<!DOCTYPE html>
<html class="h-100" data-bs-theme="light" data-mantine-color-scheme="light" lang="en" prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns#">
<head>
<meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" name="viewport">
<meta content="IE=Edge" http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible">
<link crossorigin="true" href="https://cdn.hexlet.io" rel="preconnect">
<meta content="aa2vrdtq64dub8knuf83lwywit311w" name="facebook-domain-verification">
<link href="/favicon.ico" rel="icon" sizes="any">
<link href="/favicon.svg" rel="icon" type="image/svg+xml">
<link href="/apple-touch-icon.png" rel="apple-touch-icon">
<link href="/manifest.webmanifest" rel="manifest">
<script>
//<![CDATA[
window.gon={};gon.ym_counter="25559621";gon.is_bot=true;gon.applications={};gon.current_user={"id":null,"last_viewed_notification_id":null,"email":null,"state":null,"first_name":"","last_name":"","current_program":null,"current_team":null,"full_name":"","guest":true,"can_use_paid_features":false,"is_hexlet_employee":false,"sanitized_phone_number":"","can_subscribe":true,"can_renew_education":false};gon.token="NlapmSmr25ISVEGY0x9gE_WDNvNzq6HH392EaF2x_gllkMSvCMDgcnVevnBhgVfS-Sm4qL-1u8t9WE57EG0h0g";gon.locale="en";gon.language="en";gon.theme="light";gon.rails_env="production";gon.mobile=false;gon.google={"analytics_key":"UA-1360700-51","optimize_key":"GTM-5QDVFPF"};gon.captcha={"google_v3_site_key":"6LenGbgZAAAAAM7HbrDbn5JlizCSzPcS767c9vaY","yandex_site_key":"ysc1_Vyob5ZPPUdPBsu0ykt8bVFdzsfpoVjQChLGl2b4g19647a89","verification_failed":null};gon.social_signin=false;gon.typoreporter_google_form_id="1FAIpQLScNwxM8rjQRRWqW5G6dn6-0NvLUblFemy7EvA9VsJ7Ov5wXqA";
//]]>
</script>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>Introduction | Key Aspects of Web Development in Python</title>
<meta name="description" content="Introduction / Key Aspects of Web Development in Python: Getting acquainted with the topic of the course">
<link rel="canonical" href="https://hexlet.io/courses/python-overview-of-web-development/lessons/intro/theory_unit">
<meta name="robots" content="noarchive">
<meta property="og:title" content="Introduction">
<meta property="og:title" content="Key Aspects of Web Development in Python">
<meta property="og:description" content="Introduction / Key Aspects of Web Development in Python: Getting acquainted with the topic of the course">
<meta property="og:url" content="https://hexlet.io/courses/python-overview-of-web-development/lessons/intro/theory_unit">
<meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" />
<meta name="csrf-token" content="MmQ_U8hbDQBb1NEoK3PoX2TFVxIA7VAwy2gFV8KEC_9holJl6TA24DzeLsCZ7d-eaG_ZSczzSjxp7c9Ej1jUJA" />
<script src="/vite/assets/inertia-CgrHVkgd.js" crossorigin="anonymous" type="module"></script><link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/chunk-DsPFFUou.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/preload-helper-C1cfMHAs.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/init-0bhwJkNI.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/ahoy-BXKrsWjp.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/analytics-Du9ljYPK.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/ErrorFallbackBlock-V3hfk_CP.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/RootLayout-CUZzAr0T.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/Surface-DbDKujDz.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/gon-B-jV56Ol.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/mantine-DOJkeu70.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/utils-ClTF9s_T.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/routes-mvvEXZQ8.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/index.esm-DATLpQdV.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/Modal-BhY0AP_c.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/Textarea-P1s4q94S.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/exports-BsSGGK2I.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/dayjs.min-Bfba02I7.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/client-CYyKzrjQ.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/react-dom-SJZekO2j.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/useTranslation-bo78L81P.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/compiler-runtime-BhqaZ6vG.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/jsx-runtime-DlXMvSuQ.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/react-CFtMU8gd.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/vite/assets/application-BhDYOUva.css" />
<script src="/vite/assets/application-ZyVHkzwO.js" crossorigin="anonymous" type="module"></script><link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/chunk-DsPFFUou.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/autocomplete-BokUl44d.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/routes-mvvEXZQ8.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/createPopper-gQnwoPhY.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/js.cookie-CB1F2-VC.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/vite/assets/application-BhDYOUva.css" media="screen" />
<!-- Google Tag Manager - deferred -->
<script>
// dataLayer stub сразу — пуши работают до загрузки скрипта
window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];
// Сам скрипт — отложенно после load
window.addEventListener('load', function() {
setTimeout(function() {
dataLayer.push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js'});
var j = document.createElement('script');
j.async = true;
j.src = 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-WK88TH';
document.head.appendChild(j);
}, 1500);
});
</script>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager -->
</head>
<body>
<!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
<noscript>
<iframe height="0" src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-WK88TH" style="display:none;visibility:hidden" width="0"></iframe>
</noscript>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
<header class="sticky-top bg-body">
<nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg">
<div class="container-xxl">
<a class="navbar-brand" href="/"><img alt="Hexlet logo" height="24" src="https://hexlet.io/vite/assets/logo_en_light-FS-yL6XB.svg" width="96">
</a><button aria-controls="collapsable" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Menu" class="navbar-toggler border-0 mb-0 mt-1" data-bs-target="#collapsable" data-bs-toggle="collapse">
<span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span>
