<!DOCTYPE html>
<html class="h-100" data-bs-theme="light" data-mantine-color-scheme="light" lang="en" prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns#">
<head>
<meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" name="viewport">
<meta content="IE=Edge" http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible">
<link crossorigin="true" href="https://cdn.hexlet.io" rel="preconnect">
<meta content="aa2vrdtq64dub8knuf83lwywit311w" name="facebook-domain-verification">
<link href="/favicon.ico" rel="icon" sizes="any">
<link href="/favicon.svg" rel="icon" type="image/svg+xml">
<link href="/apple-touch-icon.png" rel="apple-touch-icon">
<link href="/manifest.webmanifest" rel="manifest">
<script>
//<![CDATA[
window.gon={};gon.ym_counter="25559621";gon.is_bot=true;gon.applications={};gon.current_user={"id":null,"last_viewed_notification_id":null,"email":null,"state":null,"first_name":"","last_name":"","current_program":null,"current_team":null,"full_name":"","guest":true,"can_use_paid_features":false,"is_hexlet_employee":false,"sanitized_phone_number":"","can_subscribe":true,"can_renew_education":false};gon.token="qmziWwwlpYPtlS7TEy37I4_LptcLVleRDFlXCLlv9y35qo9tLU6eY4qf0Tuhs8zig2EojMdITZ2u3J0b9LMo9g";gon.locale="en";gon.language="en";gon.theme="light";gon.rails_env="production";gon.mobile=false;gon.google={"analytics_key":"UA-1360700-51","optimize_key":"GTM-5QDVFPF"};gon.captcha={"google_v3_site_key":"6LenGbgZAAAAAM7HbrDbn5JlizCSzPcS767c9vaY","yandex_site_key":"ysc1_Vyob5ZPPUdPBsu0ykt8bVFdzsfpoVjQChLGl2b4g19647a89","verification_failed":null};gon.social_signin=false;gon.typoreporter_google_form_id="1FAIpQLScNwxM8rjQRRWqW5G6dn6-0NvLUblFemy7EvA9VsJ7Ov5wXqA";
//]]>
</script>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>Conclusion | Python: Automated testing</title>
<meta name="description" content="Conclusion / Python: Automated testing: Summarizing the course topic">
<link rel="canonical" href="https://hexlet.io/courses/python-testing/lessons/outro/theory_unit">
<meta name="robots" content="noarchive">
<meta property="og:title" content="Conclusion">
<meta property="og:title" content="Python: Automated testing">
<meta property="og:description" content="Conclusion / Python: Automated testing: Summarizing the course topic">
<meta property="og:url" content="https://hexlet.io/courses/python-testing/lessons/outro/theory_unit">
<meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" />
<meta name="csrf-token" content="AWJYlrFFy_NaLtVeJbLacPBCGsLAgH8aniPWBU5JiVpSpDWgkC7wEz0kKraXLO2x_OiUmQyeZRY8phwWA5VWgQ" />
<script src="/vite/assets/inertia-CgrHVkgd.js" crossorigin="anonymous" type="module"></script><link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/chunk-DsPFFUou.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/preload-helper-C1cfMHAs.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/init-0bhwJkNI.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/ahoy-BXKrsWjp.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/analytics-Du9ljYPK.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/ErrorFallbackBlock-V3hfk_CP.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/RootLayout-CUZzAr0T.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/Surface-DbDKujDz.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/gon-B-jV56Ol.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/mantine-DOJkeu70.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/utils-ClTF9s_T.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/routes-mvvEXZQ8.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/index.esm-DATLpQdV.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/Modal-BhY0AP_c.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/Textarea-P1s4q94S.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/exports-BsSGGK2I.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/dayjs.min-Bfba02I7.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/client-CYyKzrjQ.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/react-dom-SJZekO2j.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/useTranslation-bo78L81P.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/compiler-runtime-BhqaZ6vG.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/jsx-runtime-DlXMvSuQ.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/react-CFtMU8gd.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/vite/assets/application-BhDYOUva.css" />
<script src="/vite/assets/application-ZyVHkzwO.js" crossorigin="anonymous" type="module"></script><link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/chunk-DsPFFUou.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/autocomplete-BokUl44d.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/routes-mvvEXZQ8.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/createPopper-gQnwoPhY.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/js.cookie-CB1F2-VC.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/vite/assets/application-BhDYOUva.css" media="screen" />
<!-- Google Tag Manager - deferred -->
<script>
// dataLayer stub сразу — пуши работают до загрузки скрипта
window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];
// Сам скрипт — отложенно после load
window.addEventListener('load', function() {
setTimeout(function() {
dataLayer.push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js'});
var j = document.createElement('script');
j.async = true;
j.src = 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-WK88TH';
document.head.appendChild(j);
}, 1500);
});
</script>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager -->
</head>
<body>
<!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
<noscript>
<iframe height="0" src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-WK88TH" style="display:none;visibility:hidden" width="0"></iframe>
</noscript>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
<header class="sticky-top bg-body">
<nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg">
<div class="container-xxl">
<a class="navbar-brand" href="/"><img alt="Hexlet logo" height="24" src="https://hexlet.io/vite/assets/logo_en_light-FS-yL6XB.svg" width="96">
</a><button aria-controls="collapsable" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Menu" class="navbar-toggler border-0 mb-0 mt-1" data-bs-target="#collapsable" data-bs-toggle="collapse">
