Artikel Biologi kelas XII kali ini akan membahas tentang perbedaan fotosintesis dan kemosintesis, serta masing-masing proses terjadinya. Penasaran? Langsung simak artikelnya, ya!
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Mendengar kata fotosintesis pasti sudah nggak asing lagi kan, buat kamu? Fotosintesis itu merupakan proses yang dilakukan tumbuhan untuk memproduksi zat makanan berupa glukosa. Proses ini tidak hanya dilakukan oleh tumbuhan lho, tapi juga dilakukan oleh alga dan beberapa jenis bakteri.
Nah, kamu sudah tahu, belum? Fotosintesis ini termasuk ke dalam reaksi anabolisme, lho! Wah, apa itu anabolisme? Simpelnya, anabolisme itu adalah reaksi penyusunan dari senyawa sederhana menjadi senyawa yang kompleks. Jenis reaksi anabolisme ini ternyata tidak hanya fotosintesis, tapi ada juga yang namanya kemosintesis. Biar lebih jelas, baca artikel ini yuk, untuk tahu bedanya fotosintesis dan kemosintesis!
Fotosintesis
Fotosintesis, berasal dari kata foto dan sintesis. Foto artinya cahaya, sedangkan sintesis artinya pembentukan. Jadi, fotosintesis merupakan proses penyusunan atau pembentukan senyawa kompleks (organik) dari senyawa sederhana (anorganik) dengan menggunakan energi cahaya. Nantinya proses ini akan menghasilkan glukosa dan oksigen.
Baca juga: Mengenal Anatomi Organ Vegetatif pada Tumbuhan
Proses fotosintesis terjadi pada kloroplas, dimana kloroplas ini tersusun atas bagian yang disebut sebagai grana dan cairannya yang disebut stroma. Nah, grana sendiri merupakan tumpukan tilakoid.
Dalam prosesnya, fotosintesis menghasilkan glukosa (C6H12O6) yang disimpan dalam bentuk amilum, serta oksigen (O2) yang akan dilepaskan. Untuk bisa melakukan fotosintesis, diperlukan karbondioksida (CO2) yang diambil dari udara melalui stomata. Selain itu, diperlukan juga air (H2O) yang diambil dari tanah oleh akar, lalu didistribusikan ke daun melalui xilem. Secara sederhana, persamaan reaksi fotosintesis dapat dituliskan sebagai berikut:
Dalam prosesnya, fotosintesis terdiri atas dua tahapan utama, Tahap yang pertama adalah reaksi terang dan tahap yang kedua adalah reaksi gelap.
Reaksi Terang
Reaksi terang terjadi pada grana, tepatnya pada bagian membran tilakoid. Pada reaksi terang, terjadi konversi energi cahaya menjadi energi kimia dan menghasilkan produk yang akan digunakan saat reaksi gelap, yaitu ATP dan NADPH, serta hasil samping berupa oksigen (O2) yang akan dikeluarkan ke lingkungan melalui stomata.
Dalam reaksi terang, klorofil yang ada pada daun akan menangkap cahaya matahari. Ingat, cahaya menjadi unsur penting di fotosintesis! Jika tidak ada cahaya, maka tidak akan terjadi reaksi terang. Energi yang ditangkap klorofil tersebut akan digunakan untuk mentransfer elektron yang akan dipakai dalam pembentukan NADP menjadi NADPH, selain itu tahapan ini juga melibatkan proses pemecahan molekul air (fotolisis air) menjadi H+ dan Oksigen (O2). H+ kemudian akan digunakan dalam pembentukan ATP, sedangkan oksigen sebagai hasil samping akan dikeluarkan melalui stomata ke lingkungan.
Reaksi Gelap
Selanjutnya yaitu reaksi gelap atau yang dikenal sebagai siklus Calvin-Benson. Reaksi gelap merupakan lanjutan dari reaksi terang. Reaksi gelap terjadi pada stroma. Tujuan utama reaksi ini adalah menghasilkan karbohidrat dengan cara mengikat karbondioksida di udara.
Baca juga: Mempelajari Tahap-tahap Pembelahan Mitosis
Sesuai namanya, reaksi gelap tidak memerlukan bantuan cahaya secara langsung sebagai sumber energi. Hmm.. lalu pakai apa, dong?
Meski dalam proses ini tidak memerlukan cahaya secara langsung, bukan berarti prosesnya tidak bisa berjalan ketika ada cahaya, lho. Asalkan senyawa-senyawa yang dihasilkan pada reaksi terang sebelumnya yaitu NADPH dan ATP tersedia, maka proses ini dapat terus berlangsung.
Reaksi gelap secara umum terdiri atas 3 tahap utama, yaitu tahap fiksasi karbon, tahap reduksi, dan tahap regenerasi.
