Dalam konsep pewarisan sifat, kita akan mengenal Hukum Mendel I dan II. Wah, apa tuh, ya? Yuk, simak penjelasan lengkap mengenai konsep Hukum Mendel di artikel Biologi kelas 9 ini!
—
Pernah nggak sih kamu mendengarkan komentar teman atau kerabat dekatmu mengenai kemiripan fisik atau sifat dengan anggota keluargamu yang lain? Contohnya kayak gini nih.
“Sifat kamu mirip sekali dengan ayahmu”,
“Wah, matanya berwarna coklat, persis seperti ibunya”,
“Rambut keritingmu sama persis ya dengan kakakmu”, dan lain sebagainya.
Nah, persamaan dan perbedaan sifat maupun fisik dari orangtua atau induk ke anak atau keturunan, dapat terjadi karena faktor genetika. Wah, apa itu genetika? Genetika adalah ilmu yang mempelajari tentang pewarisan sifat.
Pada artikel sebelumnya, kita udah belajar mengenai konsep pewarisan sifat pada makhluk hidup, ya. Kita tau kalo gen dan kromosom itu berperan penting dalam proses pewarisan sifat. Bagi yang lupa-lupa dikit sama materinya, bisa baca lewat link di bawah ini, yah!
Baca Juga: Yuk, Belajar Konsep Pewarisan Sifat pada Makhluk Hidup!
Kalo di artikel ini, kita fokus ngebahas hukum pewarisan sifat, atau yang biasa dikenal dengan Hukum Mendel. Wah, seperti apa itu, ya? Langsung aja yuk kita simak penjelasan lengkapnya berikut ini!
Siapa Sih Penemu Hukum Mendel Itu?
Sebelumnya, manusia nggak begitu kenal dengan pasti dan benar tentang konsep pewarisan sifat. Sampai akhirnya, muncul nih seorang biarawan dan ahli botani asal Austria, bernama Gregor Johann Mendel.
Ia membawa pencerahan tentang hereditas atau pewarisan sifat melalui pembuktian prinsip dasar genetika. Nah, pembuktian itu didasari lewat percobaan yang telah dilakukan. Lalu, dari hasil percobaan itu, ia rumuskan menjadi hukum pewarisan sifat, yang dikenal sampai saat ini dengan Hukum Mendel.
Percobaan Mendel
Terus, apa sih percobaan yang Mendel lakukan?
Jadi gini, sekitar abad ke-19 Mendel melakukan percobaannya dengan melakukan hibridisasi/persilangan menggunakan kacang polong atau ercis (Pisum Sativum). Mendel sengaja memilih beberapa kacang ercis dengan karakteristik berbeda. Ia juga melakukan percobaannya bertahun-tahun, untuk memperoleh hasil yang akurat.
Tapi, kenapa ya Mendel memilih kacang ercis sebagai objek percobaan? Nah, dibalik itu semua ada alasannya guys, di antaranya:
- kacang ercis memiliki siklus hidup yang cepat,
- memiliki ciri-ciri yang mudah dibedakan atau sifatnya kontras,
- mudah dilakukan penyerbukan silang,
- dapat melakukan penyerbukan sendiri, dan
- menghasilkan keturunan yang banyak.
Akhirnya, sekitar tahun 1866, Mendel melaporkan hasil percobaannya. Semua hasilnya ia tulis di dalam jurnal yang berjudul Natural Science Society of Brunn. Berkat penemuannya itu, Mendel dikenal sebagai Bapak Genetika, loh!
Ternyata, kunci dalam percobaannya yang terkenal sampai sekarang ini adalah melakukan 2 jenis persilangan untuk bisa menentukan hukum pewarisan sifat, yaitu persilangan monohibrid dan persilangan dihibrid.
Persilangan monohibrid itu ada kaitannya dengan Hukum I Mendel, sedangkan persilangan dihibrid berkaitan dengan Hukum II Mendel. Oleh karena itu, saat ini kita mengenal dua macam Hukum Mendel.
Istilah dalam Pewarisan Sifat
Ohya, sebelum kita bahas lebih lanjut mengenai Hukum I Mendel dan Hukum II Mendel, kamu harus tau dulu nih beberapa istilah di hukum pewarisan sifat.
Istilah ini yang nantinya banyak digunakan dalam konsep pembahasan atau soal-soal. Jadi, supaya kamu mengerti, wajib dihafalkan, ya!
Baca Juga: Mengenal Perkembangbiakan Generatif dan Vegetatif pada Hewan
Hukum I Mendel (Segregasi Bebas)
Hukum I Mendel disebut juga dengan hukum segregasi bebas. Ini karena pada hukum ini, gen di dalam alel mengalami pemisahan (segregasi) secara bebas saat pembentukan gamet.
