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<link rel="preload" as="image" href="https://hexlet.io/rails/active_storage/representations/proxy/eyJfcmFpbHMiOnsiZGF0YSI6MTIzNTMsInB1ciI6ImJsb2JfaWQifX0=--f1948fb0c5a45a6d76671a1a32b8cf6f0b53ee57/eyJfcmFpbHMiOnsiZGF0YSI6eyJmb3JtYXQiOiJ3ZWJwIiwicmVzaXplX3RvX2xpbWl0IjpbNDAwLDQwMF0sInNhdmVyIjp7InF1YWxpdHkiOjg1fX0sInB1ciI6InZhcmlhdGlvbiJ9fQ==--5b6f46dacd1af664f27558553a58076185091823/Software%20code%20testing-cuate.png"/><link rel="preload" as="image" href="/vite/assets/development-BVihs_d5.png"/><div id="app" data-page="{"component":"web/courses/lessons/theory_unit","props":{"errors":{},"locale":"en","language":"en","httpsHost":"https://hexlet.io","host":"hexlet.io","colorScheme":"light","auth":{"user":{"id":null,"last_viewed_notification_id":null,"email":null,"state":null,"first_name":"","last_name":"","current_program":null,"current_team":null,"full_name":"","guest":true,"can_use_paid_features":false,"is_hexlet_employee":false,"sanitized_phone_number":"","can_subscribe":true,"can_renew_education":false}},"cloudflareTurnstileSiteKey":"0x4AAAAAAA15KmeFXzd2H0Xo","vkIdClientId":"51586979","yandexIdClientId":null,"formAuthToken":"NirrKnLShGeRghUTKnkcSMIq2UFcIXdwOuUn2U_lvAJl7IYcU7m_h_aI6vuY5yuJzoBXGpA_bXyYYO3KAjlj2Q","topics":[],"lesson":{"exercise":{"id":2066,"slug":"js_testing_power_assert_exercise","name":null,"state":"active","kind":"exercise","language":"javascript","locale":"en","has_web_view":false,"has_test_view":false,"reviewable":true,"readme":"## tests/indexOf.test.js\n\nWrite tests for the `indexOf(items, value, [fromIndex=0]` function, which returns the index of the first occurrence of the passed element in the array, starting the search with `fromIndex`, whose value is zero by default:\n\n```javascript\nindexOf([1, 2, 1, 2], 2); // 1\nindexOf([1, 2, 1, 2], 2, 2); // 3\nindexOf([2, 'one', 'cat', false], 8); // -1\n```\n\n### Tips\n\n* [_.indexOf](https://lodash.com/docs#indexOf)\n","prepared_readme":"## tests/indexOf.test.js\n\nWrite tests for the `indexOf(items, value, [fromIndex=0]` function, which returns the index of the first occurrence of the passed element in the array, starting the search with `fromIndex`, whose value is zero by default:\n\n```javascript\nindexOf([1, 2, 1, 2], 2); // 1\nindexOf([1, 2, 1, 2], 2, 2); // 3\nindexOf([2, 'one', 'cat', false], 8); // -1\n```\n\n### Tips\n\n* [_.indexOf](https://lodash.com/docs#indexOf)\n","has_solution":true,"entity_name":"power-assert"},"units":[{"id":6767,"name":"theory","url":"/courses/js-testing/lessons/power-assert/theory_unit"},{"id":6768,"name":"quiz","url":"/courses/js-testing/lessons/power-assert/quiz_unit"},{"id":6786,"name":"exercise","url":"/courses/js-testing/lessons/power-assert/exercise_unit"}],"links":[],"ordered_units":[{"id":6767,"name":"theory","url":"/courses/js-testing/lessons/power-assert/theory_unit"},{"id":6768,"name":"quiz","url":"/courses/js-testing/lessons/power-assert/quiz_unit"},{"id":6786,"name":"exercise","url":"/courses/js-testing/lessons/power-assert/exercise_unit"}],"id":2970,"slug":"power-assert","state":"approved","name":"power-assert","course_order":170,"goal":"Learn about a library that dramatically simplifies the analysis of statement output","self_study":null,"theory_video_provider":null,"theory_video_uid":null,"theory":"Conventional asserts have a powerful alternative: [power-assert](https://github.com/power-assert-js/power-assert). This library adds a little magic to a familiar tool.