Pada artikel Biologi kelas 12 kali ini, kamu akan mempelajari tentang berbagai macam pola dalam pewarisan sifat, di antaranya pautan gen, pindah silang, gagal berpisah, dan gen letal.
—
Pernah nggak sih kamu bertanya-tanya, kenapa ya bentuk hidungmu bisa mirip dengan bentuk hidung ayahmu. Atau, kok bisa sih dalam satu keluarga, hanya kamu yang memiliki postur tubuh yang mirip dengan ibumu.
Hmm, kamu tahu nggak nih kalau ternyata, semua itu ada kaitannya lho dengan materi pewarisan sifat yang sudah kita pelajari pada pembahasan sebelumnya. Hayo, siapa yang masih ingat?
Perlu kamu ketahui, setiap gen yang ada di dalam tubuh kita membawa materi genetik yang diwariskan dari induk kepada keturunannya. Nah, hal inilah yang menyebabkan kenapa kita bisa memiliki ciri atau sifat yang mirip bahkan sama dengan orang tua kita.
Pewarisan sifat dari orang tua kepada anak-anaknya ini disebut dengan istilah hereditas. Pada proses terjadinya pewarisan sifat, terdapat bentuk-bentuk tertentu atau pola-pola dalam mewariskannya.
Ayo kita ketahui apa saja macam-macam pola pewarisan sifat itu pada artikel di bawah ini!
1. Pautan Gen (Gene Linkage)
Pola pewarisan sifat yang pertama adalah pautan gen. Setiap kromosom mengandung gen yang tersimpan di tempat khusus yang disebut lokus. Gen-gen ini dapat berada pada kromosom yang sama atau kromosom yang berbeda.
Nah, gen-gen yang berada dalam satu kromosom homolog yang sama dan letaknya saling berdekatan ini yang disebut sebagai pautan gen (gene linkage). Berikut ini merupakan contoh gen yang mengalami pautan dan gen yang tidak mengalami pautan.
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Akibat letaknya yang saling berdekatan, gen-gen tersebut akan tetap bersama sampai saat pembentukan gamet (sel kelamin).
Pautan dari dua macam gen atau lebih akan menghasilkan jumlah gamet yang lebih sedikit dibandingkan dengan gen-gen yang tidak berpautan. Oleh karena itu, keturunan yang dihasilkan akan memiliki perbandingan fenotip dan genotip yang lebih sedikit pula.
Contoh kasus pautan gen dapat kamu temui pada persilangan tanaman ercis pada gambar di bawah ini:
Persilangan ercis bunga ungu pollen lonjong (PPLL) dengan ercis bunga merah pollen bulat (ppll) akan menghasilkan keturunan pertamanya (F1) yaitu ercis bunga ungu pollen lonjong (PpLl).
Ketika dilakukan persilangan kembali pada antar sesama F1, maka akan menghasilkan keturunan (F2) dengan perbandingan fenotip 3 : 1. Hal ini disebabkan karena adanya pautan antara gen P dengan gen L, serta alelnya yaitu gen p dengan gen l. Akibatnya, pada F2 hanya terbentuk dua macam gamet, yaitu PL dan pl.
2. Pindah Silang (Crossing Over)
Pola pewarisan sifat yang kedua adalah pindah silang. Pindah silang (crossing over) adalah peristiwa pertukaran segmen kromatid yang bukan saudaranya (non-sister chromatids) dari sepasang kromosom homolog.
Peristiwa pindah silang terjadi saat pembelahan meiosis I, yaitu pada akhir profase I atau awal metafase I. Pada saat itu, satu buah kromatid akan membelah menjadi dua. Peristiwa pindah silang umumnya terjadi pada organisme seperti manusia, tumbuhan, dan juga hewan.
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Peristiwa pindah silang akan menghasilkan keturunan dengan sifat yang baru. Hal ini disebabkan karena adanya rekombinasi gen, yaitu penggabungan dari sebagian gen induk jantan dengan sebagian gen induk betina pada saat proses fertilisasi (pembuahan), sehingga menghasilkan susunan pasangan gen yang berbeda dari gen-gen induknya.