Persilangan Monohibrid
Hukum I Mendel ini bisa dibuktikan lewat persilangan monohibrid. Apa sih persilangan monohibrid itu? Oke, dari namanya aja “monohibrid”, mono artinya satu, jadi persilangan monohibrid adalah persilangan dua individu, tapi dengan satu sifat beda. Sifat yang dimaksud seperti warna bunga yang disilangkan, bentuk biji, tinggi tanaman, dan lainnya.
Misalnya gini, kamu ingin menyilangkan dua bunga mawar sejenis, cuma warnanya aja yang beda. Mawar satu berwarna merah dan satunya lagi berwarna putih. Nah, karena dua mawar yang kamu silangkan itu cuma memiliki satu sifat beda, yaitu warnanya, maka itu disebut persilangan monohibrid.
Contoh Persilangan Monohibrid
Supaya lebih kebayang, kita ambil contoh dari percobaan Mendel tentang persilangan tanaman ercis bunga ungu dan putih ya. Jadi, awalnya ia memotong serbuk sari dari ercis bunga ungu dan menyisakan putiknya. Sebaliknya, pada ercis bunga putih, yang dipotong putiknya aja. Nah, ercis bunga ungu dan ercis bunga putih yang disilangkan ini disebut induk atau parental 1 (P1) ya.
Baca Juga: Peran Tanah dan Organisme Tanah di Games dan Kartun
Ternyata, hasil dari persilangan tersebut menghasilkan keturunan pertama atau filial 1 (F1) berwarna ungu semua. Kemudian, Mendel membiarkan F1 melakukan penyerbukan sendiri, sehingga F1 ini jadi parental 2 (P2).
Nah, keturunan yang didapat ternyata berbeda guys, karena yang ia peroleh ercis bunga ungu dan ercis bunga putih. Hasil keturunan tadi disebut sebagai filial 2 atau F2 ya. Karena ercis bunga ungu tiga kali lebih banyak dibanding ercis bunga putih maka rasionya 3:1.
Kalo aku gambarin jadi kayak gini ya!
Hukum II Mendel (Asortasi Bebas)
Hukum II Mendel disebut juga dengan hukum asortasi bebas. Hal ini disebabkan karena gen di dalam gamet mengalami penggabungan (asortasi) secara bebas saat pembentukan individu baru.
Persilangan Dihibrid
Nah, asortasi itu artinya berpasangan. Hukum II Mendel bisa diamati pada persilangan dihibrid ya. Persilangan dihibrid adalah persilangan dengan 2 sifat beda. Tujuannya, supaya bisa tau nih pewarisan 2 sifat beda ini selalu menghasilkan sifat anakan yang sama kayak induknya atau tidak.
Maksudnya kayak gini, kamu mau menyilangkan dua kacang ercis. Kacang ercis pertama bentuk bijinya bulat dan berwarna hijau. Sedangkan, kacang ercis kedua bentuk bijinya kisut dan warna nya kuning. Karena, ada dua sifat beda disini yaitu bentuk biji dan warna biji, maka disebutnya persilangan dihibrid.
Contoh Persilangan Dihibrid
Oke, sekarang kita bahas nih percobaan mendel dengan dua sifat beda. Jadi, ia menyilangkan biji bulat kuning dengan biji kisut hijau. Biji bulat kuning dan biji kisut hijau ini disebut parental 1 (P1). Ia mengamati bahwa semua keturunan pertamanya (F1) menghasilkan biji bulat warna kuning. Artinya, sifat yang dominan dari 2 biji induk tersebut adalah biji bulat kuning.
Terus, Mendel melakukan penyerbukan sendiri pada keturunan F1. Jadi, untuk parental 2 (P2) semuanya merupakan hasil F1 yaitu biji bulat kuning. Ternyata F2 yang didapatkan bervariasi, ia memperoleh 4 sifat yang berbeda. Yaitu biji kisut kuning, biji bulat kuning, biji kisut hijau, dan biji bulat hijau, dengan rasio 9:3:3:1. Jadi, gitu ya guys maksud dari Hukum I Mendel dan Hukum II Mendel.
Nah, itulah pembahasan mengenai bunyi Hukum Mendel I dan II yang menjelaskan tentang konsep pewarisan sifat pada makhluk hidup. Materi ini berkaitan dengan persilangan monohibrid dan dihibrid yang sudah dipelajari di artikel sebelumnya, ya. Gimana nih, dengan percobaan yang udah dijelasin dengan singkat ini, jadi lebih kebayang kan?
Kalau begitu, supaya kamu bisa lebih paham lagi, aku mau ajak kamu untuk latihan soal-soal di ruangbelajar! Fitur-fitur baru dan keren di dalamnya bisa menambah pemahaman kamu. Jadi tunggu apalagi, belajar sekarang yuk!