</button>
<div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="collapsable">
<ul class="navbar-nav mb-lg-0 mt-lg-1">
<li class="nav-item dropdown">
<button aria-haspopup class="btn nav-link" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" type="button">
All courses
<span class="bi bi-chevron-down align-middle ms-1"></span>
</button>
<ul class="dropdown-menu">
<li>
<a class="dropdown-item d-flex py-2" href="/courses"><div class="fw-bold me-auto">Everything</div>
<div class="text-muted">8</div>
</a></li>
<li>
<hr class="dropdown-divider">
</li>
<li class="dropdown-item">
<b>Popular categories</b>
</li>
<li>
<a class="dropdown-item py-2" href="/courses_backend-development">Backend Development
</a></li>
<li>
<a class="dropdown-item py-2" href="/courses_devops">DevOps
</a></li>
<li>
<a class="dropdown-item py-2" href="/courses_frontend-development">Frontend Development
</a></li>
<li>
<a class="dropdown-item py-2" href="/courses_testing">Testing
</a></li>
<li>
<hr class="dropdown-divider">
</li>
<li class="dropdown-item">
<b>Popular courses</b>
</li>
<li>
<a class="dropdown-item py-2" href="/programs/frontend">Frontend Developer
</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="nav-item dropdown">
<button aria-haspopup class="btn nav-link" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" type="button">
About Hexlet
<span class="bi bi-chevron-down align-middle"></span>
</button>
<ul class="dropdown-menu bg-body">
<li>
<a class="dropdown-item py-2" href="/pages/about">About company
</a></li>
<li>
<a class="dropdown-item py-2" href="/blog">Blog
</a></li>
<li>
<span class="dropdown-item py-2 external-link" data-href="https://special.hexlet.io/hse-research" role="button"><span class="translation_missing" title="translation missing: en.layouts.header.results">Results</span>
</span></li>
<li>
<span class="dropdown-item py-2 external-link" data-href="https://career.hexlet.io" role="button"><span class="translation_missing" title="translation missing: en.layouts.header.career">Career</span>
</span></li>
<li>
<a class="dropdown-item py-2" href="/testimonials">Testimonials
</a></li>
<li>
<span class="dropdown-item py-2 external-link" data-href="https://t.me/hexlet_help_bot" role="button"><span class="translation_missing" title="translation missing: en.layouts.header.support">Support</span>
</span></li>
<li>
<span class="dropdown-item py-2 external-link" data-href="https://special.hexlet.io/referal-program/?promo_creative=priglasite-druzei&promo_name=referal-program&promo_position=promo_position&promo_start=010724&promo_type=link" role="button"><span class="translation_missing" title="translation missing: en.layouts.header.referal_program">Referal Program</span>
</span></li>
<li>
<span class="dropdown-item py-2 external-link" data-href="https://special.hexlet.io/certificate" role="button"><span class="translation_missing" title="translation missing: en.layouts.header.certificates">Certificates</span>
</span></li>
<li>
<span class="dropdown-item py-2 external-link" data-href="https://hh.ru/employer/4307094" role="button"><span class="translation_missing" title="translation missing: en.layouts.header.vacancies">Vacancies</span>
</span></li>
<li>
<span class="dropdown-item d-flex external-link" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" data-href="https://b2b.hexlet.io" data-target="_blank" role="button"><span class="translation_missing" title="translation missing: en.layouts.header.teams">Teams</span>
</span></li>
<li>
<span class="dropdown-item d-flex external-link" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" data-href="https://hexly.ru/" data-target="_blank" role="button"><span class="translation_missing" title="translation missing: en.layouts.header.college">College</span>
</span></li>
<li>
<span class="dropdown-item d-flex external-link" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" data-href="https://hexlyschool.ru/" data-target="_blank" role="button"><span class="translation_missing" title="translation missing: en.layouts.header.private_school">Private School</span>
</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul class="navbar-nav flex-lg-row align-items-lg-center gap-2 ms-auto">
<li>
<a class="nav-link" aria-label="Switch theme" href="/theme/switch?new_theme=dark"><span aria-hidden="true" class="bi bi-moon"></span>
</a></li>
<li>
<span data-target="_self" class="nav-link external-link" data-href="/u/new" role="button"><span>Sign up</span>
</span></li>
<li>
<span data-target="_self" class="nav-link external-link" data-href="https://hexlet.io/session/new" role="button"><span>Sign in</span>
</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</nav>
</header>
<div class="x-container-xxxl">
</div>
<main class="mb-6 min-vh-100 h-100">
<div id="app" data-page="{"component":"web/courses/lessons/theory_unit","props":{"errors":{},"locale":"en","language":"en","httpsHost":"https://hexlet.io","host":"hexlet.io","colorScheme":"light","auth":{"user":{"id":null,"last_viewed_notification_id":null,"email":null,"state":null,"first_name":"","last_name":"","current_program":null,"current_team":null,"full_name":"","guest":true,"can_use_paid_features":false,"is_hexlet_employee":false,"sanitized_phone_number":"","can_subscribe":true,"can_renew_education":false}},"cloudflareTurnstileSiteKey":"0x4AAAAAAA15KmeFXzd2H0Xo","vkIdClientId":"51586979","yandexIdClientId":null,"formAuthToken":"t2PemQgojCykjQjs90MBkoLRhpHMFlq4qSuDAtdJBZPkpbOvKUO3zMOH9wRF3TZTjnsIygAIQLQLrkkRmpXaSA","topics":[],"lesson":{"exercise":null,"units":[{"id":9046,"name":"theory","url":"/courses/python-overview-of-web-development/lessons/intro/theory_unit"}],"links":[],"ordered_units":[{"id":9046,"name":"theory","url":"/courses/python-overview-of-web-development/lessons/intro/theory_unit"}],"id":4014,"slug":"intro","state":"approved","name":"Introduction","course_order":100,"goal":"Getting acquainted with the topic of the course","self_study":null,"theory_video_provider":null,"theory_video_uid":null,"theory":"You already know how to use Python in general. This skill is valuable in and of itself and is necessary for every Python programmer.\n\nPython is a general-purpose programming language. Programmers use it to do many different things, even specific tasks like writing scripts for automation. But Python does not end with these simple tasks. There are many more global fields where you can use Python, such as data science. And the bigger the domain, the more the programmer needs to know.