Artikel biologi kelas XII ini membahas tentang spesiasi dan bagaimana ilmu pengetahuan bisa menciptakan hewan baru mulai dari domestikasi, isolasi prazigotik, dan isolasi postzigotik.
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Kalau dibolehkan memelihara hewan apapun yang ada di dunia ini, kamu ingin memelihara apa? Anjing? Kucing? Atau hewan-hewan unik seperti koala dan axolotl?
Kayaknya enak banget ya kalau kita bisa berteman dengan semua binatang lucu tersebut. Yah, sampai saat ini, kita memang cuman bisa memelihara hewan tertentu saja, yaitu hewan yang terbilang jinak dan mampu didomestikasi.
Sekarang, perhatikan hewan berikut:
Apa pendapat kamu tentang hewan di atas? Menurut kamu, hewan itu keren atau malah serem? Iya, binatang di atas adalah hasil olahan photoshop dan bukan hewan beneran.
Tapi, bagaimana kalau manusia ternyata bisa melakukan itu. Membuat persilangan hewan-hewan, layaknya burung dan kuda yang menjadi pegasus. Hewan apa yang kamu mau buat?
Sampai saat ini, memang ada beberapa teori dalam ilmu sains yang bisa membuat spesies baru dari spesies-spesies yang sudah ada atau telah punah. Hal ini dinamakan dengan spesiasi. Spesiasi ini lah yang menjadi salah satu contoh nyata terjadinya proses evolusi.
Nah, kira-kira penasaran nggak, spesiasi itu terjadi melalui proses apa? Terjadinya spesiasi itu ternyata gak segampang mengucap mantra, akhirnya berubahlah tikus jadi kuda, kaya di cinderella.
Ada dua jenis isolasi atau hambatan yang mempengaruhi dan menyebabkan terjadinya spesiasi, yakni isolasi prazigotik dan postzigotik yang sudah disebut tadi. Yuk kita bahas satu persatu!
Baca juga: Mengenal Mutasi: Pengertian, Klasifikasi & Dampaknya
Isolasi Prazigotik
Kamu tau nggak, faktanya beberapa hewan yang kita lihat sekarang, dahulu kala hewan tersebut merupakan satu spesies dengan hewan yang lain. Kenapa bisa begitu ya? Alasannya karena ada peristiwa isolasi prazigotik ini guys!
Isolasi prazigotik adalah hambatan-hambatan yang mencegah terbentuknya zigot. Adanya hambatan ini pada akhirnya dapat memunculkan spesies baru.
Contoh spesiasi dari isolasi ini adalah yang terjadi pada udang pistol atau snapping shrimp. Pada mulanya, udang ini hidup di perairan bagian tengah benua Amerika.
Kamu pasti sekilas pernah melihat bukan, bahwa di benua amerika bagian selatan dan utara terhubung oleh segaris daratan yang disebut tanah genting Panama. Nah, uniknya tanah genting itu dahulu tidak ada guys!
(Isthmus of Panama yang menghubungkan amerika selatan dan utara. Sumber: Panama Geology)
Berdasarkan studi geologi dan paleontologi, tanah genting ini baru terbentuk sejak 2.8 juta tahun yang lalu. Akibat dari tertutupnya hamparan laut tersebut, mengakibatkan beberapa fenomena biologis, salah satunya isolasi habitat dari udang pistol ini.
Nah, karena kini wilayah perairannya sudah terpisah, terbentuklah kelompok baru yang terpisah antara tanah genting Panama. Kelompok udang pistol yang tinggal di lautan bagian samudra pasifik, dan udang yang tinggal di wilayah samudra atlantik.
Analisis genetik dari masing-masing spesies menunjukkan bahwa pasangan yang menempati kedalaman laut yang sama, lebih erat hubungannya satu sama lain dibanding udang yang tinggal di sisi seberang.
Nah uniknya, setelah tanah genting panama kembali dibuka melalui terusan panama, kedua jenis udang yang tinggal berseberangan ini bisa bertemu kembali. Akan tetapi, secara reproduktif tidak lagi cocok satu sama lain. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa proses spesiasi telah selesai. Mereka kini berbeda, udang yang dulu sama, kini menjadi berbeda karena terpisahkan jarak~
Hal ini tentunya tidak hanya terjadi pada udang pistol, namun pada organisme lainnya seperti ikan tropis (atlantic porkfish) yang kini berbeda spesies menjadi Anisotremus taeniatus dan Anisotremus virginicus.
Ingin contoh spesiasi yang lain? Boleh!
Baca juga: Pohon Filogeni, Menjawab Kenapa Manusia Mirip Kera
Burung meadowlark (Sumber: Larry Jordan via Youtube)
Seperti manusia yang punya selera musik bermacam-macam, burung juga punya cara bernyanyi yang berbeda. Ada kelompok burung yang lebih suka nyanyi penuh melodi dan kicauan yang jelas.
Disisi lain, ada kelompok burung yang kicauannya cenderung panjang kayak bunyi suling. Ternyata, kicauan ini menarik jenis betina yang berbeda juga. Ada tipe burung betina yang suka sama jantan dengan nyanyiannya panjang, ada yang sukanya sama burung-burung yang kicaunya singkat.
Alhasil, lama-kelamaan mereka menjadi dua jenis burung yang berbeda: burung Meadowlark Barat untuk burung yang suka berkicau panjang seperti suling, dan Meadowlark Timur untuk burung yang kicauannya pendek-pendek dan penuh melodi.