Referensi:
Gregor Mendel. [Daring]. Tautan: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gregor-Mendel (diakses pada tanggal 9 September 2021).
Johann Gregor Mendel Father of Genetics. [Daring]. Tautan: http://www.dnaftb.org/1/bio.html (diakses pada tanggal 9 September 2021).
Siti Zubaidah, dkk. (2018). Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam SMP/MTs Kelas IX Semester 1. Jakarta: Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
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<h1 class="content-title">
Mengenal Hukum Mendel tentang Pewarisan Sifat Makhluk Hidup | Biologi Kelas 9 </h1>
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<p class="content-author"><a href="https://www.ruangguru.com/blog/author/kak-efira-mt-saintek" class="">Kak Efira MT Saintek</a> </p>
<p class="content-info"><span>December 5, 2024 • </span> <span>6 minutes read</span></p>
<br />
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<p><img decoding="async" class="aligncenter size-medium" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/f37b4de5-b106-4259-b7de-f092207f7020.png" alt="Konsep Hukum Mendel I dan II tentang Pewarisan Sifat" /></p>
<blockquote>
<p style="text-align: center; font-size: 16px;"><em>Dalam konsep pewarisan sifat, kita akan mengenal Hukum Mendel I dan II. Wah, apa tuh, ya? Yuk, simak penjelasan lengkap mengenai konsep Hukum Mendel di <strong><a href="https://www.ruangguru.com/blog/c/biologi/biologi-smp-kelas-9">artikel Biologi kelas 9</a></strong> ini!</em></p>
</blockquote>
<p style="text-align: center; font-size: 16px;">—</p>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Pernah nggak sih kamu mendengarkan komentar teman atau kerabat dekatmu mengenai kemiripan fisik atau sifat dengan anggota keluargamu yang lain? Contohnya kayak gini nih.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><em>“Sifat kamu mirip sekali dengan ayahmu”,</em></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><em>“Wah, matanya berwarna coklat, persis seperti ibunya”, </em></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><em>“Rambut keritingmu sama persis ya dengan kakakmu”</em>, dan lain sebagainya.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Nah, persamaan dan perbedaan sifat maupun fisik dari orangtua atau induk ke anak atau keturunan, dapat terjadi karena <strong>faktor genetika</strong>. Wah, apa itu genetika? <strong>Genetika adalah ilmu yang mempelajari tentang pewarisan sifat</strong>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Pada artikel sebelumnya, kita udah belajar mengenai konsep pewarisan sifat pada makhluk hidup, ya. Kita tau kalo gen dan kromosom itu berperan penting dalam proses pewarisan sifat. Bagi yang lupa-lupa dikit sama materinya, bisa baca lewat link di bawah ini, yah!</p>
<p><span style="font-weight: bold;">Baca Juga: </span><a href="/blog/konsep-pewarisan-sifat-pada-makhluk-hidup" rel="noopener"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Yuk, Belajar Konsep Pewarisan Sifat pada Makhluk Hidup!</span></a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Kalo di artikel ini, kita fokus ngebahas hukum pewarisan sifat, atau yang biasa dikenal dengan Hukum Mendel. Wah, seperti apa itu, ya? Langsung aja yuk kita simak penjelasan lengkapnya berikut ini!</p>
<p> </p>
<h2><span style="font-size: 18pt;">Siapa Sih Penemu Hukum Mendel Itu?</span></h2>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Sebelumnya, manusia nggak begitu kenal dengan pasti dan benar tentang konsep pewarisan sifat. Sampai akhirnya, muncul nih seorang biarawan dan ahli botani asal Austria, bernama <strong>Gregor Johann Mendel</strong>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><img decoding="async" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; display: block;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/Tahukah%20Kamu%20Gregor%20Johann%20Mendel.jpg" alt="Tahukah Kamu Gregor Johann Mendel" width="600" /></p>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Ia membawa pencerahan tentang <strong><a href="https://www.ruangguru.com/blog/biologi-kelas-12-pola-pola-hereditas">hereditas</a> </strong>atau pewarisan sifat melalui pembuktian prinsip dasar genetika. Nah, pembuktian itu didasari lewat percobaan yang telah dilakukan. Lalu, dari hasil percobaan itu, ia rumuskan menjadi hukum pewarisan sifat, yang dikenal sampai saat ini dengan <strong>Hukum Mendel</strong>.</p>
<p> </p>
