>
<p class="stk-reset" data-ce-tag="paragraph">
Сообщения об ошибках стали умнее. Улучшили <strong class="stk-reset">SyntaxErrors</strong>, <strong class="stk-reset">IndentationErrors</strong>, <strong class="stk-reset">AttributeErrors</strong> и <strong class="stk-reset">NameErrors</strong>. Они выводят более точное описание проблемы. Например, в прошлых версиях Python <strong class="stk-reset">SyntaxError </strong>для следующего кода возникло бы такое сообщение об ошибке:
</p>
<figure class="stk-reset stk-embed_rendered" data-ce-tag="embed"><code class="stk-code"><pre class="hljs" style="display: block; overflow-x: auto; padding: 0.5em; background: #f0f0f0; color: #444444;"><span class="hljs-attr">expected</span> = {<span class="hljs-number" style="color: #880000;">9</span>: <span class="hljs-number" style="color: #880000;">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: #880000;">18</span>: <span class="hljs-number" style="color: #880000;">2</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: #880000;">19</span>: <span class="hljs-number" style="color: #880000;">2</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: #880000;">27</span>: <span class="hljs-number" style="color: #880000;">3</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: #880000;">28</span>: <span class="hljs-number" style="color: #880000;">3</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: #880000;">29</span>: <span class="hljs-number" style="color: #880000;">3</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: #880000;">36</span>: <span class="hljs-number" style="color: #880000;">4</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: #880000;">37</span>: <span class="hljs-number" style="color: #880000;">4</span>,
<span class="hljs-number" style="color: #880000;">38</span>: <span class="hljs-number" style="color: #880000;">4</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: #880000;">39</span>: <span class="hljs-number" style="color: #880000;">4</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: #880000;">45</span>: <span class="hljs-number" style="color: #880000;">5</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: #880000;">46</span>: <span class="hljs-number" style="color: #880000;">5</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: #880000;">47</span>: <span class="hljs-number" style="color: #880000;">5</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: #880000;">48</span>: <span class="hljs-number" style="color: #880000;">5</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: #880000;">49</span>: <span class="hljs-number" style="color: #880000;">5</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: #880000;">54</span>: <span class="hljs-number" style="color: #880000;">6</span>,
<span class="hljs-attr">some_other_code</span> = foo()</pre></code><figcaption class="stk-reset stk-description" data-ce-tag="description"></figcaption></figure><figure class="stk-reset stk-embed_rendered" data-ce-tag="embed"><code class="stk-code"><pre class="hljs" style="display: block; overflow-x: auto; padding: 0.5em; background: #f0f0f0; color: #444444;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-weight: 700;">File</span> <span class="hljs-string" style="color: #880000;">"example.py"</span>, <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-weight: 700;">line</span> 3
some_other_code = foo()
^
SyntaxError: invalid <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-weight: 700;">syntax</span></pre></code><figcaption class="stk-reset stk-description" data-ce-tag="description"></figcaption></figure>
<p class="stk-reset" data-ce-tag="paragraph">
А в версии 3.10 интерпретатор выдаёт такую ошибку:
</p>
<figure class="stk-reset stk-embed_rendered" data-ce-tag="embed"><code class="stk-code"><pre class="hljs" style="display: block; overflow-x: auto; padding: 0.5em; background: #f0f0f0; color: #444444;"><span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: #397300;">File</span> <span class="hljs-string" style="color: #880000;">"example.py"</span>, <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: #397300;">line</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: #880000;">1</span>
expected = {<span class="hljs-number" style="color: #880000;">9</span>: <span class="hljs-number" style="color: #880000;">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: #880000;">18</span>: <span class="hljs-number" style="color: #880000;">2</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: #880000;">19</span>: <span class="hljs-number" style="color: #880000;">2</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: #880000;">27</span>: <span class="hljs-number" style="color: #880000;">3</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: #880000;">28</span>: <span class="hljs-number" style="color: #880000;">3</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: #880000;">29</span>: <span class="hljs-number" style="color: #880000;">3</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: #880000;">36</span>: <span class="hljs-number" style="color: #880000;">4</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: #880000;">37</span>: <span class="hljs-number" style="color: #880000;">4</span>,
^
SyntaxError: <span class="hljs-string" style="color: #880000;">'{'</span> was never closed</pre></code><figcaption class="stk-reset stk-description" data-ce-tag="description"></figcaption></figure>
<p class="stk-reset" data-ce-tag="paragraph">
Дебагер стал более точным и надёжным. Стандарт <a href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0626/" target="_blank" class="stk-reset">PEP 626</a> добавил в Python номера строк для отладки, профилирования и мониторящих инструментов.