Nah, kamu tahu nggak, ternyata kita bisa menghitung nilai persentase rekombinasi dari hasil terjadinya pindah silang, lho! Caranya, dengan menggunakan rumus di bawah ini, nih.
Sekarang, ayo kita coba kerjakan bersama-sama contoh soal di bawah ini, ya.
Contoh Soal Pindah Silang
Hasil persilangan antara mangga besar manis (BbMm) dengan mangga kecil asam (bbmm) memperoleh hasil sebagai berikut:
Besar asam = 150
Besar manis = 750
Kecil manis = 100
Kecil asam = 500
Tentukan nilai pindah silangnya?
Pembahasan:
Diketahui bahwa mangga besar manis dan mangga kecil asam adalah parental, sedangkan mangga besar asam dan mangga kecil manis merupakan rekombinan. Jadi, nilai pindah silangnya adalah
3. Gagal Berpisah (Non Disjunction)
Selanjutnya adalah gagal berpisah. Pada pembelahan meiosis, kromosom-kromosom yang telah mengganda akan ditarik menuju kutub sel oleh benang-benang spindel yang menempel pada sentromer. Dalam keadaan normal, kromosom-kromosom tersebut akan berpisah dan menuju ke kutub sel yang berlawanan.
Akan tetapi, terdapat suatu kasus di mana kromosom mengalami gagal berpisah, sehingga semua kromosom hanya akan tertarik ke salah satu kutub sel saja.
Akibatnya, gamet yang terbentuk akan mengalami penambahan atau pengurangan jumlah kromosom. Peristiwa ini dapat terjadi pada meiosis I maupun meiosis II.
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Berikut ini merupakan contoh kelainan jumlah kromosom yang diakibatkan oleh peristiwa gagal berpisah, yaitu:
a. Aneuploidi
Aneuploidi adalah peristiwa perubahan jumlah kromosom yang hanya terjadi pada pasangan kromosom tertentu. Perubahan jumlah kromosom ini dapat berupa penambahan jumlah kromosom atau pengurangan jumlah kromosom.
Aneuploidi dibedakan menjadi beberapa macam berdasarkan perubahan jumlah kromosomnya, di antaranya monosomi (2n-1), nulisomi (2n-2), trisomi (2n+1), dan tetrasomi (2n+2).
Contoh aneuploidi yang umum terjadi pada manusia adalah kasus trisomi 13 atau sindrom Patau.
b. Euploidi
Euploidi adalah peristiwa perubahan jumlah kromosom yang terjadi pada seluruh pasangan kromosom. Hal ini menyebabkan jumlah kromosom individu dengan kasus euploidi akan senilai dengan kelipatan kromosom haploidnya.
Berdasarkan jumlah kelipatan kromosomnya, euploidi dibedakan menjadi triploid (3n), tetraploid (4n), pentaploid (5n), dan seterusnya.
4. Gen Letal
Pola pewarisan sifat yang terakhir adalah gen letal. Gen letal adalah gen yang menyebabkan kematian individu dalam keadaan homozigot, sedangkan dalam keadaan heterozigot, seorang individu dapat bersifat normal atau subletal.
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Terdapat dua macam gen letal yang perlu kamu ketahui, yaitu:
a. Gen Letal Dominan
Gen letal dominan merupakan gen yang menyebabkan kematian individu dalam keadaan homozigot dominan. Sedangkan dalam keadaan heterozigot, seorang individu dapat bersifat subletal yang mengakibatkan terjadinya kelainan.
Contoh kasus gen letal dominan adalah gen yang menyebabkan kaki dan sayap pendek (redep) pada ayam, gen warna rambut kuning pada tikus, gen Huntington’s Disease, dan gen yang menyebabkan pemendekan ruas-ruas tulang jari (brakidaktili) pada manusia.
