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{.mantine-hidden-from-lg {display: none !important;}}@media (max-width: 87.99375em) {.mantine-visible-from-xl {display: none !important;}}@media (min-width: 88em) {.mantine-hidden-from-xl {display: none !important;}}</style><div style="--container-size:var(--container-size-lg);margin-top:var(--mantine-spacing-xl);height:100%" class="m_7485cace mantine-Container-root" data-size="lg" data-strategy="block"><style data-mantine-styles="inline">.__m__-_R_eub_{margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-xs);}@media(min-width: 36em){.__m__-_R_eub_{margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-xs);}}</style><div style="--group-gap:var(--mantine-spacing-md);--group-align:center;--group-justify:space-between;--group-wrap:wrap" class="m_4081bf90 mantine-Group-root __m__-_R_eub_"><style data-mantine-styles="inline">.__m__-_R_deub_{width:100%;}@media(min-width: 62em){.__m__-_R_deub_{width:66%;}}</style><div class="__m__-_R_deub_"><div style="--group-gap:var(--mantine-spacing-md);--group-align:center;--group-justify:start;--group-wrap:nowrap" class="m_4081bf90 mantine-Group-root"><h1 style="--title-fw:var(--mantine-h1-font-weight);--title-lh:var(--mantine-h1-line-height);--title-fz:var(--mantine-h1-font-size)" class="m_8a5d1357 mantine-Title-root" data-order="1">Course “Python: Functions”</h1></div></div></div><style data-mantine-styles="inline">.__m__-_R_1iub_{width:100%;}@media(min-width: 62em){.__m__-_R_1iub_{width:66%;}}</style><div style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-xl)" class="__m__-_R_1iub_"><div style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class=""></div><div style="margin-top:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="mantine-hidden-from-md"><div style="--stack-gap:var(--mantine-spacing-xs);--stack-align:stretch;--stack-justify:flex-start" class="m_6d731127 mantine-Stack-root"><a 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mantine-SimpleGrid-root __m__-_R_ajddmiub_"><div style="align-items:center" class="m_8bffd616 mantine-Flex-root __m__-_R_1mqjddmiub_"><div style="--ti-size:var(--ti-size-xs);--ti-bg:transparent;--ti-color:var(--mantine-color-indigo-light-color);--ti-bd:calc(0.0625rem * var(--mantine-scale)) solid transparent;margin-inline-end:var(--mantine-spacing-xs);color:inherit" class="m_7341320d mantine-ThemeIcon-root" data-variant="transparent" data-size="xs"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="tabler-icon tabler-icon-check "><path d="M5 12l5 5l10 -10"></path></svg></div>12 lessons (video and/or text)</div><div style="align-items:center" class="m_8bffd616 mantine-Flex-root __m__-_R_2mqjddmiub_"><div style="--ti-size:var(--ti-size-xs);--ti-bg:transparent;--ti-color:var(--mantine-color-indigo-light-color);--ti-bd:calc(0.0625rem * var(--mantine-scale)) solid transparent;margin-inline-end:var(--mantine-spacing-xs);color:inherit" class="m_7341320d mantine-ThemeIcon-root" data-variant="transparent" data-size="xs"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="tabler-icon tabler-icon-check "><path d="M5 12l5 5l10 -10"></path></svg></div>0 exercises in the simulator</div><div style="align-items:center" class="m_8bffd616 mantine-Flex-root __m__-_R_3mqjddmiub_"><div style="--ti-size:var(--ti-size-xs);--ti-bg:transparent;--ti-color:var(--mantine-color-indigo-light-color);--ti-bd:calc(0.0625rem * var(--mantine-scale)) solid transparent;margin-inline-end:var(--mantine-spacing-xs);color:inherit" class="m_7341320d mantine-ThemeIcon-root" data-variant="transparent" data-size="xs"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="tabler-icon tabler-icon-check "><path d="M5 12l5 5l10 -10"></path></svg></div>0 verification tests</div><div style="align-items:center" class="m_8bffd616 mantine-Flex-root __m__-_R_4mqjddmiub_"><div style="--ti-size:var(--ti-size-xs);--ti-bg:transparent;--ti-color:var(--mantine-color-indigo-light-color);--ti-bd:calc(0.0625rem * var(--mantine-scale)) solid transparent;margin-inline-end:var(--mantine-spacing-xs);color:inherit" class="m_7341320d mantine-ThemeIcon-root" data-variant="transparent" data-size="xs"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="tabler-icon tabler-icon-check "><path d="M5 12l5 5l10 -10"></path></svg></div>Self-study tasks</div><div style="align-items:center" class="m_8bffd616 mantine-Flex-root __m__-_R_5mqjddmiub_"><div style="--ti-size:var(--ti-size-xs);--ti-bg:transparent;--ti-color:var(--mantine-color-indigo-light-color);--ti-bd:calc(0.0625rem * var(--mantine-scale)) solid transparent;margin-inline-end:var(--mantine-spacing-xs);color:inherit" class="m_7341320d mantine-ThemeIcon-root" data-variant="transparent" data-size="xs"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="tabler-icon tabler-icon-check "><path d="M5 12l5 5l10 -10"></path></svg></div>Extra materials</div><div style="align-items:center" class="m_8bffd616 mantine-Flex-root __m__-_R_6mqjddmiub_"><div style="--ti-size:var(--ti-size-xs);--ti-bg:transparent;--ti-color:var(--mantine-color-indigo-light-color);--ti-bd:calc(0.0625rem * var(--mantine-scale)) solid transparent;margin-inline-end:var(--mantine-spacing-xs);color:inherit" class="m_7341320d mantine-ThemeIcon-root" data-variant="transparent" data-size="xs"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="tabler-icon tabler-icon-plus "><path d="M12 5l0 14"></path><path d="M5 12l14 0"></path></svg></div>12 extended materials</div></div></div><div