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For ease of development and testing, browsers include a developer panel that allows for a complete analysis of the page and the processes taking place within. It also has information about all HTTP requests.\n\nThe [article](https://www.computerhope.com/issues/ch002153.htm) will help you open the developer panel in your browser. In this course, we'll use the Chrome browser bar. The other browsers work almost identically, so you can repeat the same thing in different browsers.\n\n\n\n## Chrome DevTools\n\nHere we're interested in the Network tab. It displays all the requests that the browser performs during page loading. It includes images, fonts, style files, JavaScript, and the HTML of the page itself.\n\n\n\nUsers can click on each downloadable resource. Several more tabs will appear with information about the sent HTTP request and the received HTTP response. Here you can see all the headers and previews of the downloaded resource.\n\n\n\nYou can also find requests to the HTTP API in the same tab. These requests are executed during the interaction with the page using the API. To separate HTTP API requests from everything else, press the *Fetch/XHR* button on the Network tab. Then, only *xhr* resources will stay in the list of downloadable resources. These are just requests to the HTTP API.\n\nLet us take the topics on Hexlet as an example. When a user asks or answers a question, the site performs a request to the API. Check it out for yourself:\n\n1. Open the Developer Panel and click the Network tab. Click *Fetch/XHR*\n2. Open the Discussions tab\n3. Create a topic. A prompt should appear in the Developer Panel\n4. Delete this topic. Another request will appear in the Developer Panel\n\n\n\nStudy these requests, look at the URL, HTTP headers, HTTP method, response code, and the data sent (request body). You can study any site in the same way.\n"},"lessonMember":null,"courseMember":null,"course":{"start_lesson":{"exercise":null,"units":[{"id":7949,"name":"theory","url":"/courses/http-api/lessons/init/theory_unit"}],"links":[],"ordered_units":[{"id":7949,"name":"theory","url":"/courses/http-api/lessons/init/theory_unit"}],"id":3579,"slug":"init","state":"approved","name":"About the course","course_order":100,"goal":"Learning about the course, its structure, objectives, and goals","self_study":null,"theory_video_provider":null,"theory_video_uid":null,"theory":"API usually means how programs or services can request data from other services. Let's look at an example.\n\nTwitter has a website where we can view tweets. By clicking on links, we can go to different addresses where different information is available: the tweets feed, the page of a specific tweet, your account, password reset, ad account, and so on.\n\n* https://twitter.com/Hexlet_IO — page of a particular user\n* https://twitter.com/hexlet_io/status/1583031921700851712?cxt=HHwWgMCqkajJh_grAAAA — page of a particular tweet\n\nThese pages return some HTML in which the information looks as we see it, with all the design elements. Twitter creators adapted it for small screens, so it opens from any device with a browser. But in addition to the website Twitter has a mobile application, which shows the same information, but with a more convenient interface, adapted to a particular phone.\n\nUnlike the website, the mobile app is stored physically on the phone. It runs directly on it, so the application defines the entire appearance.\n\nYou also need pure data on Twitter's servers for the application to work. How do we download them to our phones? Ordinary page addresses don't work here because they return not data but ready-made HTML pages.\n\nIt is where APIs come to the rescue. Twitter provides specific HTTP addresses that make pure data available, not specific internet pages with a ready-made look and feel. Data at such addresses are given in a structured format, most often JSON. One service packs the data into JSON format, and the other, which follows the data, unpacks it from JSON and uses it internally for display.