<span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span>
</button>
<div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="collapsable">
<ul class="navbar-nav mb-lg-0 mt-lg-1">
<li class="nav-item dropdown">
<button aria-haspopup class="btn nav-link" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" type="button">
All courses
<span class="bi bi-chevron-down align-middle ms-1"></span>
</button>
<ul class="dropdown-menu">
<li>
<a class="dropdown-item d-flex py-2" href="/courses"><div class="fw-bold me-auto">Everything</div>
<div class="text-muted">8</div>
</a></li>
<li>
<hr class="dropdown-divider">
</li>
<li class="dropdown-item">
<b>Popular categories</b>
</li>
<li>
<a class="dropdown-item py-2" href="/courses_backend-development">Backend Development
</a></li>
<li>
<a class="dropdown-item py-2" href="/courses_devops">DevOps
</a></li>
<li>
<a class="dropdown-item py-2" href="/courses_frontend-development">Frontend Development
</a></li>
<li>
<a class="dropdown-item py-2" href="/courses_testing">Testing
</a></li>
<li>
<hr class="dropdown-divider">
</li>
<li class="dropdown-item">
<b>Popular courses</b>
</li>
<li>
<a class="dropdown-item py-2" href="/programs/frontend">Frontend Developer
</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="nav-item dropdown">
<button aria-haspopup class="btn nav-link" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" type="button">
About Hexlet
<span class="bi bi-chevron-down align-middle"></span>
</button>
<ul class="dropdown-menu bg-body">
<li>
<a class="dropdown-item py-2" href="/pages/about">About company
</a></li>
<li>
<a class="dropdown-item py-2" href="/blog">Blog
</a></li>
<li>
<span class="dropdown-item py-2 external-link" data-href="https://special.hexlet.io/hse-research" role="button"><span class="translation_missing" title="translation missing: en.layouts.header.results">Results</span>
</span></li>
<li>
<span class="dropdown-item py-2 external-link" data-href="https://career.hexlet.io" role="button"><span class="translation_missing" title="translation missing: en.layouts.header.career">Career</span>
</span></li>
<li>
<a class="dropdown-item py-2" href="/testimonials">Testimonials
</a></li>
<li>
<span class="dropdown-item py-2 external-link" data-href="https://t.me/hexlet_help_bot" role="button"><span class="translation_missing" title="translation missing: en.layouts.header.support">Support</span>
</span></li>
<li>
<span class="dropdown-item py-2 external-link" data-href="https://special.hexlet.io/referal-program/?promo_creative=priglasite-druzei&promo_name=referal-program&promo_position=promo_position&promo_start=010724&promo_type=link" role="button"><span class="translation_missing" title="translation missing: en.layouts.header.referal_program">Referal Program</span>
</span></li>
<li>
<span class="dropdown-item py-2 external-link" data-href="https://special.hexlet.io/certificate" role="button"><span class="translation_missing" title="translation missing: en.layouts.header.certificates">Certificates</span>
</span></li>
<li>
<span class="dropdown-item py-2 external-link" data-href="https://hh.ru/employer/4307094" role="button"><span class="translation_missing" title="translation missing: en.layouts.header.vacancies">Vacancies</span>
</span></li>
<li>
<span class="dropdown-item d-flex external-link" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" data-href="https://b2b.hexlet.io" data-target="_blank" role="button"><span class="translation_missing" title="translation missing: en.layouts.header.teams">Teams</span>
</span></li>
<li>
<span class="dropdown-item d-flex external-link" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" data-href="https://hexly.ru/" data-target="_blank" role="button"><span class="translation_missing" title="translation missing: en.layouts.header.college">College</span>
</span></li>
<li>
<span class="dropdown-item d-flex external-link" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" data-href="https://hexlyschool.ru/" data-target="_blank" role="button"><span class="translation_missing" title="translation missing: en.layouts.header.private_school">Private School</span>
</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="navbar-nav flex-lg-row align-items-lg-center gap-2 ms-auto">
<li>
<a class="nav-link" aria-label="Switch theme" href="/theme/switch?new_theme=dark"><span aria-hidden="true" class="bi bi-moon"></span>
</a></li>
<li>
<span data-target="_self" class="nav-link external-link" data-href="/u/new" role="button"><span>Sign up</span>
</span></li>
<li>
<span data-target="_self" class="nav-link external-link" data-href="https://hexlet.io/session/new" role="button"><span>Sign in</span>
</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</nav>
</header>
<div class="x-container-xxxl">
</div>
<main class="mb-6 min-vh-100 h-100">
<div id="app" data-page="{"component":"web/courses/lessons/theory_unit","props":{"errors":{},"locale":"en","language":"en","httpsHost":"https://hexlet.io","host":"hexlet.io","colorScheme":"light","auth":{"user":{"id":null,"last_viewed_notification_id":null,"email":null,"state":null,"first_name":"","last_name":"","current_program":null,"current_team":null,"full_name":"","guest":true,"can_use_paid_features":false,"is_hexlet_employee":false,"sanitized_phone_number":"","can_subscribe":true,"can_renew_education":false}},"cloudflareTurnstileSiteKey":"0x4AAAAAAA15KmeFXzd2H0Xo","vkIdClientId":"51586979","yandexIdClientId":null,"formAuthToken":"llXh-BVHFvsFoLwumTnj4xd5TXB7L4EKO4gaFUcvZR_Fk4zONCwtG2KqQ8Yrp9QiG9PDK7cxmwaZDdAGCvO6xA","topics":[],"lesson":{"exercise":null,"units":[{"id":9102,"name":"theory","url":"/courses/python-testing/lessons/outro/theory_unit"}],"links":[],"ordered_units":[{"id":9102,"name":"theory","url":"/courses/python-testing/lessons/outro/theory_unit"}],"id":4070,"slug":"outro","state":"approved","name":"Conclusion","course_order":700,"goal":"Summarizing the course topic","self_study":null,"theory_video_provider":null,"theory_video_uid":null,"theory":"Testing is an essential tool for developing high-quality software. It allows you to detect errors and inconsistencies in the code at the early stages of development and improve its architecture and design.