\n\nHere's an example of a check using the standard *assert* module:\n\n```javascript\nconst user = {\n name: 'Madonna',\n friends: ['Kate', 'Michel'],\n email: 'madonna@example.com',\n};\n\nassert(user.name === 'Michel');\n\n// AssertionError [ERR_ASSERTION]: The expression evaluated to a falsy value:\n// assert(user.name === 'Michel')\n```\n\nThe output shows the statement itself and the result of the test. But it isn't clear what the `user` object is and what structure it has. To get this information, you'll have to get involved in debugging. But you can instead use the *power-assert* library:\n\n```javascript\nimport assert from 'power-assert';\n\n// All the code remains the same\nconst user = {\n name: 'Madonna',\n friends: ['Kate', 'Michel'],\n email: 'madonna@example.com',\n};\n\n// The power-assert library interface is 100% compatible with the built-in assert module\nassert(user.name === 'Michel');\n```\n\nAnd look at the output:\n\n```bash\nAssertionError [ERR_ASSERTION]: # test.js:10\n\n assert(user.name === 'Michel')\n | | |\n | | false\n | \"Madonna\"\n Object{name:\"Madonna\",friends:#Array#,email:\"madonna@example.com\"}\n\n --- [string] 'Michel'\n +++ [string] user.name\n @@ -1,6 +1,7 @@\n M\n -ichel\n +adonna\n```\n\nTry to stop and examine this conclusion carefully. What is shown here? _power-assert_ makes debugging as easy as physically possible. It shows the value of each object and the result of each operation included in the expression passed to the _assert_ function. In addition, at the end it compares the lines and says exactly what the difference was between them.\n\nHere's another interesting example from the documentation:\n\n```javascript\nimport assert from 'power-assert';\n\nconst array = [1, 2, 3];\nconst zero = 0;\nconst two = 2;\n\nassert(array.indexOf(zero) === two);\n\n// AssertionError [ERR_ASSERTION]: # test.js:7\n//\n// assert(array.indexOf(zero) === two)\n// | | | | |\n// | | | | 2\n// | -1 0 false\n// [1,2,3]\n//\n// [number] two\n// => 2\n// [number] array.indexOf(zero)\n// => -1\n\n```\n\nImpressed? Most modern frameworks don't produce an output as convenient as what *power-assert* does. It can be integrated with anything, but you will need additional tools to get this mapping, such as Babel / Webpack or other libraries listed in the [documentation](https://github.com/power-assert-js/power-assert#be-sure-to-transform-test-code).\n\nAn example of using power-assert with Babel:\n"},"lessonMember":null,"courseMember":null,"course":{"start_lesson":{"exercise":null,"units":[{"id":6762,"name":"theory","url":"/courses/js-testing/lessons/intro/theory_unit"}],"links":[],"ordered_units":[{"id":6762,"name":"theory","url":"/courses/js-testing/lessons/intro/theory_unit"}],"id":2967,"slug":"intro","state":"approved","name":"Introduction","course_order":100,"goal":"Course overview","self_study":null,"theory_video_provider":null,"theory_video_uid":null,"theory":"Professional developers' code is less error-prone than that of beginners. This is not because they're keener, more quick-witted, or can see right through the code. 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And the tests should verify it.\n\nFunctional tests are usually divided into the following, depending on the degree of isolation of the tested parts of code:\n\n* Unit (modular) tests\n* Integration tests\n* System tests\n\nThe most straightforward and least effective tests are unit tests. They check the functionality of specific software modules, such as functions. These tests are the easiest to write, but they can't help make sure that the modules work together. That's what integration tests are for. Programmers should focus on these tests: they're still easy enough to write (if the project ecosystem prepared for it), and they cover a much larger part of the system.\n\nThe most complex and most effective are system tests. If it's a website, the testing is done through the browser. These tests emulate the behavior of a real user, moving around the site, clicking on links, and filling out and submitting forms. The difficulty with these tests is that they have to rely on the site's layout, which can change frequently and unpredictably. In addition, it's impossible to determine exactly when one action ended and another began in a browser (from the program's perspective). This is why such tests often break and are difficult to write and maintain.