\n\nLet's observe an example of a user request:\n\n```bash\n# The address to which the app returns the list of specified users\n# In this case, one user is requested\nhttps://api.twitter.com/2/users/by?usernames=hexletHQ\n\n# This is the JSON structure you get in response:\n{\n \"data\": [\n {\n \"created_at\": \"2013-12-14T04:35:55.000Z\",\n \"id\": \"2244994945\",\n \"name\": \"HexletHQ\",\n \"description\": \"Hexlet - programming courses\",\n \"pinned_tweet_id\": \"1464165859761573893\",\n \"username\": \"hexlethq\"\n },\n ],\n}\n```\n\nThe purpose of this API is to provide convenient access to Twitter data. And this API is used both by Twitter mobile applications and third-party services that manage Twitter. For example, marketers use services that automatically publish tweets on a schedule.\n\nThe Twitter API is an example of an HTTP API. It works over the HTTP protocol, through which browsers load and display sites. HTTP is the most common and convenient way to make APIs for public Internet services. The Internet leans on it, so any programming language supports it. After all, it's a simple protocol that everyone involved in web or mobile app development knows one way or another.\n\nIn this course, we'll talk about what HTTP APIs are and how they work. We'll learn how to make queries to APIs to analyze and test them using Curl and the Postman service. Let's get acquainted with the OpenAPI standard (formerly Swagger), which describes the API format.\n\n## Preparation\n\nThe course focuses on how to build an API using HTTP, which we will study in [another](https://hexlet.io/courses/http_protocol) course. We recommend going through it if you're not familiar with HTTP.\n\nAlso, the courses about [command line basics](https://hexlet.io/courses/cli-basics) and [HTML](https://hexlet.io/courses/layout-designer-basics) can be helpful.\n"},"id":340,"slug":"http-api","challenges_count":0,"name":"HTTP API","allow_indexing":true,"state":"approved","course_state":"finished","pricing_type":"paid","description":"This course explains what the HTTP API is, why it is needed, and where it is used","kind":"basic","updated_at":"2026-01-20T11:38:34.455Z","language":"other","duration_cache":9600,"skills":["use the OpenAPI specification","design API using best practices","execute requests with Postman","analyze network requests in the 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stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="tabler-icon tabler-icon-lock "><path d="M5 13a2 2 0 0 1 2 -2h10a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v6a2 2 0 0 1 -2 2h-10a2 2 0 0 1 -2 -2v-6"></path><path d="M11 16a1 1 0 1 0 2 0a1 1 0 0 0 -2 0"></path><path d="M8 11v-4a4 4 0 1 1 8 0v4"></path></svg></div><p style="font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-sm)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">HTTP API</p></div><h1 style="--title-fw:var(--mantine-h1-font-weight);--title-lh:var(--mantine-h1-line-height);--title-fz:var(--mantine-h1-font-size);margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-xl)" class="m_8a5d1357 mantine-Title-root" data-order="1">Theory: HTTP requests in browsers</h1><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"LearningResource","name":"HTTP requests in browsers","inLanguage":"en","isPartOf":{"@type":"LearningResource","name":"HTTP API"},"isAccessibleForFree":"False","hasPart":{"@type":"WebPageElement","isAccessibleForFree":"False","cssSelector":".paywalled"}}</script><div class=""><div style="--alert-color:var(--mantine-color-indigo-light-color);margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg);font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-lg)" class="m_66836ed3 mantine-Alert-root" id="mantine-_R_remqrdub_" role="alert" aria-describedby="mantine-_R_remqrdub_-body" aria-labelledby="mantine-_R_remqrdub_-title"><div class="m_a5d60502 mantine-Alert-wrapper"><div class="m_667f2a6a mantine-Alert-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="tabler-icon tabler-icon-rocket "><path d="M4 13a8 8 0 0 1 7 7a6 6 0 0 0 3 -5a9 9 0 0 0 6 -8a3 3 0 0 0 -3 -3a9 9 0 0 0 -8 6a6 6 0 0 0 -5 3"></path><path d="M7 14a6 6 0 0 0 -3 6a6 6 0 0 0 6 -3"></path><path d="M14 9a1 1 0 1 0 2 0a1 1 0 1 0 -2 0"></path></svg></div><div class="m_667c2793 mantine-Alert-body"><div class="m_6a03f287 mantine-Alert-title"><span id="mantine-_R_remqrdub_-title" class="m_698f4f23 mantine-Alert-label">Full access to materials</span></div><div id="mantine-_R_remqrdub_-body" class="m_7fa78076 mantine-Alert-message"><div style="--group-gap:var(--mantine-spacing-md);--group-align:center;--group-justify:space-between;--group-wrap:wrap" class="m_4081bf90 mantine-Group-root"><p class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">Sign