<h2><span style="font-size: 18pt;">Percobaan Mendel</span></h2>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Terus, apa sih percobaan yang Mendel lakukan?</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Jadi gini, sekitar abad ke-19 Mendel melakukan percobaannya dengan melakukan hibridisasi/persilangan menggunakan kacang polong atau ercis (Pisum Sativum). Mendel sengaja memilih beberapa kacang ercis dengan karakteristik berbeda. Ia juga melakukan percobaannya bertahun-tahun, untuk memperoleh hasil yang akurat.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Tapi, kenapa ya Mendel memilih kacang ercis sebagai objek percobaan? Nah, dibalik itu semua ada alasannya guys, di antaranya:</p>
<ul>
<li aria-level="1">kacang ercis memiliki siklus hidup yang cepat,</li>
<li aria-level="1">memiliki ciri-ciri yang mudah dibedakan atau sifatnya kontras,</li>
<li aria-level="1">mudah dilakukan penyerbukan silang,</li>
<li aria-level="1">dapat melakukan penyerbukan sendiri, dan</li>
<li aria-level="1">menghasilkan keturunan yang banyak.</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Akhirnya, sekitar tahun 1866, Mendel melaporkan hasil percobaannya. Semua hasilnya ia tulis di dalam jurnal yang berjudul Natural Science Society of Brunn. Berkat penemuannya itu, Mendel dikenal sebagai Bapak Genetika, loh!</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Ternyata, kunci dalam percobaannya yang terkenal sampai sekarang ini adalah melakukan 2 jenis persilangan untuk bisa menentukan hukum pewarisan sifat, yaitu <a style="font-weight: bold;" href="https://www.ruangguru.com/blog/biologi-kelas-12-persilangan-monohibrid-dan-dihibrid-pada-hukum-mendel">persilangan monohibrid dan persilangan dihibrid</a>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Persilangan monohibrid itu ada kaitannya dengan Hukum I Mendel, sedangkan persilangan dihibrid berkaitan dengan Hukum II Mendel. Oleh karena itu, saat ini kita mengenal dua macam Hukum Mendel.</p>
<p> </p>
<h2><span style="font-size: 18pt;">Istilah dalam Pewarisan Sifat</span></h2>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Ohya, sebelum kita bahas lebih lanjut mengenai Hukum I Mendel dan Hukum II Mendel, kamu harus tau dulu nih beberapa istilah di hukum pewarisan sifat.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Istilah ini yang nantinya banyak digunakan dalam konsep pembahasan atau soal-soal. Jadi, supaya kamu mengerti, wajib dihafalkan, ya!</p>
<p><img decoding="async" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; display: block;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/Istilah%20Kata%20dalam%20pewarisan%20sifat.jpg" alt="Istilah Kata dalam pewarisan sifat" width="600" /></p>
<p style="font-weight: bold;">Baca Juga: <a href="/blog/perkembangbiakan-hewan" rel="noopener">Mengenal Perkembangbiakan Generatif dan Vegetatif pada Hewan</a></p>
<p> </p>
<h2><span style="font-size: 18pt;">Hukum I Mendel (Segregasi Bebas)</span></h2>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Hukum I Mendel disebut juga dengan <strong>hukum segregasi bebas</strong>. Ini karena pada hukum ini, gen di dalam alel mengalami pemisahan (segregasi) secara bebas saat pembentukan gamet.</p>
<p><img decoding="async" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; display: block;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/Bunyi%20Hukum%20I%20Mendel.jpg" alt="Bunyi Hukum I Mendel" width="600" /></p>
<p> </p>
<h3><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Persilangan Monohibrid</span></h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Hukum I Mendel ini bisa dibuktikan lewat <strong>persilangan monohibrid</strong>. Apa sih persilangan monohibrid itu? Oke, dari namanya aja “monohibrid”, mono artinya satu, jadi persilangan <strong>monohibrid adalah persilangan dua individu, tapi dengan satu sifat beda</strong>. Sifat yang dimaksud seperti warna bunga yang disilangkan, bentuk biji, tinggi tanaman, dan lainnya.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Misalnya gini, kamu ingin menyilangkan dua bunga mawar sejenis, cuma warnanya aja yang beda. Mawar satu berwarna merah dan satunya lagi berwarna putih. Nah, karena dua mawar yang kamu silangkan itu cuma memiliki satu sifat beda, yaitu warnanya, maka itu disebut persilangan monohibrid.</p>
<p> </p>
<h3><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Contoh Persilangan Monohibrid</span></h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Supaya lebih kebayang, kita ambil contoh dari percobaan Mendel tentang persilangan tanaman ercis bunga ungu dan putih ya. Jadi, awalnya ia memotong serbuk sari dari ercis bunga ungu dan menyisakan putiknya. Sebaliknya, pada ercis bunga putih, yang dipotong putiknya aja. Nah, ercis bunga ungu dan ercis bunga putih yang disilangkan ini disebut induk atau parental 1 (P1) ya.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;">Baca Juga: <a href="/blog/perkembangbiakan-hewan" rel="noopener">Peran Tanah dan Organisme Tanah di Games dan Kartun</a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Ternyata, hasil dari persilangan tersebut menghasilkan keturunan pertama atau filial 1 (F1) berwarna ungu semua. Kemudian, Mendel membiarkan F1 melakukan penyerbukan sendiri, sehingga F1 ini jadi parental 2 (P2).</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Nah, keturunan yang didapat ternyata berbeda guys, karena yang ia peroleh ercis bunga ungu dan ercis bunga putih. Hasil keturunan tadi disebut sebagai filial 2 atau F2 ya. Karena ercis bunga ungu tiga kali lebih banyak dibanding ercis bunga putih maka rasionya 3:1.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Kalo aku gambarin jadi kayak gini ya!</p>