\n\nDespite the differences, all automatic tests are based on the same principles. They often use the same tools. This course introduces the general testing principles and takes you through all the challenges that arise during testing step-by-step. The main subjects in this course are:\n\n* Asserts\n* Testing frameworks (Jest)\n* Unit testing\n* Matchers\n* Covering code with tests\n* Test-driven development (TDD)\n"},"id":295,"slug":"js-testing","challenges_count":0,"name":"JS: Automated testing","allow_indexing":true,"state":"approved","course_state":"finished","pricing_type":"paid","description":"The market-leading programming processes includes automated testing as a key component. The only trustworthy method for verifying that the code is functional is through tests. They do not eliminate bugs, but they do enable you to maintain a manageable amount of them. Tests provide assurance that changes made to one component of the system would not harm other parts.\n\nThis course looks at both general test writing principles and contemporary JavaScript testing tools.","kind":"basic","updated_at":"2026-02-09T12:28:18.832Z","language":"javascript","duration_cache":48840,"skills":["Writing better code with fewer bugs than code without tests","Build the architecture of your code better based on how it will be used","Write code faster due to automated result check","Perform code refactoring more often, ridding it of legacy, thanks to the guarantees that tests 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class="mantine-focus-auto mantine-active m_77c9d27d mantine-Button-root m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-variant="gradient" data-size="xs" href="/u/new"><span class="m_80f1301b mantine-Button-inner"><span class="m_811560b9 mantine-Button-label">Sign up</span></span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="paywalled m_d08caa0 mantine-Typography-root"><p>Conventional asserts have a powerful alternative: <a style="text-decoration:underline" class="mantine-focus-auto m_849cf0da m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root mantine-Anchor-root" data-underline="hover" href="https://github.com/power-assert-js/power-assert" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">power-assert</a>. This library adds a little magic to a familiar tool.</p>
<p>Here's an example of a check using the standard <em>assert</em> module:</p>
<div style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight" dir="ltr"><div class="m_be7e9c9c mantine-CodeHighlight-controls"><button style="--ai-bg:transparent;--ai-hover:transparent;--ai-color:inherit;--ai-bd:none" class="mantine-focus-auto mantine-active m_d498bab7 mantine-CodeHighlight-control m_8d3f4000 mantine-ActionIcon-root m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-variant="none" type="button" aria-label="Copy code"><span class="m_8d3afb97 mantine-ActionIcon-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="2" stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path stroke="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path><path d="M8 8m0 2a2 2 0 0 1 2 -2h8a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v8a2 2 0 0 1 -2 2h-8a2 2 0 0 1 -2 -2z"></path><path d="M16 8v-2a2 2 0 0 0 -2 -2h-8a2 2 0 0 0 -2 2v8a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2"></path></svg></span></button></div><div style="--scrollarea-scrollbar-size:calc(0.25rem * var(--mantine-scale));--sa-corner-width:0px;--sa-corner-height:0px" class="m_f744fd40 mantine-CodeHighlight-scrollarea m_d57069b5 mantine-ScrollArea-root" dir="ltr"><div style="overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:hidden;overscroll-behavior-inline:none" class="m_c0783ff9 mantine-ScrollArea-viewport" data-scrollbars="xy"><div class="m_b1336c6 mantine-ScrollArea-content"><pre class="m_2c47c4fd mantine-CodeHighlight-pre" style="padding:0"><code class="m_5caae6d3 mantine-CodeHighlight-code">const user = {
name: 'Madonna',
friends: ['Kate', 'Michel'],
email: 'madonna@example.com',
};