up and get access to this and dozens of other courses</p><a style="--button-height:var(--button-height-xs);--button-padding-x:var(--button-padding-x-xs);--button-fz:var(--mantine-font-size-xs);--button-bg:linear-gradient(45deg, var(--mantine-color-blue-filled) 0%, var(--mantine-color-cyan-filled) 100%);--button-hover:linear-gradient(45deg, var(--mantine-color-blue-filled) 0%, var(--mantine-color-cyan-filled) 100%);--button-color:var(--mantine-color-white);--button-bd:none" class="mantine-focus-auto mantine-active m_77c9d27d mantine-Button-root m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-variant="gradient" data-size="xs" href="/u/new"><span class="m_80f1301b mantine-Button-inner"><span class="m_811560b9 mantine-Button-label">Sign up</span></span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="paywalled m_d08caa0 mantine-Typography-root"><p>The easiest way to see how HTTP APIs works is directly in the browser. For ease of development and testing, browsers include a developer panel that allows for a complete analysis of the page and the processes taking place within. It also has information about all HTTP requests.</p>
<p>The <a style="text-decoration:underline" class="mantine-focus-auto m_849cf0da m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root mantine-Anchor-root" data-underline="hover" href="https://www.computerhope.com/issues/ch002153.htm" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">article</a> will help you open the developer panel in your browser. In this course, we'll use the Chrome browser bar. The other browsers work almost identically, so you can repeat the same thing in different browsers.</p>
<p><img style="--image-object-fit:contain;width:auto" class="m_9e117634 mantine-Image-root" src="/rails/active_storage/blobs/proxy/eyJfcmFpbHMiOnsiZGF0YSI6NTk2NiwicHVyIjoiYmxvYl9pZCJ9fQ==--3cf84441ee2dd6f46b0cf5dd32cc599f41440260/devtools.png" alt="Chrome Developer Panel" loading="lazy"/></p>
<h2 id="heading-2-1">Chrome DevTools</h2>
<p>Here we're interested in the Network tab. It displays all the requests that the browser performs during page loading. It includes images, fonts, style files, JavaScript, and the HTML of the page itself.</p>
<p><img style="--image-object-fit:contain;width:auto" class="m_9e117634 mantine-Image-root" src="/rails/active_storage/blobs/proxy/eyJfcmFpbHMiOnsiZGF0YSI6NTk2NywicHVyIjoiYmxvYl9pZCJ9fQ==--9a89e3a661c707eedb4878b0244c8f42143e086a/code-basics-network.png" alt="The Network tab while downloading Code Basics" loading="lazy"/></p>
<p>Users can click on each downloadable resource. Several more tabs will appear with information about the sent HTTP request and the received HTTP response. Here you can see all the headers and previews of the downloaded resource.</p>
<p><img style="--image-object-fit:contain;width:auto" class="m_9e117634 mantine-Image-root" src="/rails/active_storage/blobs/proxy/eyJfcmFpbHMiOnsiZGF0YSI6NTk2OCwicHVyIjoiYmxvYl9pZCJ9fQ==--2b5e34f172f5894d67f7424d5e6615447e1e135b/code-basics-network-html.png" alt="Loading HTML for Code Basics" loading="lazy"/></p>
<p>You can also find requests to the HTTP API in the same tab. These requests are executed during the interaction with the page using the API. To separate HTTP API requests from everything else, press the <em>Fetch/XHR</em> button on the Network tab. Then, only <em>xhr</em> resources will stay in the list of downloadable resources. These are just requests to the HTTP API.</p>
<p>Let us take the topics on Hexlet as an example. When a user asks or answers a question, the site performs a request to the API. Check it out for yourself:</p>
<ol>
<li>Open the Developer Panel and click the Network tab. Click <em>Fetch/XHR</em></li>
<li>Open the Discussions tab</li>
<li>Create a topic. A prompt should appear in the Developer Panel</li>
<li>Delete this topic. Another request will appear in the Developer Panel</li>
</ol>
<p><img style="--image-object-fit:contain;width:auto" class="m_9e117634 mantine-Image-root" src="/rails/active_storage/blobs/proxy/eyJfcmFpbHMiOnsiZGF0YSI6NTk2OSwicHVyIjoiYmxvYl9pZCJ9fQ==--de73d593c4678a1ec8f7b5b5f3b184dde00f086d/hexlet-create-topic-api.jpg" alt="API response when creating a topic" loading="lazy"/></p>
<p>Study these requests, look at the URL, HTTP headers, HTTP method, response code, and the data sent (request body). 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