<p><img decoding="async" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; display: block;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/Persilangan%20Monohibrid.jpg" alt="Persilangan Monohibrid" width="600" /></p>
<p> </p>
<h2><span style="font-size: 18pt;">Hukum II Mendel (Asortasi Bebas)</span></h2>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Hukum II Mendel disebut juga dengan <strong>hukum asortasi bebas</strong>. Hal ini disebabkan karena gen di dalam gamet mengalami penggabungan (asortasi) secara bebas saat pembentukan individu baru.</p>
<p><img decoding="async" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; display: block;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/Bunyi%20Hukum%20II%20Mendel.jpg" alt="Bunyi Hukum II Mendel" width="600" /></p>
<p> </p>
<h3><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Persilangan Dihibrid</span></h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Nah, asortasi itu artinya berpasangan. Hukum II Mendel bisa diamati pada <strong>persilangan dihibrid</strong> ya. <strong>Persilangan dihibrid adalah persilangan dengan 2 sifat beda</strong>. Tujuannya, supaya bisa tau nih pewarisan 2 sifat beda ini selalu menghasilkan sifat anakan yang sama kayak induknya atau tidak.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Maksudnya kayak gini, kamu mau menyilangkan dua kacang ercis. Kacang ercis pertama bentuk bijinya bulat dan berwarna hijau. Sedangkan, kacang ercis kedua bentuk bijinya kisut dan warna nya kuning. Karena, ada dua sifat beda disini yaitu bentuk biji dan warna biji, maka disebutnya persilangan dihibrid.</p>
<p> </p>
<h3><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Contoh Persilangan Dihibrid</span></h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Oke, sekarang kita bahas nih percobaan mendel dengan dua sifat beda. Jadi, ia menyilangkan biji bulat kuning dengan biji kisut hijau. Biji bulat kuning dan biji kisut hijau ini disebut parental 1 (P1). Ia mengamati bahwa semua keturunan pertamanya (F1) menghasilkan biji bulat warna kuning. Artinya, sifat yang dominan dari 2 biji induk tersebut adalah biji bulat kuning.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Terus, Mendel melakukan penyerbukan sendiri pada keturunan F1. Jadi, untuk parental 2 (P2) semuanya merupakan hasil F1 yaitu biji bulat kuning. Ternyata F2 yang didapatkan bervariasi, ia memperoleh 4 sifat yang berbeda. Yaitu biji kisut kuning, biji bulat kuning, biji kisut hijau, dan biji bulat hijau, dengan rasio 9:3:3:1. Jadi, gitu ya guys maksud dari Hukum I Mendel dan Hukum II Mendel.</p>
<p><img decoding="async" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; display: block;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/Persilangan%20Dihibrid.jpg" alt="Persilangan Dihibrid" width="600" /></p>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Nah, itulah pembahasan mengenai bunyi Hukum Mendel I dan II yang menjelaskan tentang konsep pewarisan sifat pada makhluk hidup. Materi ini berkaitan dengan persilangan monohibrid dan dihibrid yang sudah dipelajari di artikel sebelumnya, ya. Gimana nih, dengan percobaan yang udah dijelasin dengan singkat ini, jadi lebih kebayang kan?</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Kalau begitu, supaya kamu bisa lebih paham lagi, aku mau ajak kamu untuk latihan soal-soal di <a href="https://www.ruangguru.com/ruangbelajar" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-weight: bold;">ruangbelajar</span></a>! Fitur-fitur baru dan keren di dalamnya bisa menambah pemahaman kamu. Jadi tunggu apalagi, belajar sekarang yuk!</p>
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<p style="font-weight: bold;">Referensi:</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Gregor Mendel. [Daring]. Tautan: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gregor-Mendel (diakses pada tanggal 9 September 2021).</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Johann Gregor Mendel Father of Genetics. [Daring]. Tautan: http://www.dnaftb.org/1/bio.html (diakses pada tanggal 9 September 2021).</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Siti Zubaidah, dkk. (2018). Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam SMP/MTs Kelas IX Semester 1. Jakarta: Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.</p>
