Content layout fundamentals
2026-02-21 23:39 Diff
https://hexlet.io/courses/css-content/lessons/pseudoelements/theory_unit

In previous lessons, we dealt with pseudo-classes, which involve changing existing elements depending on their state. Is it possible to specify or create styles for elements that aren't in HTML? Yes! CSS has a concept called pseudo-elements for just such a purpose.

Let's look at styling a drop cap as an example. Drop caps, or dropped capitals, refer to the first character in a paragraph when it's enlarged. You can often find this technique in fairy tale books or olde worlde books. What's the best way to do this? The first thing that comes to mind is to wrap the first character in a separate tag and style it.

A good and working option, suitable for small changes in some texts. What problems could be hidden here? Firstly, if there are a lot of these texts, then it takes a long time to add tags to each desired paragraph, thus increasing the risk of error. You might forget to put a tag or not put a tag on the first letter as you should. Secondly, it becomes less scalable. When it comes to getting rid of drop caps, you need to remove all the classes or remove the styles, but then there'll be unnecessary tags left over, which is more likely to confuse you.

How can you get out of this situation? This is where pseudo-elements come in. They can virtually create the tag we need and style it only using CSS. This solves the two problems described above:

  1. There's no need to put in new tags. All you have to do is specify the desired selector in CSS
  2. When you remove a class like this, there'll be no unnecessary HTML tags left over

The ::first-letter pseudo-element is responsible for styling the first character. It'll wrap the first character virtually and apply custom styles to it. Let's rewrite the example a bit and give drop caps to all the paragraphs within the article.

The result is the same, but in terms of browser performance, there'll have been lots of changes. The browser automatically found the first character in the paragraph, which is within the article. It wrapped it and applied the styles described in the CSS.

Interestingly, pseudo-elements, in terms of syntax, are very similar to pseudo-classes, but two colons are used instead of one :. Browsers will correctly handle a pseudo-element such as :first-letter. It's not immediately obvious which is a pseudo-class and which is a pseudo-element, so always use :: to specify a pseudo-element.

before and after

You could write an entire course about these two pseudo-elements. Their interaction with websites cannot be overstated. Used in most cases, ::before and ::after are by far the most important pseudo-elements. You can think up all sorts of different ways to use and style them as you learn about layout design.

In the lesson about lists, we said that styling markers are most often done with pseudo-elements. In this part, we'll look at how to do it.

Note: there'll be properties here linked with the positioning of elements. All of these properties will be studied in the CSS: Positioning course. If you don't understand some parts of CSS, don't worry. You'll soon learn how all the new properties work.

::before and ::after allow you to create new content inside the HTML tree. This content is linked to a certain element and can appear before or after it. That's why pseudo-elements are called that:

  • ::before is a pseudo-element that allows you to add content before the selected element
  • ::after is a pseudo-element that allows you to add content after the selected element

Each of these pseudo-elements must include a special content property, which specifies what should be inside. Without this property, the ::before and ::after pseudo-elements won't work!

Let's create a block-level element and use the new pseudo-elements.

All content inside the ::before and ::after pseudo-elements is inline. In other words, it has the display: inline property by default. You can easily change this and work with pseudo-elements as if they were normal elements inside an HTML document.

This opens up truly limitless possibilities for styling elements with CSS. Many techniques are built on the use of pseudo-elements. Create custom list markers using an image.

Let's look at what happens in the .hexlet-ul li::before pseudo-element:

This part of the CSS code specifies empty content. Since we only want to add an image, we don't need any symbols. This field can be left blank, but you must add it. Certain height and width frames are set for the element. It's in these frames that we'll put the image.

Now set an image for the block. To do this, we use three properties:

  1. background-image is a property that allows you to set an image as a background. Inside, we use the url function to specify the address where the image is located
  2. background-repeat - repeat the image. If we can repeat the image, does it mean that we have to? Not in this case, because we need a specific image, not a repeating background. The value no-repeat prevents the image from being repeated
  3. background-size manages the image size. The cover keyword scales the image to maintain its proportions and fits it into the height or width of an existing block

By positioning this pseudo-element, we can now use the image as a list marker. It didn't have to adjust the image, because that job was left to CSS.