style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-xl)" class=""><h2 style="--title-fw:var(--mantine-h2-font-weight);--title-lh:var(--mantine-h2-line-height);--title-fz:var(--mantine-h2-font-size);margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-md)" class="m_8a5d1357 mantine-Title-root" data-order="2">Description</h2><div class="m_d08caa0 mantine-Typography-root"><p>In this course, you will study functions. We will discuss first-order objects, higher-order, and unnamed lambda functions. You will learn to use functions within other functions, write wrappers to extend functionality, and work with the built-in map, filter, and reduce operations. The knowledge gained in this course will help you design concise and efficient programs and separate side effects from clean code. We created this course for those who are new to Python. It is a good idea to take courses on collections, lists, and dictionaries to make learning easier.</p></div></div><div style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-xl)" class=""><h2 style="--title-fw:var(--mantine-h2-font-weight);--title-lh:var(--mantine-h2-line-height);--title-fz:var(--mantine-h2-font-size);margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-md)" class="m_8a5d1357 mantine-Title-root" data-order="2">You will learn</h2><ul class="m_abbac491 mantine-List-root" data-type="none"><li style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-xs);line-height:var(--mantine-line-height-sm)" class="m_abb6bec2 mantine-List-item" data-with-icon="true" data-centered="true"><div class="m_75cd9f71 mantine-List-itemWrapper"><span class="m_60f83e5b mantine-List-itemIcon"><div style="--ti-size:var(--ti-size-xs);--ti-bg:transparent;--ti-color:var(--mantine-color-indigo-light-color);--ti-bd:calc(0.0625rem * var(--mantine-scale)) solid transparent;color:inherit" class="m_7341320d mantine-ThemeIcon-root" data-variant="transparent" data-size="xs"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="tabler-icon tabler-icon-plus "><path d="M12 5l0 14"></path><path d="M5 12l14 0"></path></svg></div></span><span class="mantine-List-itemLabel">Use advanced features to write concise and efficient code</span></div></li><li style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-xs);line-height:var(--mantine-line-height-sm)" class="m_abb6bec2 mantine-List-item" data-with-icon="true" data-centered="true"><div class="m_75cd9f71 mantine-List-itemWrapper"><span class="m_60f83e5b mantine-List-itemIcon"><div style="--ti-size:var(--ti-size-xs);--ti-bg:transparent;--ti-color:var(--mantine-color-indigo-light-color);--ti-bd:calc(0.0625rem * var(--mantine-scale)) solid transparent;color:inherit" class="m_7341320d mantine-ThemeIcon-root" data-variant="transparent" data-size="xs"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="tabler-icon tabler-icon-plus "><path d="M12 5l0 14"></path><path d="M5 12l14 0"></path></svg></div></span><span class="mantine-List-itemLabel">Separate pure functions from functions with side effects</span></div></li><li style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-xs);line-height:var(--mantine-line-height-sm)" class="m_abb6bec2 mantine-List-item" data-with-icon="true" data-centered="true"><div class="m_75cd9f71 mantine-List-itemWrapper"><span class="m_60f83e5b mantine-List-itemIcon"><div style="--ti-size:var(--ti-size-xs);--ti-bg:transparent;--ti-color:var(--mantine-color-indigo-light-color);--ti-bd:calc(0.0625rem * var(--mantine-scale)) solid transparent;color:inherit" class="m_7341320d mantine-ThemeIcon-root" data-variant="transparent" data-size="xs"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="tabler-icon tabler-icon-plus "><path d="M12 5l0 14"></path><path d="M5 12l14 0"></path></svg></div></span><span class="mantine-List-itemLabel">Use higher-order functions to process lists</span></div></li><li style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-xs);line-height:var(--mantine-line-height-sm)" class="m_abb6bec2 mantine-List-item" data-with-icon="true" data-centered="true"><div class="m_75cd9f71 mantine-List-itemWrapper"><span class="m_60f83e5b mantine-List-itemIcon"><div style="--ti-size:var(--ti-size-xs);--ti-bg:transparent;--ti-color:var(--mantine-color-indigo-light-color);--ti-bd:calc(0.0625rem * var(--mantine-scale)) solid transparent;color:inherit" class="m_7341320d mantine-ThemeIcon-root" data-variant="transparent" data-size="xs"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="tabler-icon tabler-icon-plus "><path d="M12 5l0 14"></path><path d="M5 12l14 0"></path></svg></div></span><span class="mantine-List-itemLabel">Distinguish between the imperative and declarative programming paradigms</span></div></li><li style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-xs);line-height:var(--mantine-line-height-sm)" class="m_abb6bec2 mantine-List-item" data-with-icon="true" data-centered="true"><div class="m_75cd9f71 mantine-List-itemWrapper"><span class="m_60f83e5b mantine-List-itemIcon"><div style="--ti-size:var(--ti-size-xs);--ti-bg:transparent;--ti-color:var(--mantine-color-indigo-light-color);--ti-bd:calc(0.0625rem * var(--mantine-scale)) solid transparent;color:inherit" class="m_7341320d mantine-ThemeIcon-root" data-variant="transparent" data-size="xs"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="tabler-icon tabler-icon-plus "><path d="M12 5l0 14"></path><path d="M5 12l14 0"></path></svg></div></span><span class="mantine-List-itemLabel">Implement and apply decorators to functions</span></div></li></ul></div><div