Isolasi prazigotik seperti ini, dinamakan dengan isolasi tingkah laku. Unik juga ya, karena berbeda genre kicauan saja, burung ini mengalami spesiasi!
Baca juga: Mempelajari Tahap-Tahap Pembelahan Mitosis
Isolasi Postzigotik
Setelah sebelumnya membahas isolasi prazigotik yang terkait faktor habitat dan tingkah laku, sekarang kita membahas tentang isolasi postzigotik.
Percaya nggak, kalau hewan juga bisa kawin dengan yang bukan spesiesnya, dan anaknya menjadi spesies hewan yang baru? Hal ini terjadi pada singa dan harimau, misalnya. Mereka adalah dua jenis hewan yang berbeda, (yaiyalah!).
Singa merupakan jenis Panthera leo, sementara harimau Panthera tigris. Tapi, jika pada suatu kondisi kedua kucing besar ini kawin, mereka akan menghasilkan keturunan spesies baru yang belum pernah ada sebelumnya.
Liger betina yang hidup di kebun binatang. (Sumber: Ligerworld)
Jika singa jantan dikawinkan dengan harimau betina, maka akan menghasilkan spesies bernama liger atau nama Indonesia-nya simau (singa harimau). Di sisi lain, kalau kita mengawinkan singa betina dan harimau jantan, akan membuat spesies baru bernama tigon.
Baca juga: Apa Saja Prinsip dan Dasar Klasifikasi Makhluk Hidup?
Para ilmuwan menyebut hewan-hewan hasil kawin beda spesies ini dengan sebutan “hewan hybrid”. Tentu, kita tidak bisa sembarang memaksakan spesies yang jauh berbeda untuk dikawinkan. Burung dan kuda, tidak bisa dipaksakan untuk kawin dan melahirkan pegasus yak!
Lalu, kenapa kita tidak pernah menemukan liger dan tigon di alam? Kenapa gak ada nama hewan ini di buku nama-nama hewan anak kecil? Ya karena pada dasarnya, habitat hidup singa dan harimau sangat berbeda dan jauh-jauhan. Singa adanya di Afrika, sedangkan harimau di pulau Sumatra. Makanya, mereka gak akan saling ketemu di alam liar.
Adapun hewan lain yang terbukti bisa dikawin silangkan adalah kuda dengan keledai. Keturunan keledai jantan dan kuda betina akan melahirkan hewan bernama mule. Ingat ya. Mule. Kalo hewan yang jago ngomong bahasa inggris… namanya hewan bule. Kalo hewan yang suka karaokean, namanya hewan smule.
Bentar, kok ini jadi main tebak-tebakan ya…
Mule, hewan persilangan antara kuda dan keledai (sumber: express.co.uk)
Masalahnya, keturunan dari hewan-hewan yang “dikawin paksa” ini akan mengalami resiko dan efek biologis tertentu. diantaranya adalah:
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Mengalami kematian / inviabilitas (ini kalo hubungan antara dua spesies yang “dikawin paksa” nya benar-benar jauh. Contoh: Kuda pejantan, dan kuda laut. Maksa banget kan?
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Mengalami infertilitas, yaitu keturunan hewan hybrid menjadi steril (mandul). Jadi, semua hewan hybrid seperti liger, tigon, dan mule khususnya yang jantan, tidak bisa menghasilkan keturunan karena secara fisik mereka mandul guys! Tapi jika liger atau tigonnya betina, masih bisa menghasilkan keturunan berspesies baru lagi!
Misalnya liger betina yang dikawinkan dengan singa jantan, maka anaknya adalah seekor liliger, atau jika liger kawin dengan harimau jantan, anaknya adalah tiliger.
Nah, dari sini, kita bisa simpulkan bahwa isolasi jenis ini dinamakan dengan isolasi postzigotik, karena hambatannya muncul setelah zigot terbentuk (dari hasil kawin).
Baca juga: Penentuan Jenis Kelamin pada Makhluk Hidup
Domestikasi
Cara lain untuk membuat spesies baru adalah dengan penjinakan atau domestikasi. Iya, kita bisa ngebuat spesies baru cuma dengan “melihara” spesies yang udah ada aja.
Sekarang coba bayangkan kucing rumah yang lucu itu. Gembul, berbulu lebat, dan berhidung pesek. Lalu bayangkan dia hidup di hutan. Kira-kira apa yang terjadi? Jangankan ke hutan, ke pasar depan rumah aja mungkin udah kecapean duluan.
Perbedaan kucing spesies karena domestikasi, (Sumber: Discoverlife.org)
Itu artinya, sudah ada perubahan spesies dari yang semula kucing punya sifat liar, tinggal di hutan, dan berandalan, menjadi hewan berkaki empat yang ngeliat timun aja jerit.
Bahkan, baru-baru ini sudah ada peneliti yang berhasil mendomestikasi rubah merah. Nggak, jangan ngebayangin menjinakkan rubah ini kayak kita memelihara anjing biasa.
Berdasarkan penelitian, lamanya waktu untuk menjinakkan seekor rubah butuh waktu 60 tahun. Karena, ya, memang secara genetis dia berbeda kayak anjing. Rubah nggak punya sifat friendly kayak anjing.
Ketika hewan ini sudah berubah secara struktur genetis, maka ia akan menjadi spesies baru yang berbeda. Kayak akhirnya muncul spesies Felis catus yang merupakan “kucing rumah” hasil domestikasi.