\n\nOne of the most popular uses of Python is web development. Most web applications rely on the client-server model. In short, the client makes a request to the server, and the server prepares a response and sends it back to the client. We can divide these web applications into two parts:\n\n* The frontend is a part of the web application that runs **on the client**, meaning in the user browser\n* The backend is a part that runs **on the server**\n\nWe'll talk more about this model later in the course. We'll also cover all the other topics that are important when developing Python web applications:\n\n* Receiving requests from the client\n* Storing and manipulating databases\n* Generating HTML pages or other views from databases\n* Outputting the result through various channels\n* Displaying things in the browser\n* Sending emails and flash notifications, etc.\n\n## Who is this course for?\n\nWe designed this course to help novice web developers in Python. It will introduce you to the skills needed to build web applications in Python.\n\n## How to prepare for this course\n\nThe course does not require any prior knowledge. However, it may include examples of Python code, so it won't hurt to review [the basics of the language](https://hexlet.io/courses/python-basics). You can find the correct sequence of courses in the [Python Developer Program](https://hexlet.io/programs/python).\n"},"lessonMember":null,"courseMember":null,"course":{"start_lesson":{"exercise":null,"units":[{"id":9046,"name":"theory","url":"/courses/python-overview-of-web-development/lessons/intro/theory_unit"}],"links":[],"ordered_units":[{"id":9046,"name":"theory","url":"/courses/python-overview-of-web-development/lessons/intro/theory_unit"}],"id":4014,"slug":"intro","state":"approved","name":"Introduction","course_order":100,"goal":"Getting acquainted with the topic of the course","self_study":null,"theory_video_provider":null,"theory_video_uid":null,"theory":"You already know how to use Python in general. This skill is valuable in and of itself and is necessary for every Python programmer.\n\nPython is a general-purpose programming language. Programmers use it to do many different things, even specific tasks like writing scripts for automation. But Python does not end with these simple tasks. There are many more global fields where you can use Python, such as data science. And the bigger the domain, the more the programmer needs to know.\n\nOne of the most popular uses of Python is web development. Most web applications rely on the client-server model. In short, the client makes a request to the server, and the server prepares a response and sends it back to the client. We can divide these web applications into two parts:\n\n* The frontend is a part of the web application that runs **on the client**, meaning in the user browser\n* The backend is a part that runs **on the server**\n\nWe'll talk more about this model later in the course. We'll also cover all the other topics that are important when developing Python web applications:\n\n* Receiving requests from the client\n* Storing and manipulating databases\n* Generating HTML pages or other views from databases\n* Outputting the result through various channels\n* Displaying things in the browser\n* Sending emails and flash notifications, etc.\n\n## Who is this course for?\n\nWe designed this course to help novice web developers in Python. It will introduce you to the skills needed to build web applications in Python.\n\n## How to prepare for this course\n\nThe course does not require any prior knowledge. However, it may include examples of Python code, so it won't hurt to review [the basics of the language](https://hexlet.io/courses/python-basics). You can find the correct sequence of courses in the [Python Developer Program](https://hexlet.io/programs/python).\n"},"id":361,"slug":"python-overview-of-web-development","challenges_count":0,"name":"Key Aspects of Web Development in Python","allow_indexing":true,"state":"approved","course_state":"finished","pricing_type":"paid","description":"In this course, you will learn the fundamentals of modern web development in Python. You will learn about networking protocols and interfaces, databases, and ORMs, web frameworks, and the MVC concept. The knowledge gained from this course will help you decide on further areas of study and give you an overview of modern backend and web development. This course is suitable for anyone new to Python development.","kind":"additional","updated_at":"2026-01-20T11:38:12.475Z","language":"python","duration_cache":14880,"skills":["Learn about MVC and ORM","Create simple pages with Python","Install and run an application on the Flask microframework","Realistically estimate the amount of knowledge required for professional development"],"keywords":[],"lessons_count":14,"cover":"/vite/assets/course-DLoqF1jj.png"},"recommendedLandings":[],"lessonMemberUnit":null,"accessToLearnUnitExists":false,"accessToCourseExists":false},"url":"/courses/python-overview-of-web-development/lessons/intro/theory_unit","version":"1656487db0d1dd5f33634fe1070e57e55135cbeb","encryptHistory":false,"clearHistory":false}"><style data-mantine-styles="true">:root, :host{--mantine-font-family: Arial, sans-serif;--mantine-font-family-headings: Arial, sans-serif;--mantine-heading-font-weight: normal;--mantine-radius-default: 0rem;--mantine-primary-color-filled: var(--mantine-color-indigo-filled);--mantine-primary-color-filled-hover: var(--mantine-color-indigo-filled-hover);--mantine-primary-color-light: var(--mantine-color-indigo-light);--mantine-primary-color-light-hover: var(--mantine-color-indigo-light-hover);--mantine-primary-color-light-color: var(--mantine-color-indigo-light-color);--mantine-spacing-xxl: calc(4rem * var(--mantine-scale));--mantine-font-size-xs: 12px;--mantine-font-size-sm: 14px;--mantine-font-size-md: 16px;--mantine-font-size-lg: clamp(16.0000px, calc(15.2727px + 0.2273vw), 18.0000px);--mantine-font-size-xl: clamp(16.0000px, calc(14.5455px + 0.4545vw), 20.0000px);--mantine-font-size-display-3: clamp(32.0000px, calc(26.1818px + 1.8182vw), 48.0000px);--mantine-font-size-display-2: clamp(36.0000px, calc(25.8182px + 3.1818vw), 64.0000px);--mantine-font-size-display-1: clamp(40.0000px, calc(25.4545px + 4.5455vw), 80.0000px);--mantine-font-size-h1: clamp(28.0000px, calc(23.6364px + 1.3636vw), 40.0000px);--mantine-font-size-h2: clamp(24.0000px, calc(21.0909px + 0.9091vw), 32.0000px);--mantine-font-size-h3: clamp(20.0000px, calc(17.0909px + 0.9091vw), 28.0000px);--mantine-font-size-h4: clamp(16.0000px, calc(13.0909px + 0.9091vw), 24.0000px);--mantine-font-size-h5: clamp(16.0000px, calc(14.5455px + 0.4545vw), 20.0000px);--mantine-font-size-h6: 1rem;--mantine-primary-color-0: var(--mantine-color-indigo-0);--mantine-primary-color-1: var(--mantine-color-indigo-1);--mantine-primary-color-2: var(--mantine-color-indigo-2);--mantine-primary-color-3: var(--mantine-color-indigo-3);--mantine-primary-color-4: var(--mantine-color-indigo-4);--mantine-primary-color-5: var(--mantine-color-indigo-5);--mantine-primary-color-6: var(--mantine-color-indigo-6);--mantine-primary-color-7: var(--mantine-color-indigo-7);--mantine-primary-color-8: var(--mantine-color-indigo-8);--mantine-primary-color-9: var(--mantine-color-indigo-9);--mantine-color-red-0: #ffeaea;--mantine-color-red-1: #fed4d4;--mantine-color-red-2: #f4a7a8;--mantine-color-red-3: #ec7878;--mantine-color-red-4: #e55050;--mantine-color-red-5: #e03131;--mantine-color-red-6: #e02829;--mantine-color-red-7: #c71a1c;--mantine-color-red-8: #b21218;--mantine-color-red-9: #9c0411;--mantine-color-violet-0: #fce9ff;--mantine-color-violet-1: #f1cfff;--mantine-color-violet-2: #e09bff;--mantine-color-violet-3: #d16fff;--mantine-color-violet-4: #be37fe;--mantine-color-violet-5: #b51afe;--mantine-color-violet-6: #b009ff;--mantine-color-violet-7: #9b00e4;--mantine-color-violet-8: #8a00cc;--mantine-color-violet-9: #7800b3;--mantine-color-indigo-0: #edecff;--mantine-color-indigo-1: #d6d5fe;--mantine-color-indigo-2: #aaa9f4;--mantine-color-indigo-3: #7b79eb;--mantine-color-indigo-4: #5451e4;--mantine-color-indigo-5: #3b37e0;--mantine-color-indigo-6: #2d2adf;--mantine-color-indigo-7: #1f1ec7;--mantine-color-indigo-8: #1819b2;--mantine-color-indigo-9: #0c149e;--mantine-color-cyan-0: #dffdff;--mantine-color-cyan-1: #caf5ff;--mantine-color-cyan-2: #99e8ff;--mantine-color-cyan-3: #64daff;--mantine-color-cyan-4: #3ccffe;--mantine-color-cyan-5: #24c8fe;--mantine-color-cyan-6: #00c2ff;--mantine-color-cyan-7: #00ade4;--mantine-color-cyan-8: #009acd;--mantine-color-cyan-9: #0085b5;--mantine-color-green-0: #e9fdec;--mantine-color-green-1: #d7f6dc;--mantine-color-green-2: #b0eab9;--mantine-color-green-3: #86df94;--mantine-color-green-4: #62d574;--mantine-color-green-5: #4ccf5f;--mantine-color-green-6: #3fcc54;--mantine-color-green-7: #2fb344;--mantine-color-green-8: #25a03b;--mantine-color-green-9: #138a2e;--mantine-color-yellow-0: #fff7e2;--mantine-color-yellow-1: #ffeecd;--mantine-color-yellow-2: #ffdc9c;--mantine-color-yellow-3: #ffc966;--mantine-color-yellow-4: #feb93a;--mantine-color-yellow-5: #feae1e;--mantine-color-yellow-6: #ffa90f;--mantine-color-yellow-8: #ca8200;--mantine-color-yellow-9: #af7000;--mantine-h1-font-size: clamp(28.0000px, calc(23.6364px + 1.3636vw), 40.0000px);--mantine-h1-font-weight: normal;--mantine-h2-font-size: clamp(24.0000px, calc(21.0909px + 0.9091vw), 32.0000px);--mantine-h2-font-weight: normal;--mantine-h3-font-size: clamp(20.0000px, calc(17.0909px + 0.9091vw), 28.0000px);--mantine-h3-font-weight: normal;--mantine-h4-font-size: clamp(16.0000px, calc(13.0909px + 0.9091vw), 24.0000px);--mantine-h4-font-weight: normal;--mantine-h5-font-size: clamp(16.0000px, calc(14.5455px + 0.4545vw), 20.0000px);--mantine-h5-font-weight: normal;--mantine-h6-font-size: 1rem;--mantine-h6-font-weight: normal;}
:root[data-mantine-color-scheme="dark"], :host([data-mantine-color-scheme="dark"]){--mantine-color-anchor: var(--mantine-color-text);--mantine-color-dimmed: #495057;--mantine-color-dark-filled: var(--mantine-color-dark-5);--mantine-color-dark-filled-hover: var(--mantine-color-dark-6);--mantine-color-dark-light: rgba(105, 105, 105, 0.15);--mantine-color-dark-light-hover: rgba(105, 105, 105, 0.2);--mantine-color-dark-light-color: var(--mantine-color-dark-0);--mantine-color-dark-outline: var(--mantine-color-dark-1);--mantine-color-dark-outline-hover: rgba(184, 184, 184, 0.05);--mantine-color-gray-filled: var(--mantine-color-gray-5);--mantine-color-gray-filled-hover: var(--mantine-color-gray-6);--mantine-color-gray-light: rgba(222, 226, 230, 0.15);--mantine-color-gray-light-hover: rgba(222, 226, 230, 0.2);--mantine-color-gray-light-color: var(--mantine-color-gray-0);--mantine-color-gray-outline: var(--mantine-color-gray-1);--mantine-color-gray-outline-hover: rgba(241, 243, 245, 0.05);--mantine-color-red-filled: var(--mantine-color-red-5);--mantine-color-red-filled-hover: var(--mantine-color-red-6);--mantine-color-red-light: rgba(236, 120, 120, 0.15);--mantine-color-red-light-hover: rgba(236, 120, 120, 0.2);--mantine-color-red-light-color: var(--mantine-color-red-0);--mantine-color-red-outline: var(--mantine-color-red-1);--mantine-color-red-outline-hover: rgba(254, 212, 212, 0.05);--mantine-color-pink-filled: var(--mantine-color-pink-5);--mantine-color-pink-filled-hover: var(--mantine-color-pink-6);--mantine-color-pink-light: rgba(250, 162, 193, 0.15);--mantine-color-pink-light-hover: rgba(250, 162, 193, 0.2);--mantine-color-pink-light-color: var(--mantine-color-pink-0);--mantine-color-pink-outline: var(--mantine-color-pink-1);--mantine-color-pink-outline-hover: rgba(255, 222, 235, 0.05);--mantine-color-grape-filled: var(--mantine-color-grape-5);--mantine-color-grape-filled-hover: var(--mantine-color-grape-6);--mantine-color-grape-light: rgba(229, 153, 247, 0.15);--mantine-color-grape-light-hover: rgba(229, 153, 247, 0.2);--mantine-color-grape-light-color: var(--mantine-color-grape-0);--mantine-color-grape-outline: var(--mantine-color-grape-1);--mantine-color-grape-outline-hover: rgba(243, 217, 250, 0.05);--mantine-color-violet-filled: var(--mantine-color-violet-5);--mantine-color-violet-filled-hover: var(--mantine-color-violet-6);--mantine-color-violet-light: rgba(209, 111, 255, 0.15);--mantine-color-violet-light-hover: rgba(209, 111, 255, 0.2);--mantine-color-violet-light-color: var(--mantine-color-violet-0);--mantine-color-violet-outline: var(--mantine-color-violet-1);--mantine-color-violet-outline-hover: rgba(241, 207, 255, 0.05);--mantine-color-indigo-filled: var(--mantine-color-indigo-5);--mantine-color-indigo-filled-hover: var(--mantine-color-indigo-6);--mantine-color-indigo-light: rgba(123, 121, 235, 0.15);--mantine-color-indigo-light-hover: rgba(123, 121, 235, 0.2);--mantine-color-indigo-light-color: var(--mantine-color-indigo-0);--mantine-color-indigo-outline: var(--mantine-color-indigo-1);--mantine-color-indigo-outline-hover: rgba(214, 213, 254, 0.05);--mantine-color-blue-filled: var(--mantine-color-blue-5);--mantine-color-blue-filled-hover: var(--mantine-color-blue-6);--mantine-color-blue-light: rgba(116, 192, 252, 0.15);--mantine-color-blue-light-hover: rgba(116, 192, 252, 0.2);--mantine-color-blue-light-color: var(--mantine-color-blue-0);--mantine-color-blue-outline: var(--mantine-color-blue-1);--mantine-color-blue-outline-hover: rgba(208, 235, 255, 0.05);--mantine-color-cyan-filled: var(--mantine-color-cyan-5);--mantine-color-cyan-filled-hover: var(--mantine-color-cyan-6);--mantine-color-cyan-light: rgba(100, 218, 255, 0.15);--mantine-color-cyan-light-hover: rgba(100, 218, 255, 0.2);--mantine-color-cyan-light-color: var(--mantine-color-cyan-0);--mantine-color-cyan-outline: var(--mantine-color-cyan-1);--mantine-color-cyan-outline-hover: rgba(202, 245, 255, 0.05);--mantine-color-teal-filled: var(--mantine-color-teal-5);--mantine-color-teal-filled-hover: var(--mantine-color-teal-6);--mantine-color-teal-light: rgba(99, 230, 190, 0.15);--mantine-color-teal-light-hover: rgba(99, 230, 190, 0.2);--mantine-color-teal-light-color: var(--mantine-color-teal-0);--mantine-color-teal-outline: var(--mantine-color-teal-1);--mantine-color-teal-outline-hover: rgba(195, 250, 232, 0.05);--mantine-color-green-filled: var(--mantine-color-green-5);--mantine-color-green-filled-hover: var(--mantine-color-green-6);--mantine-color-green-light: rgba(134, 223, 148, 0.15);--mantine-color-green-light-hover: rgba(134, 223, 148, 0.2);--mantine-color-green-light-color: var(--mantine-color-green-0);--mantine-color-green-outline: var(--mantine-color-green-1);--mantine-color-green-outline-hover: rgba(215, 246, 220, 0.05);--mantine-color-lime-filled: var(--mantine-color-lime-5);--mantine-color-lime-filled-hover: var(--mantine-color-lime-6);--mantine-color-lime-light: rgba(192, 235, 117, 0.15);--mantine-color-lime-light-hover: rgba(192, 235, 117, 0.2);--mantine-color-lime-light-color: var(--mantine-color-lime-0);--mantine-color-lime-outline: var(--mantine-color-lime-1);--mantine-color-lime-outline-hover: rgba(233, 250, 200, 0.05);--mantine-color-yellow-filled: var(--mantine-color-yellow-5);--mantine-color-yellow-filled-hover: var(--mantine-color-yellow-6);--mantine-color-yellow-light: rgba(255, 201, 102, 0.15);--mantine-color-yellow-light-hover: rgba(255, 201, 102, 0.2);--mantine-color-yellow-light-color: var(--mantine-color-yellow-0);--mantine-color-yellow-outline: var(--mantine-color-yellow-1);--mantine-color-yellow-outline-hover: rgba(255, 238, 205, 0.05);--mantine-color-orange-filled: var(--mantine-color-orange-5);--mantine-color-orange-filled-hover: var(--mantine-color-orange-6);--mantine-color-orange-light: rgba(255, 192, 120, 0.15);--mantine-color-orange-light-hover: rgba(255, 192, 120, 0.2);--mantine-color-orange-light-color: var(--mantine-color-orange-0);--mantine-color-orange-outline: var(--mantine-color-orange-1);--mantine-color-orange-outline-hover: rgba(255, 232, 204, 0.05);--app-cta-gradient: linear-gradient(90deg, var(--mantine-color-blue-9) 0%, var(--mantine-color-cyan-7) 100%);--app-color-surface: #2e2e2e;}
:root[data-mantine-color-scheme="light"], :host([data-mantine-color-scheme="light"]){--mantine-color-anchor: var(--mantine-color-text);--mantine-color-dimmed: #495057;--mantine-color-red-light: rgba(224, 40, 41, 0.1);--mantine-color-red-light-hover: rgba(224, 40, 41, 0.12);--mantine-color-red-outline-hover: rgba(224, 40, 41, 0.05);--mantine-color-violet-light: rgba(176, 9, 255, 0.1);--mantine-color-violet-light-hover: rgba(176, 9, 255, 0.12);--mantine-color-violet-outline-hover: rgba(176, 9, 255, 0.05);--mantine-color-indigo-light: rgba(45, 42, 223, 0.1);--mantine-color-indigo-light-hover: rgba(45, 42, 223, 0.12);--mantine-color-indigo-outline-hover: rgba(45, 42, 223, 0.05);--mantine-color-cyan-light: rgba(0, 194, 255, 0.1);--mantine-color-cyan-light-hover: rgba(0, 194, 255, 0.12);--mantine-color-cyan-outline-hover: rgba(0, 194, 255, 0.05);--mantine-color-green-light: rgba(63, 204, 84, 0.1);--mantine-color-green-light-hover: rgba(63, 204, 84, 0.12);--mantine-color-green-outline-hover: rgba(63, 204, 84, 0.05);--mantine-color-yellow-light: rgba(255, 169, 15, 0.1);--mantine-color-yellow-light-hover: rgba(255, 169, 15, 0.12);--mantine-color-yellow-outline-hover: rgba(255, 169, 15, 0.05);--app-color-surface: #f1f3f5;--app-cta-gradient: linear-gradient(90deg, var(--mantine-color-blue-filled) 0%, var(--mantine-color-cyan-5) 100%);}</style><style data-mantine-styles="classes">@media (max-width: 35.99375em) {.mantine-visible-from-xs {display: none !important;}}@media (min-width: 36em) {.mantine-hidden-from-xs {display: none !important;}}@media (max-width: 47.99375em) {.mantine-visible-from-sm {display: none !important;}}@media (min-width: 48em) {.mantine-hidden-from-sm {display: none !important;}}@media (max-width: 61.99375em) {.mantine-visible-from-md {display: none !important;}}@media (min-width: 62em) {.mantine-hidden-from-md {display: none !important;}}@media (max-width: 74.99375em) {.mantine-visible-from-lg {display: none !important;}}@media (min-width: 75em) {.mantine-hidden-from-lg {display: none !important;}}@media (max-width: 87.99375em) {.mantine-visible-from-xl {display: none !important;}}@media (min-width: 88em) {.mantine-hidden-from-xl {display: none !important;}}</style><div style="position:absolute;top:0rem" class=""></div><div style="max-width:var(--container-size-xl);height:100%;min-height:0rem" class=""><style data-mantine-styles="inline">.__m__-_R_5ub_{--grid-gutter:0rem;}</style><div style="height:100%;min-height:0rem" class="m_410352e9 mantine-Grid-root __m__-_R_5ub_"><div class="m_dee7bd2f mantine-Grid-inner" style="height:100%"><style data-mantine-styles="inline">.__m__-_R_rdub_{--col-flex-grow:auto;--col-flex-basis:91.66666666666667%;--col-max-width:91.66666666666667%;}@media(min-width: 48em){.__m__-_R_rdub_{--col-flex-grow:auto;--col-flex-basis:83.33333333333334%;--col-max-width:83.33333333333334%;}}</style><div style="min-width:0rem;height:100%;min-height:0rem;display:flex" class="m_96bdd299 mantine-Grid-col __m__-_R_rdub_"><style data-mantine-styles="inline">.__m__-_R_6qrdub_{margin-top:0rem;padding-inline:var(--mantine-spacing-xs);width:100%;}@media(min-width: 48em){.__m__-_R_6qrdub_{margin-top:var(--mantine-spacing-xl);width:80%;}}@media(min-width: 62em){.