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<div class="d-lg-none text-center">
<nav class="footer-menu social">
<p class="title">Ikuti Kami</p>
<a target="_blank" href="https://www.instagram.com/ruangguru/">
<picture>
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/instagram.png?height=60&convert=webp" type="image/webp">
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/instagram.png?height=60" type="image/png">
<img src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/instagram.png" loading="lazy" alt="Logo Instagram Footer" width="32px" height="32px" />
</picture>
</a>
<a target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/ruanggurucom/">
<picture>
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/facebook.png?height=60&convert=webp" type="image/webp">
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/facebook.png?height=60" type="image/png">
<img src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/facebook.png" loading="lazy" alt="Logo Facebook Footer" width="32px" height="32px" />
</picture>
</a>
<a target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/ruangguru/">
<picture>
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/twitter.png?height=60&convert=webp" type="image/webp">
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/twitter.png?height=60" type="image/png">
<img src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/twitter.png" loading=" lazy" alt="Logo Twitter Footer" width="32px" height="32px" />
</picture>
</a>
<a target="_blank" href="https://www.youtube.com/ruangguru">
<picture>
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/youtube.png?height=60&convert=webp" type="image/webp">
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<img src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/youtube.png" loading=" lazy" alt="Logo Youtube Footer" width="32px" height="32px" />
</picture>
</a>
<a target="_blank" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/ruangguru-com">
<picture>
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/linkedin.png?height=60&convert=webp" type="image/webp">
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/linkedin.png?height=60" type="image/png">
<img src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/linkedin.png" loading=" lazy" alt="Logo LinkedIn Footer" width="32px" height="32px" />
</picture>
</a>
<a target="_blank" href="https://www.tiktok.com/@ruangguru">
<picture>
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/tiktok.png?height=60&convert=webp" type="image/webp">
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<img src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/tiktok.png" loading=" lazy" alt="Logo TikTok Footer" width="32px" height="32px" />
</picture>
</a>
</nav>
</div>
<p class="footer-copyright">
© 2026 All Rights Reserved PT. Ruang Raya Indonesia
</p>
</div>
<style>
.bantuan-container {
position: relative;
}
.bantuan-element {
position: fixed;
z-index: 999;
display: flex;
align-items: flex-end;
justify-content: flex-end;
cursor: pointer;
transition: all 0.6s ease;
}
.bantuan-top {
bottom: 11rem;
right: 2rem;
}
.bantuan-bottom {
bottom: 2rem;
right: 2rem;
}
.bantuan-top-2 {
bottom: 15rem;
right: 2rem;
}
.bantuan-top-3 {
bottom: 19rem;
right: 2rem;
}
.bantuan-bottom-2 {
bottom: 5rem;
right: 2rem;
}
.bantuan-bottom-3 {
bottom: 8rem;
right: 2rem;
}
@media (min-width: 768px) {
.bantuan-element img {
width: auto;
transition: all 0.4s ease;
}
.bantuan-top img {
width: 140px;
}
.bantuan-bottom img {
width: 140px;
}
.bantuan-top-2 img,
.bantuan-top-3 img {
width: 140px;
}
.bantuan-bottom-2 img,
.bantuan-bottom-3 img {
width: 140px;
}
.bantuan-element.clicked {
bottom: 9rem;
right: 2.5rem;
}
.bantuan-element.clicked img {
width: auto;
height: 64px;
}
}
@media (max-width: 767px) {
.bantuan-top {
bottom: 8rem;
right: 1rem;
align-items: center;
}
.bantuan-bottom {
bottom: 2rem;
right: 1.25rem;
align-items: center;
}
.bantuan-top-2 {
bottom: 12rem;
right: 1rem;
align-items: center;
}
.bantuan-top-3 {
bottom: 16rem;
right: 1rem;
align-items: center;
}
.bantuan-bottom-2 {
bottom: 5rem;
right: 1.25rem;
align-items: center;
}
.bantuan-bottom-3 {
bottom: 8rem;
right: 1.25rem;
align-items: center;
}
.bantuan-element img {
width: auto;
}
.bantuan-top img,
.bantuan-top-2 img,
.bantuan-top-3 img {
width: 96px;
}
.bantuan-bottom img,
.bantuan-bottom-2 img,
.bantuan-bottom-3 img {
width: 96px;
}
}
.bantuan-element:hover {
transform: scale(1.05);
}
.bantuan-element img {
max-width: 100%;