Tahap Fiksasi Karbon
Pada tahap fiksasi karbon, karbondioksida (CO2) akan diikat oleh enzim rubisco untuk digabungkan dengan RuBP. Selanjutnya, terbentuklah atom karbon yang labil dan akan segera memecah menjadi 3-fosfogliserat (PGA).
Tahap Reduksi
Pada tahap ini, PGA selanjutnya akan direduksi oleh ATP yang diperoleh dari reaksi terang menjadi 1,3 bisfosfogliserat (PGAL). PGAL kemudian akan direduksi lagi oleh NADPH yang juga diperoleh dari reaksi terang menjadi gliseraldehid-3-fosfat (G3P).
Tahap Regenerasi
Pada tahap regenerasi, selanjutnya G3P yang dihasilkan akan dibawa untuk membentuk glukosa dan sebagian besarnya akan digunakan kembali untuk membentuk RuBP dengan bantuan ATP.
Nah, pembahasan tentang fotosintesis udah selesai, nih! Kalau gitu, sekarang kita bahas kemosintesis, yuk!
Kemosintesis
Kemosintesis berasal dari kata kemo yang artinya kimia, dan sintesis yang artinya pembentukan. Jadi kemosintesis itu adalah reaksi pembentukan senyawa organik kompleks dari senyawa sederhana yang sumber energinya berasal dari energi kimia di alam. Proses ini biasanya dilakukan oleh mikroorganisme seperti archaebacteria dan bakteri yang tinggal di dasar laut, contohnya yaitu bakteri belerang Thiobacillus.
Tapi, gimana sih, caranya bakteri belerang Thiobacillus ini melakukan kemosintesis?
Baca juga: 5 Jenis Jaringan pada Tumbuhan Beserta Fungsinya
Jadi, di kawah dasar laut itu banyak tersedia mineral-mineral hasil muntahan magma, seperti hidrogen sulfida (H2S). Nah, bakteri belerang ini akan bereaksi dengan mengikat oksigen (O2) atau mengoksidasi hidrogen sulfida (H2S) menjadi sulfur (S), lalu sulfur akan dioksidasi lagi menjadi asam sulfat (H2SO4) dengan diikuti pembebasan energi kimia.
Nah. energi kimia inilah yang akan digunakan untuk mereaksikan karbondioksida dan air, serta membentuk molekul karbon kompleks (CH2O)n. Jadi, persamaan reaksinya bisa disederhanakan sebagai berikut:
Jadi, kalau disimpulkan, baik fotosintesis maupun kemosintesis sama-sama tergolong ke dalam reaksi anabolisme, yaitu reaksi penyusunan dari senyawa sederhana menjadi senyawa yang kompleks. Namun, perbedaan utamanya terletak pada sumber energinya. Sumber energi fotosintesis berasal dari cahaya, sedangkan sumber energi kemosintesis berasal dari energi kimia di alam.
Selesai sudah pembahasan kita tentang perbedaan fotosintesis dan kemosintesis. Gimana? Sudah paham kan? Nah, biar makin paham lagi, tonton video belajarnya di ruangbelajar, yuk! Di sana ada latihan soal lengkap dengan pembahasannya juga, lho! Hayoo, kamu sudah download, belum?
Referensi:
Campbell, N. A., Reece, J. B., Urry, L. A., Chain, M. L., Wasserman, S. A., Minorsky, P. V., & Jackson, R. B. (2010). Biology 9th Edition (9th ed.). Benjamin Cummings.
Artikel ini pertama kali dibuat oleh Irene Swastiwi Viandari Kharti dan telah diperbarui oleh Kenya Swawikanti pada 16 September 2021.