Nah, sekarang udah tahu, kan, bagaimana caranya membuat spesies baru dari sudut pandang sains. Kita bisa aja mengawinkan dua spesies berbeda kayak singa dan harimau, sampai penjinakkan. Kalau kamu ingin mempelajari lebih dalam tentang spesiasi dalam bentuk video animasi, cobain aja tonton di ruangbelajar!
Referensi:
Irnaningtyas. (2018). Biologi untuk SMA/MA Kelas XII Kurikulum 2013 Revisi. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Urry, L. A., Cain, M. L. 1., Wasserman, S. A., Minorsky, P. V., Reece, J. B., & Campbell, N. A. (2017). Essential biology. Eleventh edition. New York, NY: Pearson Education, Inc.
Sumber Foto:
Panama Isthmus, Panamageology [Daring] Tautan: https://panamageology.wordpress.com (Diakses 24 Februari 2022)
Foto ‘Elang Kuda’ [daring] Tautan: http://socalmountains.com/e107_plugins/forum/forum_viewtopic.php?32932
Foto ‘Mule, Persilangan Kuda dan Keledai’ [daring] Tautan: https://www.express.co.uk/life-style/top10facts/871351/National-Mule-day-Top-ten-facts-you-never-knew-about-Mules
Gif ‘Burung Meadowlark’ [daring] Tautan: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3o0FC7aqg94
Foto ‘Felis Chaus’ [daring] Tautan: https://www.flickr.com/photos/vaidyarupal/14800973889/
Foto ‘Felis Catus’ [daring] Tautan: https://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20p?see=I_CMQ126&res=640
Female Liger, Ligerworld [Daring] Tautan: https://www.ligerworld.com/female-ligers.html (Diakses 24 Februari 2022)
Artikel ini pertama kali dibuat oleh Kresnoadi, lalu diperbarui pada 24 Februari 2022 oleh Leo Bisma.
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<h1 class="content-title">
Spesiasi, Cara Menciptakan Hewan Baru dengan Sains | Biologi Kelas 12 </h1>
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<p class="content-author"><a href="https://www.ruangguru.com/blog/author/leo-bisma" class="">Leo Bisma</a> </p>
<p class="content-info"><span>February 25, 2022 • </span> <span>8 minutes read</span></p>
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<p><img decoding="async" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/Header%20Blog%20RG%20Biologi%20XII.png" alt="Spesiasi, Cara Menciptakan Hewan Baru dengan Sains | Biologi Kelas 12" width="820" loading="lazy" style="width: 820px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; display: block;"></p>
<blockquote>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em>Artikel biologi kelas XII ini membahas tentang spesiasi dan bagaimana ilmu pengetahuan bisa menciptakan hewan baru mulai dari domestikasi, isolasi prazigotik, dan isolasi postzigotik. </em></p>
<p style="text-align: center;">—</p>
</blockquote>
<p><span id="more-3478"></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Kalau dibolehkan memelihara hewan apapun yang ada di dunia ini, kamu ingin memelihara apa? Anjing? Kucing? Atau hewan-hewan unik seperti koala dan<a href="/blog/biologi-kelas-10-axolotl-hewan-vertebrata-yang-suka-tersenyum" rel="noopener"> <strong><span>axolotl</span></strong></a>? </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Kayaknya enak banget ya kalau kita bisa berteman dengan semua binatang lucu tersebut. Yah, sampai saat ini, kita memang cuman bisa memelihara hewan tertentu saja, yaitu hewan yang terbilang jinak dan mampu didomestikasi.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Sekarang, perhatikan hewan berikut:</p>
<p><img decoding="async" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/elang%20kuda.jpg" alt="elang kuda bukan merupakan contoh spesiasi" width="600" style="width: 600px; display: block; margin: 0px auto;"></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Apa pendapat kamu tentang hewan di atas? Menurut kamu, hewan itu keren atau malah serem? Iya, binatang di atas adalah hasil olahan photoshop dan bukan hewan beneran.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Tapi, bagaimana kalau manusia ternyata bisa melakukan itu. Membuat persilangan hewan-hewan, layaknya burung dan kuda yang menjadi pegasus. Hewan apa yang kamu mau buat?</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Sampai saat ini, memang ada beberapa teori dalam ilmu sains yang bisa <strong>membuat spesies baru dari spesies-spesies yang sudah ada atau telah punah.</strong> Hal ini dinamakan dengan <strong>spesiasi. </strong>Spesiasi ini lah yang menjadi salah satu contoh nyata terjadinya proses evolusi.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Nah, kira-kira penasaran nggak, spesiasi itu terjadi melalui proses apa? Terjadinya spesiasi itu ternyata gak segampang mengucap mantra, akhirnya berubahlah tikus jadi kuda, kaya di <em>cinderella</em>. </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Ada dua jenis isolasi atau hambatan yang mempengaruhi dan menyebabkan terjadinya spesiasi, yakni isolasi prazigotik dan postzigotik yang sudah disebut tadi. Yuk kita bahas satu persatu!</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;">Baca juga: <a href="/blog/klasifikasi-dan-dampak-mutasi" rel="noopener">Mengenal Mutasi: Pengertian, Klasifikasi & Dampaknya</a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"> </p>