assert(user.name === 'Michel');
// AssertionError [ERR_ASSERTION]: The expression evaluated to a falsy value:
// assert(user.name === 'Michel')</code></pre></div></div></div><button class="mantine-focus-auto m_c9378bc2 mantine-CodeHighlight-showCodeButton m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-hidden="true" type="button">Expand code</button></div>
<p>The output shows the statement itself and the result of the test. But it isn't clear what the <code style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight">user</code> object is and what structure it has. To get this information, you'll have to get involved in debugging. But you can instead use the <em>power-assert</em> library:</p>
<div style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight" dir="ltr"><div class="m_be7e9c9c mantine-CodeHighlight-controls"><button style="--ai-bg:transparent;--ai-hover:transparent;--ai-color:inherit;--ai-bd:none" class="mantine-focus-auto mantine-active m_d498bab7 mantine-CodeHighlight-control m_8d3f4000 mantine-ActionIcon-root m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-variant="none" type="button" aria-label="Copy code"><span class="m_8d3afb97 mantine-ActionIcon-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="2" stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path stroke="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path><path d="M8 8m0 2a2 2 0 0 1 2 -2h8a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v8a2 2 0 0 1 -2 2h-8a2 2 0 0 1 -2 -2z"></path><path d="M16 8v-2a2 2 0 0 0 -2 -2h-8a2 2 0 0 0 -2 2v8a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2"></path></svg></span></button></div><div style="--scrollarea-scrollbar-size:calc(0.25rem * var(--mantine-scale));--sa-corner-width:0px;--sa-corner-height:0px" class="m_f744fd40 mantine-CodeHighlight-scrollarea m_d57069b5 mantine-ScrollArea-root" dir="ltr"><div style="overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:hidden;overscroll-behavior-inline:none" class="m_c0783ff9 mantine-ScrollArea-viewport" data-scrollbars="xy"><div class="m_b1336c6 mantine-ScrollArea-content"><pre class="m_2c47c4fd mantine-CodeHighlight-pre" style="padding:0"><code class="m_5caae6d3 mantine-CodeHighlight-code">import assert from 'power-assert';
// All the code remains the same
const user = {
name: 'Madonna',
friends: ['Kate', 'Michel'],
email: 'madonna@example.com',
};
// The power-assert library interface is 100% compatible with the built-in assert module
assert(user.name === 'Michel');</code></pre></div></div></div><button class="mantine-focus-auto m_c9378bc2 mantine-CodeHighlight-showCodeButton m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-hidden="true" type="button">Expand code</button></div>
<p>And look at the output:</p>
<div style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight" dir="ltr"><div class="m_be7e9c9c mantine-CodeHighlight-controls"><button style="--ai-bg:transparent;--ai-hover:transparent;--ai-color:inherit;--ai-bd:none" class="mantine-focus-auto mantine-active m_d498bab7 mantine-CodeHighlight-control m_8d3f4000 mantine-ActionIcon-root m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-variant="none" type="button" aria-label="Copy code"><span class="m_8d3afb97 mantine-ActionIcon-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="2" stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path stroke="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path><path d="M8 8m0 2a2 2 0 0 1 2 -2h8a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v8a2 2 0 0 1 -2 2h-8a2 2 0 0 1 -2 -2z"></path><path d="M16 8v-2a2 2 0 0 0 -2 -2h-8a2 2 0 0 0 -2 2v8a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2"></path></svg></span></button></div><div style="--scrollarea-scrollbar-size:calc(0.25rem * var(--mantine-scale));--sa-corner-width:0px;--sa-corner-height:0px" class="m_f744fd40 mantine-CodeHighlight-scrollarea m_d57069b5 mantine-ScrollArea-root" dir="ltr"><div style="overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:hidden;overscroll-behavior-inline:none" class="m_c0783ff9 mantine-ScrollArea-viewport" data-scrollbars="xy"><div class="m_b1336c6 mantine-ScrollArea-content"><pre class="m_2c47c4fd mantine-CodeHighlight-pre" style="padding:0"><code class="m_5caae6d3 mantine-CodeHighlight-code">AssertionError [ERR_ASSERTION]: # test.js:10