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<h1 class="content-title">
Perbedaan Fotosintesis dan Kemosintesis Serta Proses Terjadinya | Biologi Kelas 12 </h1>
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<p class="content-author"><a href="https://www.ruangguru.com/blog/author/kenya-swawikanti" class="">Kenya Swawikanti</a> </p>
<p class="content-info"><span>September 16, 2021 • </span> <span>5 minutes read</span></p>
<br />
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<p style="line-height: 1.5;"><img decoding="async" style="width: 820px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; display: block;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/Perbedaan%20Fotosintesis%20dan%20Kemosintesis.jpg" alt="Perbedaan Fotosintesis dan Kemosintesis" width="820" /></p>
<blockquote>
<div style="line-height: 1.5; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;"><em>Artikel Biologi kelas XII kali ini akan membahas tentang perbedaan fotosintesis dan kemosintesis, serta masing-masing proses terjadinya. Penasaran? Langsung simak artikelnya, ya!</em></div>
<p style="line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">—</span></p>
</blockquote>
<p style="line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: transparent;"><span id="more-4570"></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5;">
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Mendengar kata fotosintesis pasti sudah nggak asing lagi </span>kan, <span style="background-color: transparent;">buat kamu? Fotosintesis itu merupakan proses yang dilakukan <a href="/blog/organ-tumbuhan" rel="noopener"><span style="font-weight: bold;">tumbuhan</span></a> untuk <span style="font-weight: bold;">memproduksi zat makanan</span> berupa glukosa. Proses ini tidak hanya dilakukan oleh tumbuhan </span>lho<span style="background-color: transparent;">, tapi juga dilakukan oleh alga dan beberapa jenis bakteri. </span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Nah, kamu sudah tahu, belum? Fotosintesis ini termasuk ke dalam reaksi <span style="font-weight: bold;">anabolisme</span>, lho! Wah, apa itu anabolisme? Simpelnya, anabolisme itu adalah <span style="font-weight: bold;">reaksi penyusunan dari senyawa sederhana menjadi senyawa yang kompleks</span>. Jenis reaksi anabolisme ini </span><span style="background-color: transparent;">ternyata <span style="font-weight: bold;">tidak hanya fotosintesis</span>, tapi ada juga yang namanya <span style="font-weight: bold;">kemosintesis</span>. Biar lebih jelas, baca artikel ini </span>yuk,<span style="background-color: transparent;"> untuk tahu bedanya fotosintesis dan kemosintesis!</span></p>
<h2 style="line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify; font-size: 20px; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: #2eb5c0;">Fotosintesis</span></h2>
<p style="line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;">Fotosintesis, berasal dari kata <span style="font-weight: normal;">foto </span>dan <span style="font-weight: normal;">sintesis</span>. Foto artinya cahaya, sedangkan sintesis artinya pembentukan. Jadi, fotosintesis merupakan <span style="font-weight: bold;">proses penyusunan atau pembentukan senyawa kompleks (organik) dari senyawa sederhana (anorganik) dengan menggunakan energi cahaya</span>. Nantinya proses ini akan menghasilkan glukosa dan oksigen.</p>
<p style="line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;">Baca juga: <a href="/blog/biologi-kelas-11-mengenal-anatomi-organ-vegetatif-pada-tumbuhan" rel="noopener">Mengenal Anatomi Organ Vegetatif pada Tumbuhan</a></p>
<p style="line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;">Proses fotosintesis terjadi pada <span style="font-weight: bold;">kloroplas</span>, dimana kloroplas ini tersusun atas bagian yang disebut sebagai grana dan cairannya yang disebut stroma. Nah, grana sendiri merupakan tumpukan tilakoid.</p>
<p style="line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;"><img decoding="async" style="width: 600px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; display: block;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/Struktur%20Kloroplas%20pada%20Klorofil.jpg" alt="Struktur Kloroplas pada Klorofil" width="600" /></p>
<p style="line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;">Dalam prosesnya, fotosintesis menghasilkan <span style="font-weight: bold;">glukosa (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub>)</span> yang disimpan dalam bentuk amilum, serta <span style="font-weight: bold;">oksigen (O<sub>2</sub>)</span> yang akan dilepaskan. Untuk bisa melakukan fotosintesis, diperlukan <span style="font-weight: bold;">karbondioksida (CO<sub>2</sub>)</span> yang diambil dari udara melalui stomata. Selain itu, diperlukan juga <span style="font-weight: bold;">air (H<sub>2</sub>O)</span> yang diambil dari tanah oleh akar, lalu didistribusikan ke daun <span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 1rem;">melalui xilem</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 1rem;">. Secara sederhana, persamaan reaksi fotosintesis dapat dituliskan sebagai berikut:</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5;"><img decoding="async" style="width: 600px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; display: block;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/Reaksi%20Kimia%20pada%20Fotosintesis.jpg" alt="Reaksi Kimia pada Fotosintesis" width="600" /></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5;">Dalam prosesnya, fotosintesis terdiri atas <span style="font-weight: bold;">dua tahapan utama</span>, Tahap yang pertama adalah <span style="font-weight: bold;">reaksi terang</span> dan tahap yang kedua adalah <span style="font-weight: bold;">reaksi gelap</span>.</p>