__m__-_R_6qrdub_{padding-inline:var(--mantine-spacing-xl);}}</style><div style="margin-inline:auto;max-width:var(--mantine-breakpoint-xl)" class="__m__-_R_6qrdub_"><div style="color:var(--mantine-color-dimmed)" class="m_4451eb3a mantine-Center-root" data-inline="true"><div style="--ti-size:var(--ti-size-xs);--ti-bg:transparent;--ti-color:var(--mantine-color-indigo-light-color);--ti-bd:calc(0.0625rem * var(--mantine-scale)) solid transparent;margin-inline-end:calc(0.125rem * var(--mantine-scale));color:inherit" class="m_7341320d mantine-ThemeIcon-root" data-variant="transparent" data-size="xs"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="tabler-icon tabler-icon-lock "><path d="M5 13a2 2 0 0 1 2 -2h10a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v6a2 2 0 0 1 -2 2h-10a2 2 0 0 1 -2 -2v-6"></path><path d="M11 16a1 1 0 1 0 2 0a1 1 0 0 0 -2 0"></path><path d="M8 11v-4a4 4 0 1 1 8 0v4"></path></svg></div><p style="font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-sm)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">Key Aspects of Web Development in Python</p></div><h1 style="--title-fw:var(--mantine-h1-font-weight);--title-lh:var(--mantine-h1-line-height);--title-fz:var(--mantine-h1-font-size);margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-xl)" class="m_8a5d1357 mantine-Title-root" data-order="1">Theory: Introduction</h1><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"LearningResource","name":"Introduction","inLanguage":"en","isPartOf":{"@type":"LearningResource","name":"Key Aspects of Web Development in Python"},"isAccessibleForFree":"False","hasPart":{"@type":"WebPageElement","isAccessibleForFree":"False","cssSelector":".paywalled"}}</script><div class=""><div style="--alert-color:var(--mantine-color-indigo-light-color);margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg);font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-lg)" class="m_66836ed3 mantine-Alert-root" id="mantine-_R_remqrdub_" role="alert" aria-describedby="mantine-_R_remqrdub_-body" aria-labelledby="mantine-_R_remqrdub_-title"><div class="m_a5d60502 mantine-Alert-wrapper"><div class="m_667f2a6a mantine-Alert-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="tabler-icon tabler-icon-rocket "><path d="M4 13a8 8 0 0 1 7 7a6 6 0 0 0 3 -5a9 9 0 0 0 6 -8a3 3 0 0 0 -3 -3a9 9 0 0 0 -8 6a6 6 0 0 0 -5 3"></path><path d="M7 14a6 6 0 0 0 -3 6a6 6 0 0 0 6 -3"></path><path d="M14 9a1 1 0 1 0 2 0a1 1 0 1 0 -2 0"></path></svg></div><div class="m_667c2793 mantine-Alert-body"><div class="m_6a03f287 mantine-Alert-title"><span id="mantine-_R_remqrdub_-title" class="m_698f4f23 mantine-Alert-label">Full access to materials</span></div><div id="mantine-_R_remqrdub_-body" class="m_7fa78076 mantine-Alert-message"><div style="--group-gap:var(--mantine-spacing-md);--group-align:center;--group-justify:space-between;--group-wrap:wrap" class="m_4081bf90 mantine-Group-root"><p class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">Sign up and get access to this and dozens of other courses</p><a style="--button-height:var(--button-height-xs);--button-padding-x:var(--button-padding-x-xs);--button-fz:var(--mantine-font-size-xs);--button-bg:linear-gradient(45deg, var(--mantine-color-blue-filled) 0%, var(--mantine-color-cyan-filled) 100%);--button-hover:linear-gradient(45deg, var(--mantine-color-blue-filled) 0%, var(--mantine-color-cyan-filled) 100%);--button-color:var(--mantine-color-white);--button-bd:none" class="mantine-focus-auto mantine-active m_77c9d27d mantine-Button-root m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-variant="gradient" data-size="xs" href="/u/new"><span class="m_80f1301b mantine-Button-inner"><span class="m_811560b9 mantine-Button-label">Sign up</span></span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="paywalled m_d08caa0 mantine-Typography-root"><p>You already know how to use Python in general. This skill is valuable in and of itself and is necessary for every Python programmer.</p>
<p>Python is a general-purpose programming language. Programmers use it to do many different things, even specific tasks like writing scripts for automation. But Python does not end with these simple tasks. There are many more global fields where you can use Python, such as data science. And the bigger the domain, the more the programmer needs to know.</p>
<p>One of the most popular uses of Python is web development. Most web applications rely on the client-server model. In short, the client makes a request to the server, and the server prepares a response and sends it back to the client. We can divide these web applications into two parts:</p>
<ul>
<li>The frontend is a part of the web application that runs <strong>on the client</strong>, meaning in the user browser</li>
<li>The backend is a part that runs <strong>on the server</strong></li>
</ul>
<p>We'll talk more about this model later in the course. We'll also cover all the other topics that are important when developing Python web applications:</p>
<ul>
<li>Receiving requests from the client</li>
<li>Storing and manipulating databases</li>
<li>Generating HTML pages or other views from databases</li>
<li>Outputting the result through various channels</li>
<li>Displaying things in the browser</li>
<li>Sending emails and flash notifications, etc.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="heading-2-1">Who is this course for?</h2>
<p>We designed this course to help novice web developers in Python. It will introduce you to the skills needed to build web applications in Python.</p>
<h2 id="heading-2-2">How to prepare for this course</h2>
<p>The course does not require any prior knowledge. However, it may include examples of Python code, so it won't hurt to review <a style="text-decoration:underline" class="mantine-focus-auto m_849cf0da m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root mantine-Anchor-root" data-underline="hover" href="https://hexlet.io/courses/python-basics" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">the basics of the language</a>. You can find the correct sequence of courses in the <a style="text-decoration:underline" class="mantine-focus-auto m_849cf0da m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root mantine-Anchor-root" data-underline="hover" href="https://hexlet.io/programs/python" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Python Developer Program</a>.</p></div></div></div></div><style data-mantine-styles="inline">.__m__-_R_1bdub_{--col-flex-grow:auto;--col-flex-basis:8.333333333333334%;--col-max-width:8.333333333333334%;}@media(min-width: 48em){.