</p>
<p class="stk-reset" data-ce-tag="paragraph">
<a class="stk-reset" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0634/" target="_blank">PEP 634</a> привнёс структурное соответствие шаблонов. Это позволяет вытаскивать информацию из сложных типов данных и выполнять действия для определённых форматов. Синтаксис состоит из match/case-выражения:
</p>
<figure class="stk-reset stk-embed_rendered" data-ce-tag="embed"><code class="stk-code"><pre class="hljs" style="display: block; overflow-x: auto; padding: 0.5em; background: #f0f0f0; color: #444444;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-weight: 700;">match</span> subjec<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: #bc6060;">t:</span>
case <span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: #bc6060;"><pattern_1></span>:
<span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: #bc6060;"><action_1></span>
case <span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: #bc6060;"><pattern_2></span>:
<span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: #bc6060;"><action_2></span>
case <span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: #bc6060;"><pattern_3></span>:
<span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: #bc6060;"><action_3></span>
case _:
<span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: #bc6060;"><action_wildcard></span></pre></code><figcaption class="stk-reset stk-description" data-ce-tag="description"></figcaption></figure>
<p class="stk-reset" data-ce-tag="paragraph">
<a class="stk-reset" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0604/" target="_blank">PEP 604</a> добавил новый оператор — объединение типов. Он используется для выражений «либо тип X, либо Y» и заменяет <strong class="stk-reset">typing.Union.</strong> Например, ниже представлены старая и новая версии:
</p>
<figure class="stk-reset stk-embed_rendered" data-ce-tag="embed"><code class="stk-code"><pre class="hljs" style="display: block; overflow-x: auto; padding: 0.5em; background: #f0f0f0; color: #444444;"><span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-weight: 700;">def</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="color: #880000; font-weight: 700;">square</span><span class="hljs-params">(number: Union[int, float])</span> -> Union[int, float]:</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-weight: 700;">return</span> number ** <span class="hljs-number" style="color: #880000;">2</span></pre></code><figcaption class="stk-reset stk-description" data-ce-tag="description"></figcaption></figure><figure class="stk-reset stk-embed_rendered" data-ce-tag="embed"><code class="stk-code"><pre class="hljs" style="display: block; overflow-x: auto; padding: 0.5em; background: #f0f0f0; color: #444444;"><span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-weight: 700;">def</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="color: #880000; font-weight: 700;">square</span><span class="hljs-params">(number: int | float)</span> -> int | float:</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-weight: 700;">return</span> number ** <span class="hljs-number" style="color: #880000;">2</span></pre></code><figcaption class="stk-reset stk-description" data-ce-tag="description"></figcaption></figure>
<p class="stk-reset" data-ce-tag="paragraph">
<a class="stk-reset" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0613/" target="_blank">PEP 613</a> ввёл <strong class="stk-reset">TypeAlias</strong>. Он позволяет объявлять псевдонимы для типов более явно:
</p>
<figure class="stk-reset stk-embed_rendered" data-ce-tag="embed"><code class="stk-code"><pre class="hljs" style="display: block; overflow-x: auto; padding: 0.5em; background: #f0f0f0; color: #444444;">StrCache: TypeAlias = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: #880000;">'Cache[str]'</span> <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: #888888;"># a type alias</span>
LOG_PREFIX = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: #880000;">'LOG[DEBUG]'</span> <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: #888888;"># a module constant</span></pre></code><figcaption class="stk-reset stk-description" data-ce-tag="description"></figcaption></figure>
<p class="stk-reset" data-ce-tag="paragraph">
Подробное описание всех изменений можно прочитать на<a href="https://docs.python.org/3.10/whatsnew/3.10.html" target="_blank" class="stk-reset"> официальном сайте Python</a>.
</p>
<p class="stk-reset" data-ce-tag="paragraph">
Вот как на это отреагировали пользователи <a class="stk-reset" href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Python/comments/lm37rg/whats_new_in_python_310/" target="_blank">Reddit</a>:
</p>
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<p class="stk-reset stk-theme_26309__mb_05" data-ce-tag="paragraph">
«Оператор объединения типов — отвал башки».<br>
</p>
</div>
</div>
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</div>
<figcaption class="stk-reset stk-description" data-ce-tag="description">Скриншот: <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Python/comments/lm37rg/whats_new_in_python_310/" target="_blank" class="stk-reset">Reddit</a></figcaption></figure>
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«Я думал, что выйдет Python 4. Теперь, получается, нужно ждать ещё несколько лет».<br>
</p>
</div>
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</div>
<figcaption class="stk-reset stk-description" data-ce-tag="description">Скриншот: <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Python/comments/lm37rg/whats_new_in_python_310/" target="_blank" class="stk-reset">Reddit</a></figcaption></figure>
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<img src="/setka/css/assets/img/__hm6D-A.svg" alt="" class="stk-reset stk-theme_26309__symbol_custom_image_2666427 stk-icon">
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<p class="stk-reset stk-theme_26309__mb_05" data-ce-tag="paragraph">
«А Я ВСЁ ЕЩЁ УЧУ PYTHON 3.9!!!»<br>
</p>
</div>
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</div>
<figcaption class="stk-reset stk-description" data-ce-tag="description">Скриншот: <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Python/comments/lm37rg/whats_new_in_python_310/" target="_blank" class="stk-reset">Reddit</a></figcaption></figure>
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<strong class="stk-reset">Читайте также:</strong>
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