<h2><strong><span style="font-size: 20px;">Isolasi Prazigotik</span></strong></h2>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Kamu tau nggak, faktanya beberapa hewan yang kita lihat sekarang, dahulu kala hewan tersebut merupakan satu spesies dengan hewan yang lain. Kenapa bisa begitu ya? Alasannya karena ada peristiwa isolasi prazigotik ini <em>guys!</em></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Isolasi prazigotik adalah hambatan-hambatan yang mencegah terbentuknya zigot.</strong> Adanya hambatan ini pada akhirnya dapat memunculkan spesies baru. </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Contoh spesiasi dari isolasi ini adalah yang terjadi pada udang pistol atau <em>snapping shrimp. </em>Pada mulanya, udang ini hidup di perairan bagian tengah benua Amerika.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Kamu pasti sekilas pernah melihat bukan, bahwa di benua amerika bagian selatan dan utara terhubung oleh segaris daratan yang disebut tanah genting Panama. Nah, uniknya tanah genting itu dahulu tidak ada <em>guys!</em></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img decoding="async" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/panama%20isthmus.png" alt="panama isthmus isolasi habitat" width="441" loading="lazy" style="width: 441px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; display: block;"><em>(Isthmus of Panama yang menghubungkan amerika selatan dan utara. Sumber: Panama Geology)</em></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Berdasarkan studi geologi dan paleontologi, tanah genting ini baru terbentuk sejak 2.8 juta tahun yang lalu. Akibat dari tertutupnya hamparan laut tersebut, mengakibatkan beberapa fenomena biologis, salah satunya isolasi habitat dari udang pistol ini.</p>
<p>Nah, karena kini wilayah perairannya sudah terpisah, terbentuklah kelompok baru yang terpisah antara tanah genting Panama. Kelompok udang pistol yang tinggal di lautan bagian samudra pasifik, dan udang yang tinggal di wilayah samudra atlantik. </p>
<p>Analisis genetik dari masing-masing spesies menunjukkan bahwa pasangan yang menempati kedalaman laut yang sama, lebih erat hubungannya satu sama lain dibanding udang yang tinggal di sisi seberang.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Nah uniknya, setelah tanah genting panama kembali dibuka melalui terusan panama, kedua jenis udang yang tinggal berseberangan ini bisa bertemu kembali. Akan tetapi, secara reproduktif tidak lagi cocok satu sama lain. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa proses spesiasi telah selesai. Mereka kini berbeda, udang yang dulu sama, kini menjadi berbeda karena terpisahkan jarak~</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Hal ini tentunya tidak hanya terjadi pada udang pistol, namun pada organisme lainnya seperti ikan tropis<em> (atlantic porkfish) </em>yang kini berbeda spesies menjadi <em>Anisotremus taeniatus</em> dan <em>Anisotremus virginicus.</em></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Ingin contoh spesiasi yang lain? Boleh!</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;">Baca juga: <a href="/blog/pohon-filogeni" rel="noopener">Pohon Filogeni, Menjawab Kenapa Manusia Mirip Kera</a></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong><img decoding="async" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/contoh%20isolasi%20tingkah%20laku.gif" alt="Burung meadowlark yang mengalami isolasi tingkah laku" width="480" style="width: 480px; display: block; margin: 0px auto;" loading="lazy"></strong><em>Burung meadowlark (Sumber: Larry Jordan via Youtube)</em></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Seperti manusia yang punya selera musik bermacam-macam, burung juga punya cara bernyanyi yang berbeda. Ada kelompok burung yang lebih suka nyanyi penuh melodi dan kicauan yang jelas. </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Disisi lain, ada kelompok burung yang kicauannya cenderung panjang kayak bunyi suling. Ternyata, kicauan ini menarik jenis betina yang berbeda juga. Ada tipe burung betina yang suka sama jantan dengan nyanyiannya panjang, ada yang sukanya sama burung-burung yang kicaunya singkat.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Alhasil, lama-kelamaan mereka menjadi dua jenis burung yang berbeda: <strong>burung </strong><strong><em>Meadowlark</em></strong><strong> Barat </strong>untuk burung yang<strong> suka berkicau panjang seperti suling, </strong>dan <strong><em>Meadowlark</em></strong><strong> Timur </strong>untuk burung yang<strong> kicauannya pendek-pendek </strong>dan<strong> penuh melodi.</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Isolasi prazigotik seperti ini, dinamakan dengan <strong>isolasi tingkah laku. </strong>Unik juga ya, karena berbeda <em>genre</em> kicauan saja, burung ini mengalami spesiasi!</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;">Baca juga: <a href="/blog/biologi-kelas-12-apa-itu-mitosis" rel="noopener">Mempelajari Tahap-Tahap Pembelahan Mitosis</a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><img decoding="async" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/Infografik%20-%20Blog%20RG%20Biologi%20XII-03%20(1).png" alt="Isolasi Habitat kodok dan katak" width="600" loading="lazy" style="width: 600px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; display: block;"></p>
<p style="font-size: 16px;"> </p>