__m__-_R_1bdub_{--col-flex-grow:auto;--col-flex-basis:16.666666666666668%;--col-max-width:16.666666666666668%;}}</style><div style="min-width:0rem;height:100%;min-height:0rem" class="m_96bdd299 mantine-Grid-col __m__-_R_1bdub_"><div style="margin-inline:var(--mantine-spacing-xs)" class="mantine-visible-from-sm"><button style="--button-color:var(--mantine-color-white);margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg);text-decoration:none" class="mantine-focus-auto m_849cf0da mantine-focus-auto m_77c9d27d mantine-Button-root m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root mantine-Anchor-root" data-underline="hover" data-disabled="true" data-block="true" disabled="" type="button"><span class="m_80f1301b mantine-Button-inner"><span class="m_811560b9 mantine-Button-label"><span style="margin-inline-end:var(--mantine-spacing-xs)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">Next</span>→</span></span></button><a style="padding-inline:0rem" class="mantine-focus-auto m_f0824112 mantine-NavLink-root m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root"><span class="m_690090b5 mantine-NavLink-section" data-position="left"><div style="--ti-size:var(--ti-size-sm);--ti-bg:transparent;--ti-color:var(--mantine-color-indigo-light-color);--ti-bd:calc(0.0625rem * var(--mantine-scale)) solid transparent;color:inherit" class="m_7341320d mantine-ThemeIcon-root" data-variant="transparent" data-size="sm"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="tabler-icon tabler-icon-list-numbers "><path d="M11 6h9"></path><path d="M11 12h9"></path><path d="M12 18h8"></path><path d="M4 16a2 2 0 1 1 4 0c0 .591 -.5 1 -1 1.5l-3 2.5h4"></path><path d="M6 10v-6l-2 2"></path></svg></div></span><div class="m_f07af9d2 mantine-NavLink-body"><span class="m_1f6ac4c4 mantine-NavLink-label">Navigation</span><span class="m_57492dcc mantine-NavLink-description">Theory</span></div><span class="m_690090b5 mantine-NavLink-section" data-position="right"></span></a><div style="margin-block:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_3eebeb36 mantine-Divider-root" data-orientation="horizontal" role="separator"></div><div style="margin-block:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class=""><div style="justify-content:space-between;margin-bottom:calc(0.1875rem * var(--mantine-scale));color:var(--mantine-color-dimmed);font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-xs)" class="m_8bffd616 mantine-Flex-root __m__-_R_qimrbdub_"><p style="font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-xs)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">Completed</p><p style="font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-xs)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">0 / 14</p></div><div style="--progress-size:var(--progress-size-sm)" class="m_db6d6462 mantine-Progress-root" data-size="sm"><div style="--progress-section-size:0%;--progress-section-color:var(--mantine-color-gray-filled)" class="m_2242eb65 mantine-Progress-section" role="progressbar" aria-valuemax="100" aria-valuemin="0" aria-valuenow="0" aria-valuetext="0%"></div></div></div><div style="--toc-bg:var(--mantine-color-blue-light);--toc-color:var(--mantine-color-blue-light-color);--toc-size:var(--mantine-font-size-sm);--toc-radius:var(--mantine-radius-sm);margin-top:var(--mantine-spacing-xl)" class="m_bcaa9990 mantine-TableOfContents-root" data-variant="light" data-size="sm"></div></div><div class="mantine-hidden-from-sm"><div style="--stack-gap:0rem;--stack-align:stretch;--stack-justify:flex-start" class="m_6d731127 mantine-Stack-root"><button style="--button-color:var(--mantine-color-white);margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-xs);padding:0rem;text-decoration:none" class="mantine-focus-auto m_849cf0da mantine-focus-auto m_77c9d27d mantine-Button-root m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root mantine-Anchor-root" data-underline="hover" data-disabled="true" data-block="true" disabled="" type="button"><span class="m_80f1301b mantine-Button-inner"><span class="m_811560b9 mantine-Button-label">→</span></span></button><button style="--ai-size:var(--ai-size-sm);--ai-bg:transparent;--ai-hover:var(--mantine-color-indigo-light-hover);--ai-color:var(--mantine-color-indigo-light-color);--ai-bd:calc(0.0625rem * var(--mantine-scale)) solid transparent;padding-block:var(--mantine-spacing-lg);color:inherit;width:100%" class="mantine-focus-auto m_8d3f4000 mantine-ActionIcon-root m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-variant="subtle" data-size="sm" data-disabled="true" type="button" disabled=""><span class="m_8d3afb97 mantine-ActionIcon-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="tabler-icon tabler-icon-list-numbers "><path d="M11 6h9"></path><path d="M11 12h9"></path><path d="M12 18h8"></path><path d="M4 16a2 2 0 1 1 4 0c0 .591 -.5 1 -1 1.5l-3 2.5h4"></path><path d="M6 10v-6l-2 2"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>
</main>
<footer class="bg-dark fw-light text-light px-3 py-5">
<div class="row small">
<div class="col-12 col-sm-6 col-md-3">
<div class="h5 mb-3">About Hexlet</div>
<ul class="list-unstyled">
<li>
<a class="nav-link link-light py-1 ps-0" href="/pages/about">About us</a>
</li>
<li>
<span class="nav-link link-light py-1 ps-0 external-link" data-href="https://help.hexlet.io/category/4316" data-target="_blank" role="button">Help</span>
</li>
<li>
<a class="nav-link link-light py-1 ps-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="/map">Site Map</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="col-12 col-sm-6 col-md-3">
<div class="h5 fw-normal mb-3">Learn</div>
<ul class="list-unstyled">
<li>
<a class="nav-link link-light py-1 ps-0" href="/courses_backend-development">Backend
</a></li>
<li>
<a class="nav-link link-light py-1 ps-0" href="/courses_devops">DevOps
</a></li>
<li>
<a class="nav-link link-light py-1 ps-0" href="/courses_frontend-development">Frontend
</a></li>
<li>
<a class="nav-link link-light py-1 ps-0" href="/courses_python">Python
</a></li>
<li>
<a class="nav-link link-light py-1 ps-0" href="/courses_testing">Testing
</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="col-12 col-sm-6 col-md-3">
<div class="h5"><span class="translation_missing" title="translation missing: en.layouts.footer_content.popular_courses_for_beginners">Popular Courses For Beginners</span></div>
<ul class="list-unstyled">
<li>
<a class="nav-link link-light py-1 ps-0" href="/programs/frontend">Frontend Developer</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="col-12 col-sm-6 col-md-3">