style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-xl)" class=""><h2 style="--title-fw:var(--mantine-h2-font-weight);--title-lh:var(--mantine-h2-line-height);--title-fz:var(--mantine-h2-font-size);margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-md)" class="m_8a5d1357 mantine-Title-root" data-order="2">Syllabus</h2><table style="--table-vertical-spacing:calc(0.4375rem * var(--mantine-scale))" class="m_b23fa0ef mantine-Table-table"><tbody class="m_b2404537 mantine-Table-tbody"><tr class="m_4e7aa4fd mantine-Table-tr" data-with-row-border="true"><td class="m_4e7aa4ef mantine-Table-td"><p style="font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-h4)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">1</p></td><td style="padding-block:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_4e7aa4ef mantine-Table-td"><a style="color:inherit;font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-h5)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_849cf0da m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root mantine-Anchor-root" data-underline="hover" href="/courses/python-functions/lessons/about/theory_unit">Introduction</a><p style="color:var(--mantine-color-dimmed)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">Learning about the structure, goals, and objectives of the course</p></td></tr><tr class="m_4e7aa4fd mantine-Table-tr" data-with-row-border="true"><td class="m_4e7aa4ef mantine-Table-td"><p style="font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-h4)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">2</p></td><td style="padding-block:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_4e7aa4ef mantine-Table-td"><a style="color:inherit;font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-h5)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_849cf0da m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root mantine-Anchor-root" data-underline="hover" href="/courses/python-functions/lessons/positional-args/theory_unit">Positional arguments</a><p style="color:var(--mantine-color-dimmed)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">Introducing functions with variable numbers of arguments</p></td></tr><tr class="m_4e7aa4fd mantine-Table-tr" data-with-row-border="true"><td class="m_4e7aa4ef mantine-Table-td"><p style="font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-h4)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">3</p></td><td style="padding-block:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_4e7aa4ef mantine-Table-td"><a style="color:inherit;font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-h5)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_849cf0da m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root mantine-Anchor-root" data-underline="hover" href="/courses/python-functions/lessons/keyword-arguments/theory_unit">Named arguments</a><p style="color:var(--mantine-color-dimmed)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">Introducing named arguments in addition to positional arguments</p></td></tr><tr class="m_4e7aa4fd mantine-Table-tr" data-with-row-border="true"><td class="m_4e7aa4ef mantine-Table-td"><p style="font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-h4)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">4</p></td><td style="padding-block:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_4e7aa4ef mantine-Table-td"><a style="color:inherit;font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-h5)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_849cf0da m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root mantine-Anchor-root" data-underline="hover" href="/courses/python-functions/lessons/more-keyword-arguments/theory_unit">More about named arguments</a><p style="color:var(--mantine-color-dimmed)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">Learning how to work with named arguments and declare keyword-only arguments</p></td></tr><tr class="m_4e7aa4fd mantine-Table-tr" data-with-row-border="true"><td class="m_4e7aa4ef mantine-Table-td"><p style="font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-h4)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">5</p></td><td style="padding-block:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_4e7aa4ef mantine-Table-td"><a style="color:inherit;font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-h5)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_849cf0da m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root mantine-Anchor-root" data-underline="hover" href="/courses/python-functions/lessons/high-order-functions/theory_unit">Higher-order functions</a><p style="color:var(--mantine-color-dimmed)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">Learning how to declare higher-order functions</p></td></tr><tr class="m_4e7aa4fd mantine-Table-tr" data-with-row-border="true"><td class="m_4e7aa4ef mantine-Table-td"><p style="font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-h4)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">6</p></td><td style="padding-block:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_4e7aa4ef mantine-Table-td"><a style="color:inherit;font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-h5)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_849cf0da m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root mantine-Anchor-root" data-underline="hover" href="/courses/python-functions/lessons/map-filter-reduce/theory_unit">Map, filter, and