<h3 style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5; font-weight: bold; font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: #2eb5c0;">Reaksi Terang</span></h3>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5;">Reaksi terang terjadi pada <span style="font-weight: bold;">grana</span>, tepatnya pada bagian <span style="font-weight: bold;">membran tilakoid</span>. Pada reaksi terang, terjadi konversi energi cahaya menjadi energi kimia dan menghasilkan produk yang akan digunakan saat reaksi gelap, yaitu <span style="font-weight: bold;">ATP</span> dan <span style="font-weight: bold;">NADPH</span>, serta hasil samping berupa <span style="font-weight: bold;">oksigen (O<span style="font-size: 9px;">2</span>)</span> yang akan dikeluarkan ke lingkungan melalui stomata.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5;"><img decoding="async" style="width: 600px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; display: block;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/Tahapan%20Proses%20Reaksi%20Terang.jpg" alt="Tahapan Proses Reaksi Terang" width="600" /></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5;">Dalam reaksi terang, klorofil yang ada pada daun akan menangkap cahaya matahari. Ingat, cahaya menjadi unsur penting di fotosintesis! <span style="font-weight: bold;">Jika tidak ada cahaya, maka tidak akan terjadi reaksi terang</span>. Energi yang ditangkap klorofil tersebut akan digunakan untuk mentransfer elektron yang akan dipakai dalam pembentukan <span style="font-weight: bold;">NADP</span> menjadi <span style="font-weight: bold;">NADPH</span>, selain itu tahapan ini juga melibatkan proses pemecahan molekul air (fotolisis air) menjadi <span style="font-weight: bold;">H<sup>+</sup></span> dan <span style="font-weight: bold;">Oksigen (O<sub>2</sub>)</span>. <span style="font-weight: normal;">H<sup>+</sup></span> kemudian akan digunakan dalam pembentukan <span style="font-weight: bold;">ATP</span>, sedangkan oksigen sebagai hasil samping akan dikeluarkan melalui stomata ke lingkungan.</p>
<h3 style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5; font-weight: bold; font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: #2eb5c0;">Reaksi Gelap</span></h3>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5;">Selanjutnya yaitu reaksi gelap atau yang dikenal sebagai <span style="font-weight: bold;">siklus Calvin-Benson</span>. Reaksi gelap merupakan <span style="font-weight: bold;">lanjutan dari reaksi terang</span>. Reaksi gelap terjadi pada <span style="font-weight: bold;">stroma</span>. Tujuan utama reaksi ini adalah menghasilkan <span style="font-weight: bold;">karbohidrat</span> dengan cara mengikat karbondioksida di udara.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5; font-weight: bold;">Baca juga: <a href="/blog/biologi-kelas-12-apa-itu-mitosis" rel="noopener">Mempelajari Tahap-tahap Pembelahan Mitosis</a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5;">Sesuai namanya, reaksi gelap <span style="font-weight: bold;">tidak memerlukan bantuan cahaya secara langsung</span> sebagai sumber energi. <em>Hmm</em>.. lalu pakai apa, dong?</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5;">Meski dalam proses ini tidak memerlukan cahaya secara langsung, bukan berarti prosesnya tidak bisa berjalan ketika ada cahaya, lho. <span style="font-weight: bold;">Asalkan</span> senyawa-senyawa yang dihasilkan pada reaksi terang sebelumnya yaitu <span style="font-weight: bold;">NADPH</span> <span style="font-weight: bold;">dan ATP tersedia, maka proses ini dapat terus berlangsung</span>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5;"><img decoding="async" style="width: 600px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; display: block;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/Tahapan%20Proses%20Reaksi%20Gelap.jpg" alt="Tahapan Proses Reaksi Gelap" width="600" /></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5;">Reaksi gelap secara umum terdiri atas <span style="font-weight: bold;">3 tahap utama</span>, yaitu tahap <span style="font-weight: bold;">fiksasi karbon</span>, tahap <span style="font-weight: bold;">reduksi</span>, dan tahap <span style="font-weight: bold;">regenerasi</span>.</p>