<div class="h5"><span class="translation_missing" title="translation missing: en.layouts.footer_content.popular_courses_for_advanced">Popular Courses For Advanced</span></div>
<ul class="list-unstyled">
<li>
<a class="nav-link link-light py-1 ps-0" href="/programs/web-development-free">Fundamentals of Web Development</a>
</li>
<li>
<a class="nav-link link-light py-1 ps-0" href="/programs/js-react-development">React</a>
</li>
<li>
<a class="nav-link link-light py-1 ps-0" href="/programs/css-animation">CSS Animation</a>
</li>
<li>
<a class="nav-link link-light py-1 ps-0" href="/programs/http-api">HTTP API</a>
</li>
<li>
<a class="nav-link link-light py-1 ps-0" href="/programs/layout-designer-positioning">Position CSS</a>
</li>
<li>
<a class="nav-link link-light py-1 ps-0" href="/programs/cli-basics">Command line basics</a>
</li>
<li>
<a class="nav-link link-light py-1 ps-0" href="/programs/git-basics-free">Git fundamentals</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<hr>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-12 col-sm-4 col-md-2">
<div class="fs-4">
<ul class="list-unstyled d-flex">
<li class="me-3">
<a aria-label="Facebook" target="_blank" class="link-light" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://www.facebook.com/hexlethq"><span class="bi bi-facebook"></span>
</a></li>
<li class="me-3">
<a aria-label="Instagram" target="_blank" class="link-light" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://www.instagram.com/hello_hexlet/"><span class="bi bi-instagram"></span>
</a></li>
<li>
<a aria-label="Twitter" target="_blank" class="link-light" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://twitter.com/Hexlet_IO"><span class="bi bi-twitter-x"></span>
</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="mb-2 d-flex flex-column">
<a class="link-light text-decoration-none" rel="nofollow" href="mailto:support@hexlet.io">support@hexlet.io</a>
<a class="link-light text-decoration-none py-2" target="_blank" href="https://t.me/hexlet_help_bot">t.me/hexlet_help_bot</a>
</div>
<ul class="list-unstyled d-flex">
<li class="me-3">
<span class="link-light text-decoration-none opacity-50 x-font-size-18 opacity-100 external-link" rel="nofollow" data-href="https://hexlet.io/locale/switch?new_locale=en" data-target="_self" role="button"><span class="my-auto">EN</span>
</span></li>
<li class="me-3">
<span class="link-light text-decoration-none opacity-50 x-font-size-18 external-link" rel="nofollow" data-href="https://ru.hexlet.io/locale/switch?new_locale=ru" data-target="_self" role="button"><span class="my-auto">RU</span>
</span></li>
<li class="me-3">
<span class="link-light text-decoration-none opacity-50 x-font-size-18 external-link" rel="nofollow" data-href="https://kz.hexlet.io/locale/switch?new_locale=kz" data-target="_self" role="button"><span class="my-auto">KZ</span>
</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="col-12 col-sm-4 col-md-3">
<ul class="list-unstyled fs-4">
<li class="mb-3">
<a class="link-light text-decoration-none" href="tel:%2B7%20717%20272%2076%2070">+7 717 272 76 70</a>
<span class="d-block opacity-50 small">free call</span>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="col-12 col-sm-4 col-md-3">
<ul class="list-unstyled small">
<li>
<a class="nav-link link-light py-1 ps-0" href="/pages/legal">Legal</a>
</li>
<li>
<a class="nav-link link-light py-1 ps-0" href="/pages/offer"><span class="translation_missing" title="translation missing: en.layouts.footer_content.offer">Offer</span></a>
</li>
<li>
<a class="nav-link link-light py-1 ps-0" href="/pages/contacts"><span class="translation_missing" title="translation missing: en.layouts.footer_content.contacts">Contacts</span></a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="col-12 col-sm-12 col-md-4 small">
<div class="mb-2">
<div>TOO "Hexlet"</div>
<div>The Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty</div>
<div>Auezova St., 14A</div>
<div>BIN 230340043714
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</footer>
<div id="root-assistant-offcanvas"></div>
<script src="/vite/assets/assistant-CIOaBlj-.js" crossorigin="anonymous" type="module"></script><link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/chunk-DsPFFUou.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/init-0bhwJkNI.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/ErrorFallbackBlock-V3hfk_CP.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/MarkdownBlock-DejNWqwz.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/gon-B-jV56Ol.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/mantine-DOJkeu70.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/shiki-DZwEN4Zo.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/utils-ClTF9s_T.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/routes-mvvEXZQ8.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/lib-CJocDKTE.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/Box-DH3_MBnL.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/notifications.store-Cj65YiRw.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/useIsomorphicEffect-Csl7vw8x.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/lib-DeAQqnBE.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/axios-CN66HKVH.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/classnames-DQgTDFJJ.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/dayjs.min-Bfba02I7.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/debounce-BcxwEZ7X.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/prop-types-DGBR76ns.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/client-CYyKzrjQ.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/react-dom-SJZekO2j.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/useTranslation-bo78L81P.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/compiler-runtime-BhqaZ6vG.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/jsx-runtime-DlXMvSuQ.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link rel="modulepreload" href="/vite/assets/react-CFtMU8gd.js" as="script" crossorigin="anonymous">
<script defer src="https://static.cloudflareinsights.com/beacon.min.js/vcd15cbe7772f49c399c6a5babf22c1241717689176015" integrity="sha512-ZpsOmlRQV6y907TI0dKBHq9Md29nnaEIPlkf84rnaERnq6zvWvPUqr2ft8M1aS28oN72PdrCzSjY4U6VaAw1EQ==" data-cf-beacon='{"version":"2024.11.0","token":"d11015b65d11429ea6b4a2ef37dd7e0b","server_timing":{"name":{"cfCacheStatus":true,"cfEdge":true,"cfExtPri":true,"cfL4":true,"cfOrigin":true,"cfSpeedBrain":true},"location_startswith":null}}' crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
</body>
</html>