Ayam redep (sumber: jpnn.com)
b. Gen Letal Resesif
Sementara itu, gen letal resesif adalah gen yang menyebabkan kematian individu dalam keadaan homozigot resesif. Sedangkan dalam keadaan heterozigot, seorang individu dapat bersifat carrier (pembawa sifat) yang akan diwariskan kepada keturunannya.
Contoh kasus gen letal resesif adalah gen yang menyebabkan kelainan albino pada tanaman jagung.
Jagung albino (sumber: jungseed.com)
Bagaimana, nih? Sekarang, kamu sudah tahu kan apa saja macam-macam pola hereditas itu. Jadi, pola-pola hereditas terdiri dari pautan gen, pindah silang, gagal berpisah, dan gen letal.
Hmm, perlu diakui, materi kali ini memang agak sedikit rumit, ya. Tapi, jika kamu belajar dengan tekun, percaya deh, tidak hanya materi ini saja, bahkan semua materi pasti bisa kamu taklukkan dengan mudah, lho!
Selain itu, jangan ragu-ragu nih untuk tanyakan materi mana yang menurutmu masih sangat sulit untuk dipahami di roboguru Plus. Penasaran? Yuk, gabung sekarang!
Referensi:
Irnaningtyas. (2018). Biologi untuk SMA/MA Kelas XII Kurikulum 2013 Revisi. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Sumber foto:
Foto ‘Ayam Redep’ [daring] Tautan: https://www.jpnn.com/news/ayam-kate-asal-malaysia-makin-digemari-di-bandung
Foto ‘Jagung Albino’ [daring] Tautan: https://www.jungseed.com/product/J01860/513
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<h1 class="content-title">
4 Macam Pola Hereditas pada Makhluk Hidup | Biologi Kelas 12 </h1>
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<p class="content-author"><a href="https://www.ruangguru.com/blog/author/hani-ammariah" class="">Hani Ammariah</a> </p>
<p class="content-info"><span>November 22, 2024 • </span> <span>6 minutes read</span></p>
<br />
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<p><img decoding="async" style="width: 820px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; display: block;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/Pola-Pola%20Hereditas%20-%20Biologi%20Kelas%2012-02%20(2).jpg" alt="Pola-Pola Hereditas | Biologi Kelas 12" /></p>
<blockquote>
<p style="text-align: center; font-size: 16px;"><em>Pada <a style="font-weight: bold;" href="https://www.ruangguru.com/blog/c/biologi/biologi-sma-kelas-12" rel="noopener">artikel Biologi kelas 12</a> kali ini, kamu akan mempelajari tentang berbagai macam pola dalam pewarisan sifat, di antaranya pautan gen, pindah silang, gagal berpisah, dan gen letal.</em></p>
</blockquote>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em>—</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Pernah <em>nggak sih</em> kamu bertanya-tanya, kenapa ya bentuk hidungmu bisa mirip dengan bentuk hidung ayahmu. Atau, <em>kok</em> bisa <em>sih</em> dalam satu keluarga, hanya kamu yang memiliki postur tubuh yang mirip dengan ibumu.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><em>Hmm</em>, kamu tahu <em>nggak nih</em> kalau ternyata, semua itu ada kaitannya <em>lho</em> dengan materi <strong><a href="/blog/biologi-kelas-12-persilangan-monohibrid-dan-dihibrid-pada-hukum-mendel" rel="noopener">pewarisan sifat</a></strong> yang sudah kita pelajari pada pembahasan sebelumnya. <em>Hayo</em>, siapa yang masih ingat?</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Perlu kamu ketahui, setiap gen yang ada di dalam tubuh kita membawa materi genetik yang diwariskan dari induk kepada keturunannya. <em>Nah</em>, hal inilah yang menyebabkan kenapa kita bisa memiliki ciri atau sifat yang mirip bahkan sama dengan orang tua kita.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Pewarisan sifat dari orang tua kepada anak-anaknya ini disebut dengan istilah <strong>hereditas</strong>. Pada proses terjadinya pewarisan sifat, terdapat bentuk-bentuk tertentu atau pola-pola dalam mewariskannya.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Ayo kita ketahui apa saja macam-macam pola pewarisan sifat itu pada artikel di bawah ini!</p>