\n\nIn this course, we studied the basic concepts and tools for testing in Python, such as statements, the Pytest framework, unit tests, fixtures, test coverage, test-driven development, and continuous integration. The knowledge and skills you've acquired will help you create high-quality and reliable software. Don't forget to use testing at all stages of development and follow good practices.\n"},"lessonMember":null,"courseMember":null,"course":{"start_lesson":{"exercise":null,"units":[{"id":9088,"name":"theory","url":"/courses/python-testing/lessons/intro/theory_unit"}],"links":[],"ordered_units":[{"id":9088,"name":"theory","url":"/courses/python-testing/lessons/intro/theory_unit"}],"id":4056,"slug":"intro","state":"approved","name":"Introduction","course_order":100,"goal":"Getting to know the course topic","self_study":null,"theory_video_provider":null,"theory_video_uid":null,"theory":"Professional developers' code contains fewer bugs than novices', but it's not because they're brighter, more detail-oriented, or able to see the code from bean to cup. The real reason is that they write tests.\n\nAutomated testing is an integral part of the programming process in a professional environment. Tests are the only reliable way to make sure your code works. They don't eliminate bugs, but they help you keep the number of bugs at an acceptable level. Tests check that changes to one part of the system haven't broken other parts.\n\nBut tests are needed for more than just checking that the code works. There are other types of automated tests, such as performance or vulnerability tests. First of all, programmers are responsible for functional tests. These tests verify that the code performs its intended task from program users' perspective, for example:\n\n* To check if the programmer has written some code that's responsible for user registration\n* To carry out a functional test that shows whether the user can register\n\nAccording to the degree of isolation of the tested parts of the code, functional tests fall into three general categories:\n\n* **Unit tests**. They are simple but not very effective. They check the functionality of functions or other specific modules in the program\n* **Integration tests**. They cover most of the system and check whether the modules work together. Programmers pay the most amount of attention to these tests. Integration tests are still easy to write if you prepare the ecosystem\n* **System tests**. These are the most effective tests but are also challenging to write and maintain. They emulate user behavior, such as clicking on links and sending forms. These tests often fail because they rely on site layout, which can change unpredictably. Even with this kind of testing, it's impossible to determine when, from the program's perspective, one action ended and another began\n\nDespite the differences, all automated tests lean on the same principles and often use the same tools. This course introduces the general principles of testing and takes you step by step through all the tasks that arise during testing. We'll touch on the following main topics during the course:\n\n* Asserts\n* Testing Frameworks (Pytest)\n* Unit testing\n* Covering code with tests\n* Test-driven development (TDD)\n\n## How to prepare for this course\n\nTesting is an integral part of the development process. To start studying this topic, you need to master the basic syntax of the programming language, working with collections and functions. You should review the fundamentals of setting up the Python environment and modularity again. We cover these topics in detail in the following courses:\n\n* [Python Basics](https://hexlet.io/courses/python-basics)\n* [Lists](https://hexlet.io/courses/python-lists)\n* [Dictionaries](https://hexlet.io/courses/python-dicts)\n\n<!--* [Functions](https://ru.hexlet.io/courses/python-functions)\n* [Setting up the environment](https://ru.hexlet.io/courses/python-setup-environment)\n\nThe correct order of courses can be found in the profession [Python developer](https://ru.hexlet.io/programs/python).-->\n"},"id":365,"slug":"python-testing","challenges_count":0,"name":"Python: Automated testing","allow_indexing":true,"state":"approved","course_state":"finished","pricing_type":"paid","description":"This course introduces you to the principles and tools of automated testing in Python. You will learn to write automated tests, measure coverage, and set continuous integration. The skills you learn in this course will help you improve the quality of your code. You'll be able to create a code architecture that is easy to use. Completing a course on environment and feature preparation is a wise idea to make learning easier.","kind":"basic","updated_at":"2026-01-20T11:46:37.967Z","language":"python","duration_cache":10800,"skills":["Write high-quality code with fewer bugs","Build your code architecture so that users are comfortable","Automatically review code and work faster","Refactor more often with the assurance that testing provides"],"keywords":[],"lessons_count":12,"cover":"https://hexlet.io/rails/active_storage/representations/proxy/eyJfcmFpbHMiOnsiZGF0YSI6NzYyNywicHVyIjoiYmxvYl9pZCJ9fQ==--a022c2a8f2a9a6d1e4bde8848af5f59f7e26ad3b/eyJfcmFpbHMiOnsiZGF0YSI6eyJmb3JtYXQiOiJqcGciLCJyZXNpemVfdG9fZmlsbCI6WzYwMCw0MDBdfSwicHVyIjoidmFyaWF0aW9uIn19--39ba06fa99226096df9fc6bb31f84e1d29ea98e9/image.png"},"recommendedLandings":[],"lessonMemberUnit":null,"accessToLearnUnitExists":false,"accessToCourseExists":false},"url":"/courses/python-testing/lessons/outro/theory_unit","version":"1656487db0d1dd5f33634fe1070e57e55135cbeb","encryptHistory":false,"clearHistory":false}"><style data-mantine-styles="true">:root, :host{--mantine-font-family: Arial, sans-serif;--mantine-font-family-headings: Arial, sans-serif;--mantine-heading-font-weight: normal;--mantine-radius-default: 0rem;--mantine-primary-color-filled: var(--mantine-color-indigo-filled);--mantine-primary-color-filled-hover: var(--mantine-color-indigo-filled-hover);--mantine-primary-color-light: var(--mantine-color-indigo-light);--mantine-primary-color-light-hover: var(--mantine-color-indigo-light-hover);--mantine-primary-color-light-color: var(--mantine-color-indigo-light-color);--mantine-spacing-xxl: calc(4rem * var(--mantine-scale));--mantine-font-size-xs: 12px;--mantine-font-size-sm: 14px;--mantine-font-size-md: 16px;--mantine-font-size-lg: clamp(16.0000px, calc(15.2727px + 0.2273vw), 18.0000px);--mantine-font-size-xl: clamp(16.0000px, calc(14.5455px + 0.4545vw), 20.0000px);--mantine-font-size-display-3: clamp(32.0000px, calc(26.1818px + 1.8182vw), 48.0000px);--mantine-font-size-display-2: clamp(36.0000px, calc(25.8182px + 3.1818vw), 64.0000px);--mantine-font-size-display-1: clamp(40.0000px, calc(25.4545px + 4.5455vw), 80.0000px);--mantine-font-size-h1: clamp(28.0000px, calc(23.6364px + 1.3636vw), 40.0000px);--mantine-font-size-h2: clamp(24.0000px, calc(21.0909px + 0.9091vw), 32.0000px);--mantine-font-size-h3: clamp(20.0000px, calc(17.0909px + 0.9091vw), 28.0000px);--mantine-font-size-h4: clamp(16.0000px, calc(13.0909px + 0.9091vw), 24.0000px);--mantine-font-size-h5: clamp(16.0000px, calc(14.5455px + 0.4545vw), 20.0000px);--mantine-font-size-h6: 1rem;--mantine-primary-color-0: var(--mantine-color-indigo-0);--mantine-primary-color-1: var(--mantine-color-indigo-1);--mantine-primary-color-2: var(--mantine-color-indigo-2);--mantine-primary-color-3: var(--mantine-color-indigo-3);--mantine-primary-color-4: var(--mantine-color-indigo-4);--mantine-primary-color-5: var(--mantine-color-indigo-5);--mantine-primary-color-6: var(--mantine-color-indigo-6);--mantine-primary-color-7: var(--mantine-color-indigo-7);--mantine-primary-color-8: var(--mantine-color-indigo-8);--mantine-primary-color-9: var(--mantine-color-indigo-9);--mantine-color-red-0: #ffeaea;--mantine-color-red-1: #fed4d4;--mantine-color-red-2: #f4a7a8;--mantine-color-red-3: #ec7878;--mantine-color-red-4: #e55050;--mantine-color-red-5: #e03131;--mantine-color-red-6: #e02829;--mantine-color-red-7: #c71a1c;--mantine-color-red-8: #b21218;--mantine-color-red-9: #9c0411;--mantine-color-violet-0: #fce9ff;--mantine-color-violet-1: #f1cfff;--mantine-color-violet-2: #e09bff;--mantine-color-violet-3: #d16fff;--mantine-color-violet-4: #be37fe;--mantine-color-violet-5: #b51afe;--mantine-color-violet-6: #b009ff;--mantine-color-violet-7: #9b00e4;--mantine-color-violet-8: #8a00cc;--mantine-color-violet-9: #7800b3;--mantine-color-indigo-0: #edecff;--mantine-color-indigo-1: #d6d5fe;--mantine-color-indigo-2: #aaa9f4;--mantine-color-indigo-3: #7b79eb;--mantine-color-indigo-4: #5451e4;--mantine-color-indigo-5: #3b37e0;--mantine-color-indigo-6: #2d2adf;--mantine-color-indigo-7: #1f1ec7;--mantine-color-indigo-8: #1819b2;--mantine-color-indigo-9: #0c149e;--mantine-color-cyan-0: #dffdff;--mantine-color-cyan-1: #caf5ff;--mantine-color-cyan-2: #99e8ff;--mantine-color-cyan-3: #64daff;--mantine-color-cyan-4: #3ccffe;--mantine-color-cyan-5: #24c8fe;--mantine-color-cyan-6: #00c2ff;--mantine-color-cyan-7: #00ade4;--mantine-color-cyan-8: #009acd;--mantine-color-cyan-9: #0085b5;--mantine-color-green-0: #e9fdec;--mantine-color-green-1: #d7f6dc;--mantine-color-green-2: #b0eab9;--mantine-color-green-3: #86df94;--mantine-color-green-4: #62d574;--mantine-color-green-5: #4ccf5f;--mantine-color-green-6: #3fcc54;--mantine-color-green-7: #2fb344;--mantine-color-green-8: #25a03b;--mantine-color-green-9: #138a2e;--mantine-color-yellow-0: #fff7e2;--mantine-color-yellow-1: #ffeecd;--mantine-color-yellow-2: #ffdc9c;--mantine-color-yellow-3: #ffc966;--mantine-color-yellow-4: #feb93a;--mantine-color-yellow-5: #feae1e;--mantine-color-yellow-6: #ffa90f;--mantine-color-yellow-8: #ca8200;--mantine-color-yellow-9: #af7000;--mantine-h1-font-size: clamp(28.0000px, calc(23.6364px + 1.3636vw), 40.0000px);--mantine-h1-font-weight: normal;--mantine-h2-font-size: clamp(24.0000px, calc(21.0909px + 0.9091vw), 32.0000px);--mantine-h2-font-weight: normal;--mantine-h3-font-size: clamp(20.0000px, calc(17.0909px + 0.9091vw), 28.0000px);--mantine-h3-font-weight: normal;--mantine-h4-font-size: clamp(16.0000px, calc(13.0909px + 0.9091vw), 24.0000px);--mantine-h4-font-weight: normal;--mantine-h5-font-size: clamp(16.0000px, calc(14.5455px + 0.4545vw), 20.0000px);--mantine-h5-font-weight: normal;--mantine-h6-font-size: 1rem;--mantine-h6-font-weight: normal;}
:root[data-mantine-color-scheme="dark"], :host([data-mantine-color-scheme="dark"]){--mantine-color-anchor: var(--mantine-color-text);--mantine-color-dimmed: #495057;--mantine-color-dark-filled: var(--mantine-color-dark-5);--mantine-color-dark-filled-hover: var(--mantine-color-dark-6);--mantine-color-dark-light: rgba(105, 105, 105, 0.15);--mantine-color-dark-light-hover: rgba(105, 105, 105, 0.2);--mantine-color-dark-light-color: var(--mantine-color-dark-0);--mantine-color-dark-outline: var(--mantine-color-dark-1);--mantine-color-dark-outline-hover: rgba(184, 184, 184, 0.05);--mantine-color-gray-filled: var(--mantine-color-gray-5);--mantine-color-gray-filled-hover: var(--mantine-color-gray-6);--mantine-color-gray-light: rgba(222, 226, 230, 0.15);--mantine-color-gray-light-hover: rgba(222, 226, 230, 0.2);--mantine-color-gray-light-color: var(--mantine-color-gray-0);--mantine-color-gray-outline: var(--mantine-color-gray-1);--mantine-color-gray-outline-hover: rgba(241, 243, 245, 0.05);--mantine-color-red-filled: var(--mantine-color-red-5);--mantine-color-red-filled-hover: var(--mantine-color-red-6);--mantine-color-red-light: rgba(236, 120, 120, 0.15);--mantine-color-red-light-hover: rgba(236, 120, 120, 0.2);--mantine-color-red-light-color: var(--mantine-color-red-0);--mantine-color-red-outline: var(--mantine-color-red-1);--mantine-color-red-outline-hover: rgba(254, 212, 212, 0.05);--mantine-color-pink-filled: var(--mantine-color-pink-5);--mantine-color-pink-filled-hover: var(--mantine-color-pink-6);--mantine-color-pink-light: rgba(250, 162, 193, 0.15);--mantine-color-pink-light-hover: rgba(250, 162, 193, 0.2);--mantine-color-pink-light-color: var(--mantine-color-pink-0);--mantine-color-pink-outline: var(--mantine-color-pink-1);--mantine-color-pink-outline-hover: rgba(255, 222, 235, 0.05);--mantine-color-grape-filled: var(--mantine-color-grape-5);--mantine-color-grape-filled-hover: var(--mantine-color-grape-6);--mantine-color-grape-light: rgba(229, 153, 247, 0.15);--mantine-color-grape-light-hover: rgba(229, 153, 247, 0.2);--mantine-color-grape-light-color: var(--mantine-color-grape-0);--mantine-color-grape-outline: var(--mantine-color-grape-1);--mantine-color-grape-outline-hover: rgba(243, 217, 250, 0.05);--mantine-color-violet-filled: var(--mantine-color-violet-5);--mantine-color-violet-filled-hover: var(--mantine-color-violet-6);--mantine-color-violet-light: rgba(209, 111, 255, 0.15);--mantine-color-violet-light-hover: rgba(209, 111, 255, 0.2);--mantine-color-violet-light-color: var(--mantine-color-violet-0);--mantine-color-violet-outline: var(--mantine-color-violet-1);--mantine-color-violet-outline-hover: rgba(241, 207, 255, 0.05);--mantine-color-indigo-filled: var(--mantine-color-indigo-5);--mantine-color-indigo-filled-hover: var(--mantine-color-indigo-6);--mantine-color-indigo-light: rgba(123, 121, 235, 0.15);--mantine-color-indigo-light-hover: rgba(123, 121, 235, 0.2);--mantine-color-indigo-light-color: var(--mantine-color-indigo-0);--mantine-color-indigo-outline: var(--mantine-color-indigo-1);--mantine-color-indigo-outline-hover: rgba(214, 213, 254, 0.05);--mantine-color-blue-filled: var(--mantine-color-blue-5);--mantine-color-blue-filled-hover: var(--mantine-color-blue-6);--mantine-color-blue-light: rgba(116, 192, 252, 0.15);--mantine-color-blue-light-hover: rgba(116, 192, 252, 0.2);--mantine-color-blue-light-color: var(--mantine-color-blue-0);--mantine-color-blue-outline: var(--mantine-color-blue-1);--mantine-color-blue-outline-hover: rgba(208, 235, 255, 0.05);--mantine-color-cyan-filled: var(--mantine-color-cyan-5);--mantine-color-cyan-filled-hover: var(--mantine-color-cyan-6);--mantine-color-cyan-light: rgba(100, 218, 255, 0.15);--mantine-color-cyan-light-hover: rgba(100, 218, 255, 0.2);--mantine-color-cyan-light-color: var(--mantine-color-cyan-0);--mantine-color-cyan-outline: var(--mantine-color-cyan-1);--mantine-color-cyan-outline-hover: rgba(202, 245, 255, 0.05);--mantine-color-teal-filled: var(--mantine-color-teal-5);--mantine-color-teal-filled-hover: var(--mantine-color-teal-6);--mantine-color-teal-light: rgba(99, 230, 190, 0.15);--mantine-color-teal-light-hover: rgba(99, 230, 190, 0.2);--mantine-color-teal-light-color: var(--mantine-color-teal-0);--mantine-color-teal-outline: var(--mantine-color-teal-1);--mantine-color-teal-outline-hover: rgba(195, 250, 232, 0.05);--mantine-color-green-filled: var(--mantine-color-green-5);--mantine-color-green-filled-hover: var(--mantine-color-green-6);--mantine-color-green-light: rgba(134, 223, 148, 0.15);--mantine-color-green-light-hover: rgba(134, 223, 148, 0.2);--mantine-color-green-light-color: var(--mantine-color-green-0);--mantine-color-green-outline: var(--mantine-color-green-1);--mantine-color-green-outline-hover: rgba(215, 246, 220, 0.05);--mantine-color-lime-filled: var(--mantine-color-lime-5);--mantine-color-lime-filled-hover: var(--mantine-color-lime-6);--mantine-color-lime-light: rgba(192, 235, 117, 0.15);--mantine-color-lime-light-hover: rgba(192, 235, 117, 0.2);--mantine-color-lime-light-color: var(--mantine-color-lime-0);--mantine-color-lime-outline: var(--mantine-color-lime-1);--mantine-color-lime-outline-hover: rgba(233, 250, 200, 0.05);--mantine-color-yellow-filled: var(--mantine-color-yellow-5);--mantine-color-yellow-filled-hover: var(--mantine-color-yellow-6);--mantine-color-yellow-light: rgba(255, 201, 102, 0.15);--mantine-color-yellow-light-hover: rgba(255, 201, 102, 0.2);--mantine-color-yellow-light-color: var(--mantine-color-yellow-0);--mantine-color-yellow-outline: var(--mantine-color-yellow-1);--mantine-color-yellow-outline-hover: rgba(255, 238, 205, 0.05);--mantine-color-orange-filled: var(--mantine-color-orange-5);--mantine-color-orange-filled-hover: var(--mantine-color-orange-6);--mantine-color-orange-light: rgba(255, 192, 120, 0.15);--mantine-color-orange-light-hover: rgba(255, 192, 120, 0.2);--mantine-color-orange-light-color: var(--mantine-color-orange-0);--mantine-color-orange-outline: var(--mantine-color-orange-1);--mantine-color-orange-outline-hover: rgba(255, 232, 204, 0.05);--app-cta-gradient: linear-gradient(90deg, var(--mantine-color-blue-9) 0%, var(--mantine-color-cyan-7) 100%);--app-color-surface: #2e2e2e;}
:root[data-mantine-color-scheme="light"], :host([data-mantine-color-scheme="light"]){--mantine-color-anchor: var(--mantine-color-text);--mantine-color-dimmed: #495057;--mantine-color-red-light: rgba(224, 40, 41, 0.1);--mantine-color-red-light-hover: rgba(224, 40, 41, 0.12);--mantine-color-red-outline-hover: rgba(224, 40, 41, 0.05);--mantine-color-violet-light: rgba(176, 9, 255, 0.1);--mantine-color-violet-light-hover: rgba(176, 9, 255, 0.12);--mantine-color-violet-outline-hover: rgba(176, 9, 255, 0.05);--mantine-color-indigo-light: rgba(45, 42, 223, 0.1);--mantine-color-indigo-light-hover: rgba(45, 42, 223, 0.12);--mantine-color-indigo-outline-hover: rgba(45, 42, 223, 0.05);--mantine-color-cyan-light: rgba(0, 194, 255, 0.1);--mantine-color-cyan-light-hover: rgba(0, 194, 255, 0.12);--mantine-color-cyan-outline-hover: rgba(0, 194, 255, 0.05);--mantine-color-green-light: rgba(63, 204, 84, 0.1);--mantine-color-green-light-hover: rgba(63, 204, 84, 0.12);--mantine-color-green-outline-hover: rgba(63, 204, 84, 0.05);--mantine-color-yellow-light: rgba(255, 169, 15, 0.1);--mantine-color-yellow-light-hover: rgba(255, 169, 15, 0.12);--mantine-color-yellow-outline-hover: rgba(255, 169, 15, 0.05);--app-color-surface: #f1f3f5;--app-cta-gradient: linear-gradient(90deg, var(--mantine-color-blue-filled) 0%, var(--mantine-color-cyan-5) 100%);}</style><style data-mantine-styles="classes">@media (max-width: 35.99375em) {.mantine-visible-from-xs {display: none !important;}}@media (min-width: 36em) {.mantine-hidden-from-xs {display: none !important;}}@media (max-width: 47.99375em) {.mantine-visible-from-sm {display: none !important;}}@media (min-width: 48em) {.mantine-hidden-from-sm {display: none !important;}}@media (max-width: 61.99375em) {.mantine-visible-from-md {display: none !important;}}@media (min-width: 62em) {.mantine-hidden-from-md {display: none !important;}}@media (max-width: 74.99375em) {.mantine-visible-from-lg {display: none !important;}}@media (min-width: 75em) {.mantine-hidden-from-lg {display: none !important;}}@media (max-width: 87.99375em) {.mantine-visible-from-xl {display: none !important;}}@media (min-width: 88em) {.mantine-hidden-from-xl {display: none !important;}}</style><div style="position:absolute;top:0rem" class=""></div><div style="max-width:var(--container-size-xl);height:100%;min-height:0rem" class=""><style data-mantine-styles="inline">.