<h4 style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5; font-weight: bold; font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: #2eb5c0;">Tahap Fiksasi Karbon</span></h4>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5;">Pada tahap fiksasi karbon, karbondioksida (CO<sub>2</sub>) akan diikat oleh enzim rubisco untuk digabungkan dengan RuBP. Selanjutnya, terbentuklah atom karbon yang labil dan akan segera memecah menjadi <span style="font-weight: bold;">3-fosfogliserat (PGA)</span>.</p>
<h4 style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5; font-weight: bold; font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: #2eb5c0;">Tahap Reduksi</span></h4>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5;">Pada tahap ini, PGA selanjutnya akan direduksi oleh ATP yang diperoleh dari reaksi terang menjadi 1,3 <span style="font-weight: bold;">bisfosfogliserat (PGAL)</span>. PGAL kemudian akan direduksi lagi oleh NADPH yang juga diperoleh dari reaksi terang menjadi <span style="font-weight: bold;">gliseraldehid-3-fosfat (G3P)</span>.</p>
<h4 style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5; font-weight: bold; font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: #2eb5c0;">Tahap Regenerasi</span></h4>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5;">Pada tahap regenerasi, selanjutnya G3P yang dihasilkan akan dibawa untuk membentuk glukosa dan sebagian besarnya akan digunakan kembali untuk membentuk <span style="font-weight: bold;">RuBP</span> dengan bantuan ATP.</p>
<p style="line-height: 1.5; text-align: justify;">Nah, pembahasan tentang fotosintesis udah selesai, nih! Kalau gitu, sekarang kita bahas kemosintesis, yuk!</p>
<h2 style="line-height: 1.5; font-size: 20px; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: #2eb5c0;">Kemosintesis</span></h2>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Kemosintesis berasal dari kata kemo yang artinya kimia, dan sintesis yang artinya pembentukan. Jadi kemosintesis itu adalah <span style="font-weight: bold;">reaksi pembentukan senyawa organik kompleks dari senyawa sederhana yang sumber energinya berasal dari energi kimia di alam</span>. Proses ini biasanya dilakukan oleh mikroorganisme seperti archaebacteria dan bakteri yang tinggal di dasar laut, contohnya yaitu bakteri belerang <em>Thiobacillus</em>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Tapi, gimana sih, caranya bakteri belerang <em>Thiobacillus </em>ini melakukan kemosintesis?</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span style="color: #000000;">Baca juga:</span> <a href="/blog/5-jenis-jaringan-pada-tumbuhan-beserta-fungsinya" rel="noopener">5 Jenis Jaringan pada Tumbuhan Beserta Fungsinya</a></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5;">Jadi, di kawah dasar laut itu banyak tersedia mineral-mineral hasil muntahan magma, seperti <span style="font-weight: bold;">hidrogen sulfida (H<sub>2</sub>S)</span>. Nah, bakteri belerang ini akan bereaksi dengan mengikat <span style="font-weight: bold;">oksigen (O<sub>2</sub>)</span> atau mengoksidasi hidrogen sulfida (H<sub>2</sub>S) menjadi <span style="font-weight: bold;">sulfur (S)</span>, lalu sulfur akan dioksidasi lagi menjadi <span style="font-weight: bold;">asam sulfat (H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>)</span> dengan diikuti pembebasan energi kimia.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5;">Nah. energi kimia inilah yang akan digunakan untuk mereaksikan karbondioksida dan air, serta membentuk molekul <span style="font-weight: bold;">karbon kompleks (CH<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>n</sub></span>. Jadi, persamaan reaksinya bisa disederhanakan sebagai berikut:</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5;"><img decoding="async" style="width: 600px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; display: block;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/Kemosintesis%20pada%20Bakteri%20Belerang.jpg" alt="Kemosintesis pada Bakteri Belerang" width="600" /></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5;">Jadi, kalau disimpulkan, <span style="font-weight: bold;">baik fotosintesis maupun kemosintesis</span> <span style="font-weight: bold;">sama-sama</span> <span style="font-weight: bold;">tergolong ke dalam reaksi</span> <span style="font-weight: bold;">anabolisme</span>, yaitu reaksi penyusunan dari senyawa sederhana menjadi senyawa yang kompleks. Namun, <span style="font-weight: bold;">perbedaan utamanya</span> <span style="font-weight: bold;">terletak pada</span> <span style="font-weight: bold;">sumber energinya</span>. Sumber energi fotosintesis berasal dari cahaya, sedangkan <span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 1rem;">sumber energi kemosintesis berasal dari energi kimia di alam.</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5;">Selesai sudah pembahasan kita tentang perbedaan fotosintesis dan kemosintesis. Gimana? Sudah paham kan? Nah, biar makin paham lagi, tonton video belajarnya di <a href="https://ruangguru.onelink.me/blPk/eaff0eb9" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-weight: bold;">ruangbelajar</span></a>, yuk! Di sana ada latihan soal lengkap dengan pembahasannya juga, lho! <em>Hayoo</em>, kamu sudah <em>download</em>, belum?</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5;"><a class="rg-cta" style="text-align: center;" href="https://link.ruangguru.com/blPk/eaff0eb9" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/cta/0ec4a2df-db2e-4ae1-8473-692756dcb684.jpeg" alt="IDN CTA Blog ruangbelajar Ruangguru" width="822" height="200" /></a></p>