reduce</a><p style="color:var(--mantine-color-dimmed)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">Getting to know the most famous higher-order functions</p></td></tr><tr class="m_4e7aa4fd mantine-Table-tr" data-with-row-border="true"><td class="m_4e7aa4ef mantine-Table-td"><p style="font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-h4)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">7</p></td><td style="padding-block:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_4e7aa4ef mantine-Table-td"><a style="color:inherit;font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-h5)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_849cf0da m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root mantine-Anchor-root" data-underline="hover" href="/courses/python-functions/lessons/real-map-filter-reduce/theory_unit">Built-in map, filter, and reduce</a><p style="color:var(--mantine-color-dimmed)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">Learning more about the built-in map, filter, and reduce</p></td></tr><tr class="m_4e7aa4fd mantine-Table-tr" data-with-row-border="true"><td class="m_4e7aa4ef mantine-Table-td"><p style="font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-h4)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">8</p></td><td style="padding-block:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_4e7aa4ef mantine-Table-td"><a style="color:inherit;font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-h5)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_849cf0da m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root mantine-Anchor-root" data-underline="hover" href="/courses/python-functions/lessons/closures/theory_unit">Closures</a><p style="color:var(--mantine-color-dimmed)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">Learning about closures, an integral programming tool with on-the-fly functions</p></td></tr><tr class="m_4e7aa4fd mantine-Table-tr" data-with-row-border="true"><td class="m_4e7aa4ef mantine-Table-td"><p style="font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-h4)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">9</p></td><td style="padding-block:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_4e7aa4ef mantine-Table-td"><a style="color:inherit;font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-h5)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_849cf0da m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root mantine-Anchor-root" data-underline="hover" href="/courses/python-functions/lessons/lambda-functions/theory_unit">Anonymous functions</a><p style="color:var(--mantine-color-dimmed)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">Learning how to declare small, unnamed functions within expressions</p></td></tr><tr class="m_4e7aa4fd mantine-Table-tr" data-with-row-border="true"><td class="m_4e7aa4ef mantine-Table-td"><p style="font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-h4)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">10</p></td><td style="padding-block:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_4e7aa4ef mantine-Table-td"><a style="color:inherit;font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-h5)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_849cf0da m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root mantine-Anchor-root" data-underline="hover" href="/courses/python-functions/lessons/decorators/theory_unit">Decorators</a><p style="color:var(--mantine-color-dimmed)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">Introducing decorators, a tool distinguishing Python from other languages</p></td></tr><tr class="m_4e7aa4fd mantine-Table-tr" data-with-row-border="true"><td class="m_4e7aa4ef mantine-Table-td"><p style="font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-h4)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">11</p></td><td style="padding-block:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_4e7aa4ef mantine-Table-td"><a style="color:inherit;font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-h5)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_849cf0da m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root mantine-Anchor-root" data-underline="hover" href="/courses/python-functions/lessons/more-decorators/theory_unit">More about decorators</a><p style="color:var(--mantine-color-dimmed)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">Learning how to use decorators with parameters and wrapped functions</p></td></tr><tr class="m_4e7aa4fd mantine-Table-tr" data-with-row-border="true"><td class="m_4e7aa4ef mantine-Table-td"><p style="font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-h4)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">12</p></td><td style="padding-block:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_4e7aa4ef mantine-Table-td"><a style="color:inherit;font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-h5)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_849cf0da m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root mantine-Anchor-root" data-underline="hover" href="/courses/python-functions/lessons/recursion/theory_unit">Recursions</a><p style="color:var(--mantine-color-dimmed)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">Learning about recursions in mathematics and programming languages</p></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><style 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