__m__-_R_5ub_{--grid-gutter:0rem;}</style><div style="height:100%;min-height:0rem" class="m_410352e9 mantine-Grid-root __m__-_R_5ub_"><div class="m_dee7bd2f mantine-Grid-inner" style="height:100%"><style data-mantine-styles="inline">.__m__-_R_rdub_{--col-flex-grow:auto;--col-flex-basis:91.66666666666667%;--col-max-width:91.66666666666667%;}@media(min-width: 48em){.__m__-_R_rdub_{--col-flex-grow:auto;--col-flex-basis:83.33333333333334%;--col-max-width:83.33333333333334%;}}</style><div style="min-width:0rem;height:100%;min-height:0rem;display:flex" class="m_96bdd299 mantine-Grid-col __m__-_R_rdub_"><style data-mantine-styles="inline">.__m__-_R_6qrdub_{margin-top:0rem;padding-inline:var(--mantine-spacing-xs);width:100%;}@media(min-width: 48em){.__m__-_R_6qrdub_{margin-top:var(--mantine-spacing-xl);width:80%;}}@media(min-width: 62em){.__m__-_R_6qrdub_{padding-inline:var(--mantine-spacing-xl);}}</style><div style="margin-inline:auto;max-width:var(--mantine-breakpoint-xl)" class="__m__-_R_6qrdub_"><div style="color:var(--mantine-color-dimmed)" class="m_4451eb3a mantine-Center-root" data-inline="true"><div style="--ti-size:var(--ti-size-xs);--ti-bg:transparent;--ti-color:var(--mantine-color-indigo-light-color);--ti-bd:calc(0.0625rem * var(--mantine-scale)) solid transparent;margin-inline-end:calc(0.125rem * var(--mantine-scale));color:inherit" class="m_7341320d mantine-ThemeIcon-root" data-variant="transparent" data-size="xs"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="tabler-icon tabler-icon-lock "><path d="M5 13a2 2 0 0 1 2 -2h10a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v6a2 2 0 0 1 -2 2h-10a2 2 0 0 1 -2 -2v-6"></path><path d="M11 16a1 1 0 1 0 2 0a1 1 0 0 0 -2 0"></path><path d="M8 11v-4a4 4 0 1 1 8 0v4"></path></svg></div><p style="font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-sm)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">Python: Automated testing</p></div><h1 style="--title-fw:var(--mantine-h1-font-weight);--title-lh:var(--mantine-h1-line-height);--title-fz:var(--mantine-h1-font-size);margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-xl)" class="m_8a5d1357 mantine-Title-root" data-order="1">Theory: Conclusion</h1><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"LearningResource","name":"Conclusion","inLanguage":"en","isPartOf":{"@type":"LearningResource","name":"Python: Automated testing"},"isAccessibleForFree":"False","hasPart":{"@type":"WebPageElement","isAccessibleForFree":"False","cssSelector":".paywalled"}}</script><div class=""><div style="--alert-color:var(--mantine-color-indigo-light-color);margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg);font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-lg)" class="m_66836ed3 mantine-Alert-root" id="mantine-_R_remqrdub_" role="alert" aria-describedby="mantine-_R_remqrdub_-body" aria-labelledby="mantine-_R_remqrdub_-title"><div class="m_a5d60502 mantine-Alert-wrapper"><div class="m_667f2a6a mantine-Alert-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="tabler-icon tabler-icon-rocket "><path d="M4 13a8 8 0 0 1 7 7a6 6 0 0 0 3 -5a9 9 0 0 0 6 -8a3 3 0 0 0 -3 -3a9 9 0 0 0 -8 6a6 6 0 0 0 -5 3"></path><path d="M7 14a6 6 0 0 0 -3 6a6 6 0 0 0 6 -3"></path><path d="M14 9a1 1 0 1 0 2 0a1 1 0 1 0 -2 0"></path></svg></div><div class="m_667c2793 mantine-Alert-body"><div class="m_6a03f287 mantine-Alert-title"><span id="mantine-_R_remqrdub_-title" class="m_698f4f23 mantine-Alert-label">Full access to materials</span></div><div id="mantine-_R_remqrdub_-body" class="m_7fa78076 mantine-Alert-message"><div style="--group-gap:var(--mantine-spacing-md);--group-align:center;--group-justify:space-between;--group-wrap:wrap" class="m_4081bf90 mantine-Group-root"><p class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">Sign up and get access to this and dozens of other courses</p><a style="--button-height:var(--button-height-xs);--button-padding-x:var(--button-padding-x-xs);--button-fz:var(--mantine-font-size-xs);--button-bg:linear-gradient(45deg, var(--mantine-color-blue-filled) 0%, var(--mantine-color-cyan-filled) 100%);--button-hover:linear-gradient(45deg, var(--mantine-color-blue-filled) 0%, var(--mantine-color-cyan-filled) 100%);--button-color:var(--mantine-color-white);--button-bd:none" class="mantine-focus-auto mantine-active m_77c9d27d mantine-Button-root m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-variant="gradient" data-size="xs" href="/u/new"><span class="m_80f1301b mantine-Button-inner"><span class="m_811560b9 mantine-Button-label">Sign up</span></span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="paywalled m_d08caa0 mantine-Typography-root"><p>Testing is an essential tool for developing high-quality software. It allows you to detect errors and inconsistencies in the code at the early stages of development and improve its architecture and design.</p>
<p>In this course, we studied the basic concepts and tools for testing in Python, such as statements, the Pytest framework, unit tests, fixtures, test coverage, test-driven development, and continuous integration. The knowledge and skills you've acquired will help you create high-quality and reliable software. Don't forget to use testing at all stages of development and follow good practices.</p></div></div></div></div><style data-mantine-styles="inline">.__m__-_R_1bdub_{--col-flex-grow:auto;--col-flex-basis:8.333333333333334%;--col-max-width:8.333333333333334%;}@media(min-width: 48em){.