height: auto;
}
</style>
<div id="bantuan-divs-container" style="position: relative" data-product="ruangguru" data-table="rg_floating_icon"></div>
<script>
class FloatingDivsComponent {
constructor(product = 'ruangguru', table = 'rg_floating_icon') {
this.container = document.getElementById('bantuan-divs-container');
this.floatingElements = [];
this.product = product;
this.table = table;
// Configuration
this.config = {
baseApiUrl: 'https://gw.ruangguru.com/api/v3/rdb/p_ddgy8hjx5dxsqx/rg_banner/views/',
apiKey: 'vLyK3dJrDBRmOwueX2OJXibMkgsUbBk0WS4ua2p1',
maxElements: 2,
zIndexBase: 100,
};
// Build dynamic API URL based on table parameter
this.config.apiUrl = this.buildApiUrl();
this.init();
}
buildApiUrl() {
const baseUrl = this.config.baseApiUrl;
const tableName = this.table || 'rg_floating_icon';
const queryParams =
'offset=0&limit=99999&sort=rankPosition&where=(type,eq,floating)~and(showIn,anyof,blog)~and(hide,is,false)~and(product,eq,' +
this.product +
')&nested%5Bcta%5D%5Bfields%5D=Id,name,ctaId,imageUrl,ctaLink,targetUrl';
return `${baseUrl}${tableName}?${queryParams}`;
}
async init() {
try {
await this.fetchFloatingElements();
this.renderFloatingElements();
} catch (error) {
console.error('Failed to initialize floating divs component:', error);
}
}
async fetchFloatingElements() {
try {
const options = {
method: 'GET',
headers: {
'xc-token': this.config.apiKey || 'vLyK3dJrDBRmOwueX2OJXibMkgsUbBk0WS4ua2p1',
},
};
const urlNoco = this.config.apiUrl;
const response = await fetch(urlNoco, options);
if (!response.ok) {
throw new Error(`HTTP error! status: ${response.status}`);
}
const data = await response.json();
this.floatingElements = this.processApiResponse(data);
} catch (error) {
console.error('Error fetching floating elements:', error);
throw error;
}
}
processApiResponse(data) {
if (!data || !data.list || !Array.isArray(data.list)) {
return [];
}
console.log(data.list);
// Ensure we only get maximum 2 elements
const limitedElements = data.list.slice(0, this.config.maxElements);
return limitedElements;
}
renderFloatingElements() {
if (!this.container || this.floatingElements.length === 0) {
return;
}
// Additional safeguard: ensure we never render more than maxElements
const elementsToRender = this.floatingElements.slice(0, this.config.maxElements);
// Clean up existing elements and their event listeners
this.cleanupExistingElements();
// Clear existing content
this.container.innerHTML = '';
elementsToRender.forEach((element, index) => {
const floatingDiv = this.createFloatingDiv(element, index);
this.container.appendChild(floatingDiv);
});
}
cleanupExistingElements() {
// Clear existing elements (no need for event listener cleanup with CSS approach)
const existingElements = this.container.querySelectorAll('[data-floating-element]');
existingElements.forEach(element => {
element.remove();
});
}
createFloatingDiv(element, index) {
const div = document.createElement('div');
const cta = element.cta[0]; // Use the first CTA
// Add data attribute for cleanup tracking
div.setAttribute('data-floating-element', 'true');
// Apply CSS classes based on rankPosition
const positionClass = this.getPositionClass(element.rankPosition, index);
div.className = `bantuan-element ${positionClass}`;
div.style.zIndex = this.config.zIndexBase + index;
// Create the link and image
const link = document.createElement('a');
link.href = 'https://cta.ruangguru.com/' + cta.ctaId || '#';
link.target = '_blank';
// Add tracking attributes
link.setAttribute('data-tracking-event-type', 'landing_page__core__item_click');
link.setAttribute(
'data-tracking-context',
JSON.stringify({
product_name: this.product,
cta_action: 'redirection',
cta_action_detail: link.href,
item_type: 'floating',
item_name: element.name || 'Floating element',
item_category: 'payment',
item_position: index,
item_serial: null,
section_type: 'floating_item',
section_position: 'body',
section_name: 'floating_item',
})
);
const img = document.createElement('img');
img.src = element.imageUrl + '?h=200&convert=webp';
img.alt = element.name || 'Floating element';
img.loading = 'lazy';
// Add click tracking
link.addEventListener('click', () => {
this.trackClick(element, cta);
});
link.appendChild(img);
div.appendChild(link);
return div;
}
getPositionClass(rankPosition, index) {
// Define positioning classes based on rankPosition
if (rankPosition === 1) {
return 'bantuan-top'; // Top position
} else if (rankPosition === 2) {
return 'bantuan-bottom'; // Bottom position
} else {
// For additional elements, distribute them evenly
return `bantuan-${index % 2 === 0 ? 'top' : 'bottom'}-${Math.floor(index / 2) + 1}`;
}
}
trackClick(element, cta) {
// Implement click tracking logic here
console.log('Floating element clicked:', {