<h2 style="font-size: 20px;"><strong>Isolasi Postzigotik</strong></h2>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Setelah sebelumnya membahas isolasi prazigotik yang terkait faktor habitat dan tingkah laku, sekarang kita membahas tentang isolasi postzigotik. </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Percaya nggak, kalau hewan juga bisa kawin dengan yang bukan spesiesnya, dan anaknya menjadi spesies hewan yang baru? Hal ini terjadi pada singa dan harimau, misalnya. Mereka adalah dua jenis hewan yang berbeda, (<em>yaiyalah!). </em> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Singa merupakan jenis <em>Panthera leo</em>, sementara harimau <em>Panthera tigris</em>. Tapi, jika pada suatu kondisi kedua kucing besar ini kawin, mereka akan menghasilkan keturunan spesies baru yang belum pernah ada sebelumnya. </p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img decoding="async" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/female-liger-1.jpg" alt="Hewan Hybrid Liger" width="600" loading="lazy" style="width: 600px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; display: block;"><em>Liger betina yang hidup di kebun binatang. (Sumber: Ligerworld)</em></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Jika singa jantan dikawinkan dengan harimau betina, maka akan menghasilkan spesies bernama <strong>liger </strong>atau nama Indonesia-nya <strong>simau </strong>(singa harimau)<strong>.</strong> Di sisi lain, kalau kita mengawinkan singa betina dan harimau jantan, akan membuat spesies baru bernama <strong>tigon. </strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Baca juga: </strong><a href="/blog/apa-saja-prinsip-dan-dasar-klasifikasi-mahkluk-hidup" rel="noopener"><strong><span>Apa Saja Prinsip dan Dasar Klasifikasi Makhluk Hidup?</span></strong></a><span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Para ilmuwan menyebut hewan-hewan hasil kawin beda spesies ini dengan sebutan “hewan hybrid”. Tentu, kita tidak bisa sembarang memaksakan spesies yang jauh berbeda untuk dikawinkan. Burung dan kuda, tidak bisa dipaksakan untuk kawin dan melahirkan pegasus yak!</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Lalu, kenapa kita tidak pernah menemukan liger dan tigon di alam? Kenapa gak ada nama hewan ini di buku nama-nama hewan anak kecil? Ya karena pada dasarnya, habitat hidup singa dan harimau sangat berbeda dan jauh-jauhan. Singa adanya di Afrika, sedangkan harimau di pulau Sumatra. Makanya, mereka gak akan saling ketemu di alam liar.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Adapun hewan lain yang terbukti bisa dikawin silangkan adalah kuda dengan keledai. Keturunan keledai jantan dan kuda betina akan melahirkan hewan bernama <strong>mule.</strong> Ingat ya. Mule. Kalo hewan yang jago ngomong bahasa inggris… namanya hewan bule. Kalo hewan yang suka karaokean, namanya hewan smule. </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Bentar, kok ini jadi main tebak-tebakan ya…</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img decoding="async" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/mule.jpg" alt="mule hewan hybrid kuda dan keledai" width="600" style="width: 600px; display: block; margin: 0px auto;"><em>Mule, hewan persilangan antara kuda dan keledai (sumber: express.co.uk)</em></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Masalahnya, keturunan dari hewan-hewan yang “dikawin paksa” ini akan mengalami resiko dan efek biologis tertentu. diantaranya adalah: </p>
<ol>
<li aria-level="1">
<p><strong>Mengalami kematian / inviabilitas</strong> (ini kalo hubungan antara dua spesies yang “dikawin paksa” nya benar-benar jauh. Contoh: Kuda pejantan, dan kuda laut. Maksa banget kan?</p>
</li>
<li aria-level="1">
<p><strong>Mengalami infertilitas</strong>, yaitu <strong>keturunan hewan hybrid menjadi steril (mandul)</strong>. Jadi, semua hewan hybrid seperti liger, tigon, dan mule khususnya yang jantan, tidak bisa menghasilkan keturunan karena secara fisik mereka mandul <em>guys!</em> Tapi jika liger atau tigonnya betina, masih bisa menghasilkan keturunan berspesies baru lagi!</p>
<p>Misalnya liger betina yang dikawinkan dengan singa jantan, maka anaknya adalah seekor <strong style="font-size: 16px; background-color: transparent;">liliger, </strong><span style="font-size: 16px; background-color: transparent;">atau jika liger kawin dengan harimau jantan, anaknya adalah </span><strong style="font-size: 16px; background-color: transparent;">tiliger. </strong></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 16px; background-color: transparent;"> </span></li>
</ol>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Nah, dari sini, kita bisa simpulkan bahwa isolasi jenis ini dinamakan dengan <strong>isolasi postzigotik, </strong>karena hambatannya muncul setelah zigot terbentuk (dari hasil kawin).</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;">Baca juga:<a href="/blog/penentuan-jenis-kelamin-pada-makhluk-hidup" rel="noopener"> Penentuan Jenis Kelamin pada Makhluk Hidup</a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"> </p>
<h2 style="font-size: 20px;"><strong>Domestikasi</strong></h2>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Cara lain untuk membuat spesies baru adalah dengan penjinakan atau domestikasi. Iya, kita bisa ngebuat spesies baru cuma dengan “melihara” spesies yang udah ada aja. </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Sekarang coba bayangkan kucing rumah yang lucu itu. Gembul, berbulu lebat, dan berhidung pesek. Lalu bayangkan dia hidup di hutan. Kira-kira apa yang terjadi? Jangankan ke hutan, ke pasar depan rumah aja mungkin udah <em>kecapean</em> duluan. </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"> </p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><i><img decoding="async" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/perbedaan%20kucing%20karena%20domestikasi.jpg" alt="perbedaan kucing karena domestikasi" width="600" style="width: 600px; margin: 0px auto;"></i></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><i>Perbedaan kucing spesies karena domestikasi, (Sumber: Discoverlife.org)</i></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Itu artinya, sudah ada perubahan spesies dari yang semula kucing punya sifat liar, tinggal di hutan, dan berandalan, menjadi hewan berkaki empat yang ngeliat timun aja jerit. </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Bahkan, baru-baru ini sudah ada peneliti yang berhasil mendomestikasi rubah merah. Nggak, jangan ngebayangin menjinakkan rubah ini kayak kita memelihara anjing biasa.