__m__-_R_1bdub_{--col-flex-grow:auto;--col-flex-basis:16.666666666666668%;--col-max-width:16.666666666666668%;}}</style><div style="min-width:0rem;height:100%;min-height:0rem" class="m_96bdd299 mantine-Grid-col __m__-_R_1bdub_"><div style="margin-inline:var(--mantine-spacing-xs)" class="mantine-visible-from-sm"><button style="--button-color:var(--mantine-color-white);margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg);text-decoration:none" class="mantine-focus-auto m_849cf0da mantine-focus-auto m_77c9d27d mantine-Button-root m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root mantine-Anchor-root" data-underline="hover" data-disabled="true" data-block="true" disabled="" type="button"><span class="m_80f1301b mantine-Button-inner"><span class="m_811560b9 mantine-Button-label"><span style="margin-inline-end:var(--mantine-spacing-xs)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">Next</span>→</span></span></button><a style="padding-inline:0rem" class="mantine-focus-auto m_f0824112 mantine-NavLink-root m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root"><span class="m_690090b5 mantine-NavLink-section" data-position="left"><div style="--ti-size:var(--ti-size-sm);--ti-bg:transparent;--ti-color:var(--mantine-color-indigo-light-color);--ti-bd:calc(0.0625rem * var(--mantine-scale)) solid transparent;color:inherit" class="m_7341320d mantine-ThemeIcon-root" data-variant="transparent" data-size="sm"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="tabler-icon tabler-icon-list-numbers "><path d="M11 6h9"></path><path d="M11 12h9"></path><path d="M12 18h8"></path><path d="M4 16a2 2 0 1 1 4 0c0 .591 -.5 1 -1 1.5l-3 2.5h4"></path><path d="M6 10v-6l-2 2"></path></svg></div></span><div class="m_f07af9d2 mantine-NavLink-body"><span class="m_1f6ac4c4 mantine-NavLink-label">Navigation</span><span class="m_57492dcc mantine-NavLink-description">Theory</span></div><span class="m_690090b5 mantine-NavLink-section" data-position="right"></span></a><div style="margin-block:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_3eebeb36 mantine-Divider-root" data-orientation="horizontal" role="separator"></div><div style="margin-block:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class=""><div style="justify-content:space-between;margin-bottom:calc(0.1875rem * var(--mantine-scale));color:var(--mantine-color-dimmed);font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-xs)" class="m_8bffd616 mantine-Flex-root __m__-_R_qimrbdub_"><p style="font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-xs)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">Completed</p><p style="font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-xs)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">0 / 12</p></div><div style="--progress-size:var(--progress-size-sm)" class="m_db6d6462 mantine-Progress-root" data-size="sm"><div style="--progress-section-size:0%;--progress-section-color:var(--mantine-color-gray-filled)" class="m_2242eb65 mantine-Progress-section" role="progressbar" aria-valuemax="100" aria-valuemin="0" aria-valuenow="0" aria-valuetext="0%"></div></div></div><div style="--toc-bg:var(--mantine-color-blue-light);--toc-color:var(--mantine-color-blue-light-color);--toc-size:var(--mantine-font-size-sm);--toc-radius:var(--mantine-radius-sm);margin-top:var(--mantine-spacing-xl)" class="m_bcaa9990 mantine-TableOfContents-root" data-variant="light" data-size="sm"></div></div><div class="mantine-hidden-from-sm"><div style="--stack-gap:0rem;--stack-align:stretch;--stack-justify:flex-start" class="m_6d731127 mantine-Stack-root"><button style="--button-color:var(--mantine-color-white);margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-xs);padding:0rem;text-decoration:none" class="mantine-focus-auto m_849cf0da mantine-focus-auto m_77c9d27d mantine-Button-root m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root mantine-Anchor-root" data-underline="hover" data-disabled="true" data-block="true" disabled="" type="button"><span class="m_80f1301b mantine-Button-inner"><span class="m_811560b9 mantine-Button-label">→</span></span></button><button style="--ai-size:var(--ai-size-sm);--ai-bg:transparent;--ai-hover:var(--mantine-color-indigo-light-hover);--ai-color:var(--mantine-color-indigo-light-color);--ai-bd:calc(0.0625rem * var(--mantine-scale)) solid transparent;padding-block:var(--mantine-spacing-lg);color:inherit;width:100%" class="mantine-focus-auto m_8d3f4000 mantine-ActionIcon-root m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-variant="subtle" data-size="sm" data-disabled="true" type="button" disabled=""><span class="m_8d3afb97 mantine-ActionIcon-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="tabler-icon tabler-icon-list-numbers "><path d="M11 6h9"></path><path d="M11 12h9"></path><path d="M12 18h8"></path><path d="M4 16a2 2 0 1 1 4 0c0 .591 -.5 1 -1 1.5l-3 2.5h4"></path><path d="M6 10v-6l-2 2"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>
</main>
<footer class="bg-dark fw-light text-light px-3 py-5">
<div class="row small">
<div class="col-12 col-sm-6 col-md-3">
<div class="h5 mb-3">About Hexlet</div>
<ul class="list-unstyled">
<li>
<a class="nav-link link-light py-1 ps-0" href="/pages/about">About us</a>
</li>
<li>
<span class="nav-link link-light py-1 ps-0 external-link" data-href="https://help.hexlet.io/category/4316" data-target="_blank" role="button">Help</span>
</li>
<li>
<a class="nav-link link-light py-1 ps-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="/map">Site Map</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="col-12 col-sm-6 col-md-3">
<div class="h5 fw-normal mb-3">Learn</div>
<ul class="list-unstyled">
<li>
<a class="nav-link link-light py-1 ps-0" href="/courses_backend-development">Backend
</a></li>
<li>
<a class="nav-link link-light py-1 ps-0" href="/courses_devops">DevOps
</a></li>
<li>
<a class="nav-link link-light py-1 ps-0" href="/courses_frontend-development">Frontend
</a></li>
<li>
<a class="nav-link link-light py-1 ps-0" href="/courses_python">Python
</a></li>
<li>
<a class="nav-link link-light py-1 ps-0" href="/courses_testing">Testing
</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="col-12 col-sm-6 col-md-3">
<div class="h5"><span class="translation_missing" title="translation missing: en.layouts.footer_content.popular_courses_for_beginners">Popular Courses For Beginners</span></div>
<ul class="list-unstyled">
<li>
<a class="nav-link link-light py-1 ps-0" href="/programs/frontend">Frontend Developer</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="col-12 col-sm-6 col-md-3">
<div class="h5"><span class="translation_missing" title="translation missing: en.layouts.footer_content.popular_courses_for_advanced">Popular Courses For Advanced</span></div>
<ul class="list-unstyled">
<li>
<a class="nav-link link-light py-1 ps-0" href="/programs/web-development-free">Fundamentals of Web Development</a>