elementId: element.Id,
elementName: cta.name,
ctaId: cta.ctaId,
targetUrl: cta.targetUrl,
});
}
// Public method to manually refresh
async refresh() {
try {
await this.fetchFloatingElements();
this.renderFloatingElements();
} catch (error) {
console.error('Failed to refresh floating elements:', error);
throw error;
}
}
// Public method to get current floating elements
getFloatingElements() {
return [...this.floatingElements];
}
}
// Initialize the component when DOM is ready
document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => {
// Get product and table parameters from data attributes
const container = document.getElementById('bantuan-divs-container');
const product = container.getAttribute('data-product') || 'ruangguru';
const table = container.getAttribute('data-table') || 'rg_floating_icon';
new FloatingDivsComponent(product, table);
});
// Export for use in other modules if needed
if (typeof module !== 'undefined' && module.exports) {
module.exports = FloatingDivsComponent;
}
</script> <div id="wp-install-nudge" style="
position: fixed;
bottom: 0rem;
right: 0;
z-index: 999;
cursor: pointer;
"></div>
<script>
(function (w, d, s, o, f, js, fjs) {
w['Sales-Nudge-Widget'] = o; w[o] = w[o] || function () { (w[o].q = w[o].q || []).push(arguments) };
js = d.createElement(s), fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];
js.id = o; js.src = f; js.async = 1; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs);
}(window, document, 'script', 'wpInstallNudge', 'https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/sales-nudge/6198a95130/dist/widget.js'));
wpInstallNudge('init', { targetElementId: 'wp-install-nudge', clientTarget: 'ruangguru_blog' });
</script>
<script>
// note: disabled due to auto reload page
// var lastScrollTop = 0;
// $(window).scroll(function(event){
// var st = $(this).scrollTop();
// if (st > lastScrollTop){
// $('#wp-install-nudge').slideDown( "slow", function() {});
// } else {
// $('#wp-install-nudge').slideUp( "slow", function() {});
// }
// lastScrollTop = st;
// });
// $(document).ready(function () {
// $("#wp-install-nudge").hide();
// });
$('#wp-install-nudge').click(function(){
Analytics.track("promotion__install_nudge__click",
{
user_email: "ruangguru@blog.com",
cta_link: widgetData.dataConfig.target_link
}).catch((err) => {
console.log("tracker error", err);
});
});
</script>
</footer>
<div id="__next"></div>
<script type="speculationrules">
{"prefetch":[{"source":"document","where":{"and":[{"href_matches":"\/blog\/*"},{"not":{"href_matches":["\/blog\/wp-*.php","\/blog\/wp-admin\/*","\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/*","\/blog\/wp-content\/*","\/blog\/wp-content\/plugins\/*","\/blog\/wp-content\/themes\/ruangguru\/*","\/blog\/*\\?(.+)"]}},{"not":{"selector_matches":"a[rel~=\"nofollow\"]"}},{"not":{"selector_matches":".no-prefetch, .no-prefetch a"}}]},"eagerness":"conservative"}]}
</script>
<script>
async function getCtaDetails(ctaIds) {
const endpoint =
" https://gw.ruangguru.com/api/v3/rdb/p_ddgy8hjx5dxsqx/CTA/views/CTA?offset=0&limit=10&where=(ctaId,in," + ctaIds.toString() + ")";
try {
const response = await fetch(endpoint, {
headers: {
"xc-token": "-hG2nBDJzSj0agSgNtcJx97M4F02y54nUMoY6plJ",
},
});
const data = await response.json();
const ctaList = data?.list || [];
const ctaMap = new Map();
for (const ctaData of ctaList) {
ctaMap.set(ctaData.ctaId, ctaData);
}
return ctaMap;
} catch (error) {
console.error("Error fetching CTA details:", error);
return new Map();
}
}
async function replaceCTA() {
const regex = /{{cta\((‘(.*?)’|“(.*?)”)\)}}/g;
const bodyHTML = document.body.innerHTML;
const matches = Array.from(bodyHTML.matchAll(regex));
const ctaIds = matches.map((match) => {
let ctaId = match[2] ?? match[3];
return ctaId;
});
const ctaMap = await getCtaDetails(ctaIds);
const replacedHTML = bodyHTML.replace(regex, (match, _inner, ctaId1, ctaId2) => {
const ctaId = ctaId1 ?? ctaId2;
const ctaData = ctaMap.get(ctaId);
if (ctaData) {
return `<a href="https://cta.ruangguru.com/${ctaData.ctaId}" target="_${ctaData.targetType}" style="position:relative;display:inline-block;">
<img src="${ctaData.imageUrl}" loading="lazy" alt="${ctaData.altText}" />
</a>`;
} else {
return match;
}
});
document.body.innerHTML = replacedHTML;
}
</script>
<meta name="author" content="Ruangguru Tech Team">
<!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-PVNLZFT" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>
<!-- Tracker -->
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/landing-page-web/public/staticpages/global-assets/js/cta.js"></script>
<script src="https://unpkg.com/@dotlottie/player-component@latest/dist/dotlottie-player.mjs" type="module"></script>
</body>
</html>