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Berdasarkan penelitian, lamanya waktu untuk menjinakkan seekor rubah butuh waktu 60 tahun. Karena, ya, memang secara genetis dia berbeda kayak anjing. Rubah nggak punya sifat <em>friendly</em> kayak anjing.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Ketika hewan ini sudah berubah secara struktur genetis, maka ia akan menjadi spesies baru yang berbeda. Kayak akhirnya muncul spesies <em>Felis catus</em> yang merupakan “kucing rumah” hasil domestikasi.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Nah, sekarang udah tahu, kan, bagaimana caranya membuat spesies baru dari sudut pandang sains. Kita bisa aja mengawinkan dua spesies berbeda kayak singa dan harimau, sampai penjinakkan. Kalau kamu ingin mempelajari lebih dalam tentang spesiasi dalam bentuk video animasi, cobain aja tonton di <a href="https://ruangguru.onelink.me/blPk/eaff0eb9" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><strong><span>ruangbelajar!</span></strong></a></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong><a href="https://link.ruangguru.com/blPk/eaff0eb9" target="_blank" style="text-align: center;" class="rg-cta" rel="noopener"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/cta/0ec4a2df-db2e-4ae1-8473-692756dcb684.jpeg" width="822" height="200" alt="IDN CTA Blog ruangbelajar Ruangguru" /></a></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Referensi:</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Irnaningtyas. (2018). Biologi untuk SMA/MA Kelas XII Kurikulum 2013 Revisi. Jakarta: Erlangga.</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Urry, L. A., Cain, M. L. 1., Wasserman, S. A., Minorsky, P. V., Reece, J. B., & Campbell, N. A. (2017). Essential biology. Eleventh edition. New York, NY: Pearson Education, Inc.</p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>Sumber Foto:</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Panama Isthmus, Panamageology [Daring] Tautan: <strong> </strong>https://panamageology.wordpress.com (Diakses 24 Februari 2022)</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Foto ‘Elang Kuda’ [daring] Tautan: http://socalmountains.com/e107_plugins/forum/forum_viewtopic.php?32932</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Foto ‘Mule, Persilangan Kuda dan Keledai’ [daring] Tautan: https://www.express.co.uk/life-style/top10facts/871351/National-Mule-day-Top-ten-facts-you-never-knew-about-Mules</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Gif ‘Burung Meadowlark’ [daring] Tautan: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3o0FC7aqg94</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Foto ‘Felis Chaus’ [daring] Tautan: https://www.flickr.com/photos/vaidyarupal/14800973889/</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Foto ‘Felis Catus’ [daring] Tautan: https://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20p?see=I_CMQ126&res=640</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Female Liger, Ligerworld [Daring] Tautan: https://www.ligerworld.com/female-ligers.html (Diakses 24 Februari 2022)</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"><em>Artikel ini pertama kali dibuat oleh Kresnoadi, lalu diperbarui pada 24 Februari 2022 oleh Leo Bisma.</em></p>
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<li><a href="https://www.ruangguru.com/privacy-policy">Kebijakan Privasi</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ruangguru.com/about-us">Tentang Kami</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ruangguru.com/contact-us">Kontak Kami</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ruangguru.com/press">Press Kit</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ruangguru.com/bantuan">Bantuan</a></li>
<li><a href="https://career.ruangguru.com/">Karier</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
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<nav class="footer-menu">
<p class="title">Produk Lainnya</p>
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</div>
<div class="col-6 col-md-3">
<nav class="footer-menu">
<p class="title"> Coba GRATIS Aplikasi Ruangguru</p>
<div class="download-list">
<ul>
<li>
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</a>
</li>
<li>
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<img src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/googleplay.png" loading="lazy" alt="Button Google Play Footer " />
</a>
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<img src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/huawei.png" loading="lazy" alt="Button AppGallery Footer " />
</a>
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<div class="d-lg-none text-center">
<nav class="footer-menu social">
<p class="title">Ikuti Kami</p>
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<picture>
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<img src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/instagram.png" loading="lazy" alt="Logo Instagram Footer" width="32px" height="32px" />
</picture>
</a>
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<picture>
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</a>
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</picture>
</a>
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</div>