</li>
<li>
<a class="nav-link link-light py-1 ps-0" href="/programs/js-react-development">React</a>
</li>
<li>
<a class="nav-link link-light py-1 ps-0" href="/programs/css-animation">CSS Animation</a>
</li>
<li>
<a class="nav-link link-light py-1 ps-0" href="/programs/http-api">HTTP API</a>
</li>
<li>
<a class="nav-link link-light py-1 ps-0" href="/programs/layout-designer-positioning">Position CSS</a>
</li>
<li>
<a class="nav-link link-light py-1 ps-0" href="/programs/cli-basics">Command line basics</a>
</li>
<li>
<a class="nav-link link-light py-1 ps-0" href="/programs/git-basics-free">Git fundamentals</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<hr>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-12 col-sm-4 col-md-2">
<div class="fs-4">
<ul class="list-unstyled d-flex">
<li class="me-3">
<a aria-label="Facebook" target="_blank" class="link-light" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://www.facebook.com/hexlethq"><span class="bi bi-facebook"></span>
</a></li>
<li class="me-3">
<a aria-label="Instagram" target="_blank" class="link-light" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://www.instagram.com/hello_hexlet/"><span class="bi bi-instagram"></span>
</a></li>
<li>
<a aria-label="Twitter" target="_blank" class="link-light" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://twitter.com/Hexlet_IO"><span class="bi bi-twitter-x"></span>
</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="mb-2 d-flex flex-column">
<a class="link-light text-decoration-none" rel="nofollow" href="mailto:support@hexlet.io">support@hexlet.io</a>
<a class="link-light text-decoration-none py-2" target="_blank" href="https://t.me/hexlet_help_bot">t.me/hexlet_help_bot</a>
</div>
<ul class="list-unstyled d-flex">
<li class="me-3">
<span class="link-light text-decoration-none opacity-50 x-font-size-18 opacity-100 external-link" rel="nofollow" data-href="https://hexlet.io/locale/switch?new_locale=en" data-target="_self" role="button"><span class="my-auto">EN</span>
</span></li>
<li class="me-3">
<span class="link-light text-decoration-none opacity-50 x-font-size-18 external-link" rel="nofollow" data-href="https://ru.hexlet.io/locale/switch?new_locale=ru" data-target="_self" role="button"><span class="my-auto">RU</span>
</span></li>
<li class="me-3">
<span class="link-light text-decoration-none opacity-50 x-font-size-18 external-link" rel="nofollow" data-href="https://kz.hexlet.io/locale/switch?new_locale=kz" data-target="_self" role="button"><span class="my-auto">KZ</span>
</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="col-12 col-sm-4 col-md-3">
<ul class="list-unstyled fs-4">
<li class="mb-3">
<a class="link-light text-decoration-none" href="tel:%2B7%20717%20272%2076%2070">+7 717 272 76 70</a>
<span class="d-block opacity-50 small">free call</span>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="col-12 col-sm-4 col-md-3">
<ul class="list-unstyled small">
<li>
<a class="nav-link link-light py-1 ps-0" href="/pages/legal">Legal</a>
</li>
<li>
<a class="nav-link link-light py-1 ps-0" href="/pages/offer"><span class="translation_missing" title="translation missing: en.layouts.footer_content.offer">Offer</span></a>
</li>
<li>
<a class="nav-link link-light py-1 ps-0" href="/pages/contacts"><span class="translation_missing" title="translation missing: en.layouts.footer_content.contacts">Contacts</span></a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="col-12 col-sm-12 col-md-4 small">
<div class="mb-2">
<div>TOO "Hexlet"</div>
<div>The Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty</div>
<div>Auezova St., 14A</div>
<div>BIN 230340043714
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</footer>
<div id="root-assistant-offcanvas"></div>
<script src="/vite/assets/assistant-CIOaBlj-.js" crossorigin="anonymous" type="module"></script><link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/chunk-DsPFFUou.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/init-0bhwJkNI.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/ErrorFallbackBlock-V3hfk_CP.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/MarkdownBlock-DejNWqwz.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/gon-B-jV56Ol.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/mantine-DOJkeu70.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/shiki-DZwEN4Zo.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/utils-ClTF9s_T.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/routes-mvvEXZQ8.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/lib-CJocDKTE.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/Box-DH3_MBnL.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/notifications.store-Cj65YiRw.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/useIsomorphicEffect-Csl7vw8x.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/lib-DeAQqnBE.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/axios-CN66HKVH.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/classnames-DQgTDFJJ.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/dayjs.min-Bfba02I7.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/debounce-BcxwEZ7X.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/prop-types-DGBR76ns.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/client-CYyKzrjQ.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/react-dom-SJZekO2j.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/useTranslation-bo78L81P.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/compiler-runtime-BhqaZ6vG.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/jsx-runtime-DlXMvSuQ.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/react-CFtMU8gd.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<script defer src="https://static.cloudflareinsights.com/beacon.min.js/vcd15cbe7772f49c399c6a5babf22c1241717689176015" integrity="sha512-ZpsOmlRQV6y907TI0dKBHq9Md29nnaEIPlkf84rnaERnq6zvWvPUqr2ft8M1aS28oN72PdrCzSjY4U6VaAw1EQ==" data-cf-beacon='{"version":"2024.11.0","token":"d11015b65d11429ea6b4a2ef37dd7e0b","server_timing":{"name":{"cfCacheStatus":true,"cfEdge":true,"cfExtPri":true,"cfL4":true,"cfOrigin":true,"cfSpeedBrain":true},"location_startswith":null}}' crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
</body>
</html>