<p style="line-height: 1.5; text-align: left;"><strong>Referensi:</strong></p>
<p style="line-height: 1.5; text-align: left;">Campbell, N. A., Reece, J. B., Urry, L. A., Chain, M. L., Wasserman, S. A., Minorsky, P. V., & Jackson, R. B. (2010). <em>Biology 9th Edition (9th ed.)</em>. Benjamin Cummings.</p>
<p style="line-height: 1.5; text-align: left;">
<p style="line-height: 1.5; text-align: left; font-weight: bold;"><em>Artikel ini pertama kali dibuat oleh Irene Swastiwi Viandari Kharti dan telah diperbarui oleh Kenya Swawikanti pada 16 September 2021. </em></p>
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<div class="d-lg-none text-center">
<nav class="footer-menu social">
<p class="title">Ikuti Kami</p>
<a target="_blank" href="https://www.instagram.com/ruangguru/">
<picture>
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/instagram.png?height=60&convert=webp" type="image/webp">
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/instagram.png?height=60" type="image/png">
<img src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/instagram.png" loading="lazy" alt="Logo Instagram Footer" width="32px" height="32px" />
</picture>
</a>
<a target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/ruanggurucom/">
<picture>
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/facebook.png?height=60&convert=webp" type="image/webp">
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/facebook.png?height=60" type="image/png">
<img src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/facebook.png" loading="lazy" alt="Logo Facebook Footer" width="32px" height="32px" />
</picture>
</a>
<a target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/ruangguru/">
<picture>
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/twitter.png?height=60&convert=webp" type="image/webp">
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/twitter.png?height=60" type="image/png">
<img src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/twitter.png" loading=" lazy" alt="Logo Twitter Footer" width="32px" height="32px" />
</picture>
</a>
<a target="_blank" href="https://www.youtube.com/ruangguru">
<picture>
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/youtube.png?height=60&convert=webp" type="image/webp">
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<img src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/youtube.png" loading=" lazy" alt="Logo Youtube Footer" width="32px" height="32px" />
</picture>
</a>
<a target="_blank" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/ruangguru-com">
<picture>
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/linkedin.png?height=60&convert=webp" type="image/webp">
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/linkedin.png?height=60" type="image/png">
<img src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/linkedin.png" loading=" lazy" alt="Logo LinkedIn Footer" width="32px" height="32px" />
</picture>
</a>
<a target="_blank" href="https://www.tiktok.com/@ruangguru">
<picture>
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/tiktok.png?height=60&convert=webp" type="image/webp">
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<img src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/tiktok.png" loading=" lazy" alt="Logo TikTok Footer" width="32px" height="32px" />
</picture>
</a>
</nav>
</div>
<p class="footer-copyright">
© 2026 All Rights Reserved PT. Ruang Raya Indonesia
</p>
</div>
<style>
.bantuan-container {
position: relative;
}
.bantuan-element {
position: fixed;
z-index: 999;
display: flex;
align-items: flex-end;
justify-content: flex-end;
cursor: pointer;
transition: all 0.6s ease;
}
.bantuan-top {
bottom: 11rem;
right: 2rem;
}
.bantuan-bottom {
bottom: 2rem;
right: 2rem;
}
.bantuan-top-2 {
bottom: 15rem;
right: 2rem;
}
.bantuan-top-3 {
bottom: 19rem;
right: 2rem;
}
.bantuan-bottom-2 {
bottom: 5rem;
right: 2rem;
}
.bantuan-bottom-3 {
bottom: 8rem;
right: 2rem;
}
@media (min-width: 768px) {
.bantuan-element img {
width: auto;
transition: all 0.4s ease;
}
.bantuan-top img {
width: 140px;
}
.bantuan-bottom img {
width: 140px;
}
.bantuan-top-2 img,
.bantuan-top-3 img {
width: 140px;
}
.bantuan-bottom-2 img,
.bantuan-bottom-3 img {
width: 140px;
}
.bantuan-element.clicked {
bottom: 9rem;
right: 2.5rem;
}
.bantuan-element.clicked img {
width: auto;
height: 64px;
}
}
@media (max-width: 767px) {
.bantuan-top {
bottom: 8rem;
right: 1rem;
align-items: center;
}
.bantuan-bottom {
bottom: 2rem;