assert(user.name === 'Michel')
| | |
| | false
| "Madonna"
Object{name:"Madonna",friends:#Array#,email:"madonna@example.com"}
--- [string] 'Michel'
+++ [string] user.name
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
M
-ichel
+adonna</code></pre></div></div></div><button class="mantine-focus-auto m_c9378bc2 mantine-CodeHighlight-showCodeButton m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-hidden="true" type="button">Expand code</button></div>
<p>Try to stop and examine this conclusion carefully. What is shown here? <em>power-assert</em> makes debugging as easy as physically possible. It shows the value of each object and the result of each operation included in the expression passed to the <em>assert</em> function. In addition, at the end it compares the lines and says exactly what the difference was between them.</p>
<p>Here's another interesting example from the documentation:</p>
<div style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight" dir="ltr"><div class="m_be7e9c9c mantine-CodeHighlight-controls"><button style="--ai-bg:transparent;--ai-hover:transparent;--ai-color:inherit;--ai-bd:none" class="mantine-focus-auto mantine-active m_d498bab7 mantine-CodeHighlight-control m_8d3f4000 mantine-ActionIcon-root m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-variant="none" type="button" aria-label="Copy code"><span class="m_8d3afb97 mantine-ActionIcon-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="2" stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path stroke="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path><path d="M8 8m0 2a2 2 0 0 1 2 -2h8a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v8a2 2 0 0 1 -2 2h-8a2 2 0 0 1 -2 -2z"></path><path d="M16 8v-2a2 2 0 0 0 -2 -2h-8a2 2 0 0 0 -2 2v8a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2"></path></svg></span></button></div><div style="--scrollarea-scrollbar-size:calc(0.25rem * var(--mantine-scale));--sa-corner-width:0px;--sa-corner-height:0px" class="m_f744fd40 mantine-CodeHighlight-scrollarea m_d57069b5 mantine-ScrollArea-root" dir="ltr"><div style="overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:hidden;overscroll-behavior-inline:none" class="m_c0783ff9 mantine-ScrollArea-viewport" data-scrollbars="xy"><div class="m_b1336c6 mantine-ScrollArea-content"><pre class="m_2c47c4fd mantine-CodeHighlight-pre" style="padding:0"><code class="m_5caae6d3 mantine-CodeHighlight-code">import assert from 'power-assert';
const array = [1, 2, 3];
const zero = 0;
const two = 2;
assert(array.indexOf(zero) === two);
// AssertionError [ERR_ASSERTION]: # test.js:7
//
// assert(array.indexOf(zero) === two)
// | | | | |
// | | | | 2
// | -1 0 false
// [1,2,3]
//
// [number] two
// => 2
// [number] array.indexOf(zero)
// => -1</code></pre></div></div></div><button class="mantine-focus-auto m_c9378bc2 mantine-CodeHighlight-showCodeButton m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-hidden="true" type="button">Expand code</button></div>
<p>Impressed? Most modern frameworks don't produce an output as convenient as what <em>power-assert</em> does. It can be integrated with anything, but you will need additional tools to get this mapping, such as Babel / Webpack or other libraries listed in the <a style="text-decoration:underline" class="mantine-focus-auto m_849cf0da m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root mantine-Anchor-root" data-underline="hover" href="https://github.com/power-assert-js/power-assert#be-sure-to-transform-test-code" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">documentation</a>.</p>
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