<p class="footer-copyright">
© 2026 All Rights Reserved PT. Ruang Raya Indonesia
</p>
</div>
<style>
.bantuan-container {
position: relative;
}
.bantuan-element {
position: fixed;
z-index: 999;
display: flex;
align-items: flex-end;
justify-content: flex-end;
cursor: pointer;
transition: all 0.6s ease;
}
.bantuan-top {
bottom: 11rem;
right: 2rem;
}
.bantuan-bottom {
bottom: 2rem;
right: 2rem;
}
.bantuan-top-2 {
bottom: 15rem;
right: 2rem;
}
.bantuan-top-3 {
bottom: 19rem;
right: 2rem;
}
.bantuan-bottom-2 {
bottom: 5rem;
right: 2rem;
}
.bantuan-bottom-3 {
bottom: 8rem;
right: 2rem;
}
@media (min-width: 768px) {
.bantuan-element img {
width: auto;
transition: all 0.4s ease;
}
.bantuan-top img {
width: 140px;
}
.bantuan-bottom img {
width: 140px;
}
.bantuan-top-2 img,
.bantuan-top-3 img {
width: 140px;
}
.bantuan-bottom-2 img,
.bantuan-bottom-3 img {
width: 140px;
}
.bantuan-element.clicked {
bottom: 9rem;
right: 2.5rem;
}
.bantuan-element.clicked img {
width: auto;
height: 64px;
}
}
@media (max-width: 767px) {
.bantuan-top {
bottom: 8rem;
right: 1rem;
align-items: center;
}
.bantuan-bottom {
bottom: 2rem;
right: 1.25rem;
align-items: center;
}
.bantuan-top-2 {
bottom: 12rem;
right: 1rem;
align-items: center;
}
.bantuan-top-3 {
bottom: 16rem;
right: 1rem;
align-items: center;
}
.bantuan-bottom-2 {
bottom: 5rem;
right: 1.25rem;
align-items: center;
}
.bantuan-bottom-3 {
bottom: 8rem;
right: 1.25rem;
align-items: center;
}
.bantuan-element img {
width: auto;
}
.bantuan-top img,
.bantuan-top-2 img,
.bantuan-top-3 img {
width: 96px;
}
.bantuan-bottom img,
.bantuan-bottom-2 img,
.bantuan-bottom-3 img {
width: 96px;
}
}
.bantuan-element:hover {
transform: scale(1.05);
}
.bantuan-element img {
max-width: 100%;
height: auto;
}
</style>
<div id="bantuan-divs-container" style="position: relative" data-product="ruangguru" data-table="rg_floating_icon"></div>
<script>
class FloatingDivsComponent {
constructor(product = 'ruangguru', table = 'rg_floating_icon') {
this.container = document.getElementById('bantuan-divs-container');
this.floatingElements = [];
this.product = product;
this.table = table;
// Configuration
this.config = {
baseApiUrl: 'https://gw.ruangguru.com/api/v3/rdb/p_ddgy8hjx5dxsqx/rg_banner/views/',
apiKey: 'vLyK3dJrDBRmOwueX2OJXibMkgsUbBk0WS4ua2p1',
maxElements: 2,
zIndexBase: 100,
};
// Build dynamic API URL based on table parameter
this.config.apiUrl = this.buildApiUrl();
this.init();
}
buildApiUrl() {
const baseUrl = this.config.baseApiUrl;
const tableName = this.table || 'rg_floating_icon';
const queryParams =
'offset=0&limit=99999&sort=rankPosition&where=(type,eq,floating)~and(showIn,anyof,blog)~and(hide,is,false)~and(product,eq,' +
this.product +
')&nested%5Bcta%5D%5Bfields%5D=Id,name,ctaId,imageUrl,ctaLink,targetUrl';
return `${baseUrl}${tableName}?${queryParams}`;
}
async init() {
try {
await this.fetchFloatingElements();
this.renderFloatingElements();
} catch (error) {
console.error('Failed to initialize floating divs component:', error);
}
}
async fetchFloatingElements() {
try {
const options = {
method: 'GET',
headers: {
'xc-token': this.config.apiKey || 'vLyK3dJrDBRmOwueX2OJXibMkgsUbBk0WS4ua2p1',
},
};
const urlNoco = this.config.apiUrl;
const response = await fetch(urlNoco, options);
if (!response.ok) {
throw new Error(`HTTP error! status: ${response.status}`);
}
const data = await response.json();
this.floatingElements = this.processApiResponse(data);
} catch (error) {
console.error('Error fetching floating elements:', error);
throw error;
}
}
processApiResponse(data) {
if (!data || !data.list || !Array.isArray(data.list)) {
return [];
}
console.log(data.list);
// Ensure we only get maximum 2 elements
const limitedElements = data.list.slice(0, this.config.maxElements);
return limitedElements;
}
renderFloatingElements() {
if (!this.container || this.floatingElements.length === 0) {
return;
}
// Additional safeguard: ensure we never render more than maxElements
const elementsToRender = this.floatingElements.slice(0, this.config.maxElements);
// Clean up existing elements and their event listeners
this.cleanupExistingElements();
// Clear existing content
this.container.innerHTML = '';
elementsToRender.forEach((element, index) => {
const floatingDiv = this.createFloatingDiv(element, index);
this.container.appendChild(floatingDiv);
});
}
cleanupExistingElements() {
// Clear existing elements (no need for event listener cleanup with CSS approach)
const existingElements = this.container.querySelectorAll('[data-floating-element]');
existingElements.forEach(element => {
element.remove();
});
}
createFloatingDiv(element, index) {
const div = document.createElement('div');
const cta = element.cta[0]; // Use the first CTA
// Add data attribute for cleanup tracking
div.setAttribute('data-floating-element', 'true');
// Apply CSS classes based on rankPosition
const positionClass = this.getPositionClass(element.rankPosition, index);
div.className = `bantuan-element ${positionClass}`;
div.style.zIndex = this.config.zIndexBase + index;
// Create the link and image
const link = document.createElement('a');
link.href = 'https://cta.ruangguru.com/' + cta.ctaId || '#';
link.target = '_blank';
// Add tracking attributes
link.setAttribute('data-tracking-event-type', 'landing_page__core__item_click');
link.setAttribute(
'data-tracking-context',
JSON.stringify({
product_name: this.product,
cta_action: 'redirection',
cta_action_detail: link.href,
item_type: 'floating',
item_name: element.name || 'Floating element',
item_category: 'payment',
item_position: index,
item_serial: null,
section_type: 'floating_item',