right: 1.25rem;
align-items: center;
}
.bantuan-top-2 {
bottom: 12rem;
right: 1rem;
align-items: center;
}
.bantuan-top-3 {
bottom: 16rem;
right: 1rem;
align-items: center;
}
.bantuan-bottom-2 {
bottom: 5rem;
right: 1.25rem;
align-items: center;
}
.bantuan-bottom-3 {
bottom: 8rem;
right: 1.25rem;
align-items: center;
}
.bantuan-element img {
width: auto;
}
.bantuan-top img,
.bantuan-top-2 img,
.bantuan-top-3 img {
width: 96px;
}
.bantuan-bottom img,
.bantuan-bottom-2 img,
.bantuan-bottom-3 img {
width: 96px;
}
}
.bantuan-element:hover {
transform: scale(1.05);
}
.bantuan-element img {
max-width: 100%;
height: auto;
}
</style>
<div id="bantuan-divs-container" style="position: relative" data-product="ruangguru" data-table="rg_floating_icon"></div>
<script>
class FloatingDivsComponent {
constructor(product = 'ruangguru', table = 'rg_floating_icon') {
this.container = document.getElementById('bantuan-divs-container');
this.floatingElements = [];
this.product = product;
this.table = table;
// Configuration
this.config = {
baseApiUrl: 'https://gw.ruangguru.com/api/v3/rdb/p_ddgy8hjx5dxsqx/rg_banner/views/',
apiKey: 'vLyK3dJrDBRmOwueX2OJXibMkgsUbBk0WS4ua2p1',
maxElements: 2,
zIndexBase: 100,
};
// Build dynamic API URL based on table parameter
this.config.apiUrl = this.buildApiUrl();
this.init();
}
buildApiUrl() {
const baseUrl = this.config.baseApiUrl;
const tableName = this.table || 'rg_floating_icon';
const queryParams =
'offset=0&limit=99999&sort=rankPosition&where=(type,eq,floating)~and(showIn,anyof,blog)~and(hide,is,false)~and(product,eq,' +
this.product +
')&nested%5Bcta%5D%5Bfields%5D=Id,name,ctaId,imageUrl,ctaLink,targetUrl';
return `${baseUrl}${tableName}?${queryParams}`;
}
async init() {
try {
await this.fetchFloatingElements();
this.renderFloatingElements();
} catch (error) {
console.error('Failed to initialize floating divs component:', error);
}
}
async fetchFloatingElements() {
try {
const options = {
method: 'GET',
headers: {
'xc-token': this.config.apiKey || 'vLyK3dJrDBRmOwueX2OJXibMkgsUbBk0WS4ua2p1',
},
};
const urlNoco = this.config.apiUrl;
const response = await fetch(urlNoco, options);
if (!response.ok) {
throw new Error(`HTTP error! status: ${response.status}`);
}
const data = await response.json();
this.floatingElements = this.processApiResponse(data);
} catch (error) {
console.error('Error fetching floating elements:', error);
throw error;
}
}
processApiResponse(data) {
if (!data || !data.list || !Array.isArray(data.list)) {
return [];
}
console.log(data.list);
// Ensure we only get maximum 2 elements
const limitedElements = data.list.slice(0, this.config.maxElements);
return limitedElements;
}
renderFloatingElements() {
if (!this.container || this.floatingElements.length === 0) {
return;
}
// Additional safeguard: ensure we never render more than maxElements
const elementsToRender = this.floatingElements.slice(0, this.config.maxElements);
// Clean up existing elements and their event listeners
this.cleanupExistingElements();
// Clear existing content
this.container.innerHTML = '';
elementsToRender.forEach((element, index) => {
const floatingDiv = this.createFloatingDiv(element, index);
this.container.appendChild(floatingDiv);
});
}
cleanupExistingElements() {
// Clear existing elements (no need for event listener cleanup with CSS approach)
const existingElements = this.container.querySelectorAll('[data-floating-element]');
existingElements.forEach(element => {
element.remove();
});
}
createFloatingDiv(element, index) {
const div = document.createElement('div');
const cta = element.cta[0]; // Use the first CTA
// Add data attribute for cleanup tracking
div.setAttribute('data-floating-element', 'true');
// Apply CSS classes based on rankPosition
const positionClass = this.getPositionClass(element.rankPosition, index);
div.className = `bantuan-element ${positionClass}`;
div.style.zIndex = this.config.zIndexBase + index;
// Create the link and image
const link = document.createElement('a');
link.href = 'https://cta.ruangguru.com/' + cta.ctaId || '#';
link.target = '_blank';
// Add tracking attributes
link.setAttribute('data-tracking-event-type', 'landing_page__core__item_click');
link.setAttribute(
'data-tracking-context',
JSON.stringify({
product_name: this.product,
cta_action: 'redirection',
cta_action_detail: link.href,
item_type: 'floating',
item_name: element.name || 'Floating element',
item_category: 'payment',
item_position: index,
item_serial: null,
section_type: 'floating_item',
section_position: 'body',
section_name: 'floating_item',
})
);
const img = document.createElement('img');
img.src = element.imageUrl + '?h=200&convert=webp';
img.alt = element.name || 'Floating element';
img.loading = 'lazy';
// Add click tracking
link.addEventListener('click', () => {
this.trackClick(element, cta);
});
link.appendChild(img);
div.appendChild(link);
return div;
}
getPositionClass(rankPosition, index) {
// Define positioning classes based on rankPosition
if (rankPosition === 1) {
return 'bantuan-top'; // Top position
} else if (rankPosition === 2) {
