JS: Polymorphism
2026-02-21 02:50 Diff
https://hexlet.io/courses/js-polymorphism/lessons/composition/theory_unit

This lesson describes a system that helps you organize your class-based code properly.

In languages with OOP without encapsulation, such problems are solved easier and occur less frequently. You should try writing code in Clojure or Elixir and find out how it happens.

Let's imagine we're making a site that has an authentication mechanism. When we execute it, we see a greeting, which is put together differently depending on the user's age. For users under 18, then one thing is written. For everyone else, it will be something else.

In this case, a straightforward implementation would be the best solution to the problem, but in this lesson, we look at polymorphism within the class model and go a different way. Our task is simplified, so we don't waste time analyzing it.

The first impulse of many developers would be to introduce two classes: Under18 and Above18. Next, it would be to add a getMessage() method in each class.

In the end, we get subtype polymorphism:

This solution, although it works, takes us down the wrong path. We have under and over 18, and then there'll be different behavior for those over 65. The situation will get even worse when, in addition to these divisions, we also divide by gender.

In this case, we get a large number of combinations, for each of which we have to create a separate user class:

  • Girls over 18
  • Girls under 18
  • Boys over 18
  • Boys under 18
  • ...

Authors of books about patterns explain it by separating vehicles by type (sailing, flying, and riding). It turns out that some people both sail and drive at the same time.

Now let's try to answer this question: Why shouldn't we use subtypes to solve this problem?

The user is an entity drawn from our domain. Subject domains and text outputs on the screen are different things. Text outputs relate to application logic but not to business logic.

If you don't think about it, you'll come to a point when everything happening on the site will be within the user because it's all connected to the user in one way or another, so we get a god object.

The right solution in such situations focuses on composition, an approach based on the interaction of objects rather than on the hierarchy of classes.

There are two cases in our task:

  • Users under 18
  • Users over 18

Also, we have two different behaviors described by two classes. Let us call them:

  • GreetingForAbove18
  • GreetingForUnder18

We implement the getMessage method in each of the classes. This method will return the greeting required for that user's category in each class:

There are two options for how the user interacts with the objects from these classes:

  • To pass it to the constructor
  • To the getMessage(user) method itself

What is the right thing to do? You should try to understand whether you are dealing with data abstraction or not:

With users, it is clear. Users have uniqueness and lifetime, so they are data abstractions Message outputs are stateless operations. The existence of a class and an object for it is due to the desire for subtype polymorphism and nothing more

So, in this example, it's better to pass the user through a method:

Selecting and creating an appropriate object was left out of the picture.

We have a factory responsible for this, so we call it somewhere before the generation of output from the template:

The main thing in this scheme is that the user remains a user. It is still only responsible for the logic of the application core. Imagine we add new message output conditions, and our two classes turn into ten (because of ten output options that depend on different parameters). Even in that case, it won't affect the user in any way.

More importantly, when new tasks appear that aren't related to the output of the message, the user will still be unaffected. For example, we'll want to send emails to different users after registration. The number of classes created will correspond to the number of types of emails. The principle will remain the same. The factory, choosing the right type at the beginning of the registration process, and the polymorphic behavior when sending an email.

Eagle-eyed readers will notice that the result is suspiciously similar to Strategy. Oddly enough, this is indeed Strategy.

As a result, many small classes will appear in the code. The number of these classes is equal to the number of possible behaviors. The majority of objects of these classes have no state and are needed to organize polymorphic code.