section_position: 'body',
section_name: 'floating_item',
})
);
const img = document.createElement('img');
img.src = element.imageUrl + '?h=200&convert=webp';
img.alt = element.name || 'Floating element';
img.loading = 'lazy';
// Add click tracking
link.addEventListener('click', () => {
this.trackClick(element, cta);
});
link.appendChild(img);
div.appendChild(link);
return div;
}
getPositionClass(rankPosition, index) {
// Define positioning classes based on rankPosition
if (rankPosition === 1) {
return 'bantuan-top'; // Top position
} else if (rankPosition === 2) {
return 'bantuan-bottom'; // Bottom position
} else {
// For additional elements, distribute them evenly
return `bantuan-${index % 2 === 0 ? 'top' : 'bottom'}-${Math.floor(index / 2) + 1}`;
}
}
trackClick(element, cta) {
// Implement click tracking logic here
console.log('Floating element clicked:', {
elementId: element.Id,
elementName: cta.name,
ctaId: cta.ctaId,
targetUrl: cta.targetUrl,
});
}
// Public method to manually refresh
async refresh() {
try {
await this.fetchFloatingElements();
this.renderFloatingElements();
} catch (error) {
console.error('Failed to refresh floating elements:', error);
throw error;
}
}
// Public method to get current floating elements
getFloatingElements() {
return [...this.floatingElements];
}
}
// Initialize the component when DOM is ready
document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => {
// Get product and table parameters from data attributes
const container = document.getElementById('bantuan-divs-container');
const product = container.getAttribute('data-product') || 'ruangguru';
const table = container.getAttribute('data-table') || 'rg_floating_icon';
new FloatingDivsComponent(product, table);
});
// Export for use in other modules if needed
if (typeof module !== 'undefined' && module.exports) {
module.exports = FloatingDivsComponent;
}
</script> <div id="wp-install-nudge" style="
position: fixed;
bottom: 0rem;
right: 0;
z-index: 999;
cursor: pointer;
"></div>
<script>
(function (w, d, s, o, f, js, fjs) {
w['Sales-Nudge-Widget'] = o; w[o] = w[o] || function () { (w[o].q = w[o].q || []).push(arguments) };
js = d.createElement(s), fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];
js.id = o; js.src = f; js.async = 1; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs);
}(window, document, 'script', 'wpInstallNudge', 'https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/sales-nudge/6198a95130/dist/widget.js'));
wpInstallNudge('init', { targetElementId: 'wp-install-nudge', clientTarget: 'ruangguru_blog' });
</script>
<script>
// note: disabled due to auto reload page
// var lastScrollTop = 0;
// $(window).scroll(function(event){
// var st = $(this).scrollTop();
// if (st > lastScrollTop){
// $('#wp-install-nudge').slideDown( "slow", function() {});
// } else {
// $('#wp-install-nudge').slideUp( "slow", function() {});
// }
// lastScrollTop = st;
// });
// $(document).ready(function () {
// $("#wp-install-nudge").hide();
// });
$('#wp-install-nudge').click(function(){
Analytics.track("promotion__install_nudge__click",
{
user_email: "ruangguru@blog.com",
cta_link: widgetData.dataConfig.target_link
}).catch((err) => {
console.log("tracker error", err);
});
});
</script>
</footer>
<div id="__next"></div>
<script type="speculationrules">
{"prefetch":[{"source":"document","where":{"and":[{"href_matches":"\/blog\/*"},{"not":{"href_matches":["\/blog\/wp-*.php","\/blog\/wp-admin\/*","\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/*","\/blog\/wp-content\/*","\/blog\/wp-content\/plugins\/*","\/blog\/wp-content\/themes\/ruangguru\/*","\/blog\/*\\?(.+)"]}},{"not":{"selector_matches":"a[rel~=\"nofollow\"]"}},{"not":{"selector_matches":".no-prefetch, .no-prefetch a"}}]},"eagerness":"conservative"}]}
</script>
<script>
async function getCtaDetails(ctaIds) {
const endpoint =
" https://gw.ruangguru.com/api/v3/rdb/p_ddgy8hjx5dxsqx/CTA/views/CTA?offset=0&limit=10&where=(ctaId,in," + ctaIds.toString() + ")";
try {
const response = await fetch(endpoint, {
headers: {
"xc-token": "-hG2nBDJzSj0agSgNtcJx97M4F02y54nUMoY6plJ",
},
});
const data = await response.json();
const ctaList = data?.list || [];
const ctaMap = new Map();
for (const ctaData of ctaList) {
ctaMap.set(ctaData.ctaId, ctaData);
}
return ctaMap;
} catch (error) {
console.error("Error fetching CTA details:", error);
return new Map();
}
}
async function replaceCTA() {
const regex = /{{cta\((‘(.*?)’|“(.*?)”)\)}}/g;
const bodyHTML = document.body.innerHTML;
const matches = Array.from(bodyHTML.matchAll(regex));
const ctaIds = matches.map((match) => {
let ctaId = match[2] ?? match[3];
return ctaId;
});
const ctaMap = await getCtaDetails(ctaIds);
const replacedHTML = bodyHTML.replace(regex, (match, _inner, ctaId1, ctaId2) => {
const ctaId = ctaId1 ?? ctaId2;
const ctaData = ctaMap.get(ctaId);
if (ctaData) {
return `<a href="https://cta.ruangguru.com/${ctaData.ctaId}" target="_${ctaData.targetType}" style="position:relative;display:inline-block;">
<img src="${ctaData.imageUrl}" loading="lazy" alt="${ctaData.altText}" />
</a>`;
} else {
return match;
}
});
document.body.innerHTML = replacedHTML;
}
</script>
<meta name="author" content="Ruangguru Tech Team">
<!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-PVNLZFT" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>
<!-- Tracker -->
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/landing-page-web/public/staticpages/global-assets/js/cta.js"></script>
<script src="https://unpkg.com/@dotlottie/player-component@latest/dist/dotlottie-player.mjs" type="module"></script>
</body>
</html>