return 'bantuan-bottom'; // Bottom position
} else {
// For additional elements, distribute them evenly
return `bantuan-${index % 2 === 0 ? 'top' : 'bottom'}-${Math.floor(index / 2) + 1}`;
}
}
trackClick(element, cta) {
// Implement click tracking logic here
console.log('Floating element clicked:', {
elementId: element.Id,
elementName: cta.name,
ctaId: cta.ctaId,
targetUrl: cta.targetUrl,
});
}
// Public method to manually refresh
async refresh() {
try {
await this.fetchFloatingElements();
this.renderFloatingElements();
} catch (error) {
console.error('Failed to refresh floating elements:', error);
throw error;
}
}
// Public method to get current floating elements
getFloatingElements() {
return [...this.floatingElements];
}
}
// Initialize the component when DOM is ready
document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => {
// Get product and table parameters from data attributes
const container = document.getElementById('bantuan-divs-container');
const product = container.getAttribute('data-product') || 'ruangguru';
const table = container.getAttribute('data-table') || 'rg_floating_icon';
new FloatingDivsComponent(product, table);
});
// Export for use in other modules if needed
if (typeof module !== 'undefined' && module.exports) {
module.exports = FloatingDivsComponent;
}
</script> <div id="wp-install-nudge" style="
position: fixed;
bottom: 0rem;
right: 0;
z-index: 999;
cursor: pointer;
"></div>
<script>
(function (w, d, s, o, f, js, fjs) {
w['Sales-Nudge-Widget'] = o; w[o] = w[o] || function () { (w[o].q = w[o].q || []).push(arguments) };
js = d.createElement(s), fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];
js.id = o; js.src = f; js.async = 1; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs);
}(window, document, 'script', 'wpInstallNudge', 'https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/sales-nudge/6198a95130/dist/widget.js'));
wpInstallNudge('init', { targetElementId: 'wp-install-nudge', clientTarget: 'ruangguru_blog' });
</script>
<script>
// note: disabled due to auto reload page
// var lastScrollTop = 0;
// $(window).scroll(function(event){
// var st = $(this).scrollTop();
// if (st > lastScrollTop){
// $('#wp-install-nudge').slideDown( "slow", function() {});
// } else {
// $('#wp-install-nudge').slideUp( "slow", function() {});
// }
// lastScrollTop = st;
// });
// $(document).ready(function () {
// $("#wp-install-nudge").hide();
// });
$('#wp-install-nudge').click(function(){
Analytics.track("promotion__install_nudge__click",
{
user_email: "ruangguru@blog.com",
cta_link: widgetData.dataConfig.target_link
}).catch((err) => {
console.log("tracker error", err);
});
});
</script>
</footer>
<div id="__next"></div>
<script type="speculationrules">
{"prefetch":[{"source":"document","where":{"and":[{"href_matches":"\/blog\/*"},{"not":{"href_matches":["\/blog\/wp-*.php","\/blog\/wp-admin\/*","\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/*","\/blog\/wp-content\/*","\/blog\/wp-content\/plugins\/*","\/blog\/wp-content\/themes\/ruangguru\/*","\/blog\/*\\?(.+)"]}},{"not":{"selector_matches":"a[rel~=\"nofollow\"]"}},{"not":{"selector_matches":".no-prefetch, .no-prefetch a"}}]},"eagerness":"conservative"}]}
</script>
<script>
async function getCtaDetails(ctaIds) {
const endpoint =
" https://gw.ruangguru.com/api/v3/rdb/p_ddgy8hjx5dxsqx/CTA/views/CTA?offset=0&limit=10&where=(ctaId,in," + ctaIds.toString() + ")";
try {
const response = await fetch(endpoint, {
headers: {
"xc-token": "-hG2nBDJzSj0agSgNtcJx97M4F02y54nUMoY6plJ",
},
});
const data = await response.json();
const ctaList = data?.list || [];
const ctaMap = new Map();
for (const ctaData of ctaList) {
ctaMap.set(ctaData.ctaId, ctaData);
}
return ctaMap;
} catch (error) {
console.error("Error fetching CTA details:", error);
return new Map();
}
}
async function replaceCTA() {
const regex = /{{cta\((‘(.*?)’|“(.*?)”)\)}}/g;
const bodyHTML = document.body.innerHTML;
const matches = Array.from(bodyHTML.matchAll(regex));
const ctaIds = matches.map((match) => {
let ctaId = match[2] ?? match[3];
return ctaId;
});
const ctaMap = await getCtaDetails(ctaIds);
const replacedHTML = bodyHTML.replace(regex, (match, _inner, ctaId1, ctaId2) => {
const ctaId = ctaId1 ?? ctaId2;
const ctaData = ctaMap.get(ctaId);
if (ctaData) {
return `<a href="https://cta.ruangguru.com/${ctaData.ctaId}" target="_${ctaData.targetType}" style="position:relative;display:inline-block;">
<img src="${ctaData.imageUrl}" loading="lazy" alt="${ctaData.altText}" />
</a>`;
} else {
return match;
}
});
document.body.innerHTML = replacedHTML;
}
</script>
<meta name="author" content="Ruangguru Tech Team">
<!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-PVNLZFT" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>
<!-- Tracker -->
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/landing-page-web/public/staticpages/global-assets/js/cta.js"></script>
<script src="https://unpkg.com/@dotlottie/player-component@latest/dist/dotlottie-player.mjs" type="module"></script>
</body>
</html>