<p> </p>
<h2 style="font-size: 20px;"><span style="font-size: 18pt;">1. Pautan Gen (<em>Gene Linkage</em>)</span></h2>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Pola pewarisan sifat yang pertama adalah pautan gen. Setiap kromosom mengandung gen yang tersimpan di tempat khusus yang disebut <strong>lokus</strong>. Gen-gen ini dapat berada pada kromosom yang sama atau kromosom yang berbeda.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><em>Nah</em>, <strong>gen-gen yang berada dalam satu kromosom homolog yang sama dan letaknya saling berdekatan</strong> ini yang disebut sebagai pautan gen (<em>gene linkage</em>). Berikut ini merupakan contoh gen yang mengalami pautan dan gen yang tidak mengalami pautan.</p>
<p><strong>Baca Juga: <a href="/blog/biologi-kelas-12-pengertian-dan-perbedaan-fotosintesis-dan-kemosintesis" rel="noopener">Perbedaan Fotosintesis dan Kemosintesis Serta Proses Terjadinya</a></strong></p>
<p><img decoding="async" style="width: 600px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; display: block;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/Pola-Pola%20Hereditas%20-%20Biologi%20Kelas%2012-08.jpg" alt="Contoh gen yang pautan dan tidak pautan" width="600" /></p>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Akibat letaknya yang saling berdekatan, gen-gen tersebut <strong>akan tetap bersama sampai saat pembentukan gamet (sel kelamin)</strong>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Pautan dari dua macam gen atau lebih akan <span style="font-weight: bold;">menghasilkan jumlah gamet yang lebih sedikit dibandingkan dengan gen-gen yang tidak berpautan.</span> Oleh karena itu, keturunan yang dihasilkan akan memiliki perbandingan fenotip dan genotip yang lebih sedikit pula.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Contoh kasus pautan gen dapat kamu temui pada persilangan tanaman ercis pada gambar di bawah ini:</p>
<p><img decoding="async" style="width: 600px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; display: block;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/Pola-Pola%20Hereditas%20-%20Biologi%20Kelas%2012-06.jpg" alt="Contoh kasus pautan pada tanaman ercis" width="600" /></p>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Persilangan ercis bunga ungu pollen lonjong (PPLL) dengan ercis bunga merah pollen bulat (ppll) akan menghasilkan keturunan pertamanya (F1) yaitu ercis bunga ungu pollen lonjong (PpLl).</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Ketika dilakukan persilangan kembali pada antar sesama F1, maka akan menghasilkan keturunan (F2) dengan perbandingan fenotip 3 : 1. Hal ini disebabkan karena adanya pautan antara gen P dengan gen L, serta alelnya yaitu gen p dengan gen l. Akibatnya, pada F2 hanya terbentuk dua macam gamet, yaitu PL dan pl.</p>
<p> </p>
<h2 style="font-size: 20px;"><span style="font-size: 18pt;">2. Pindah Silang (<em>Crossing Over</em>)</span></h2>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Pola pewarisan sifat yang kedua adalah pindah silang. Pindah silang (<em>crossing over</em>) adalah peristiwa <strong>pertukaran segmen </strong><a style="font-weight: bold;" href="/blog/biologi-kelas-12-mengenal-gen-dna-dan-kromosom" rel="noopener">kromatid </a><strong>yang bukan saudaranya (<em>non-sister chromatids</em>) dari sepasang kromosom homolog</strong>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Peristiwa pindah silang <strong>terjadi saat pembelahan meiosis I</strong>, yaitu pada akhir profase I atau awal metafase I. Pada saat itu, satu buah kromatid akan membelah menjadi dua. Peristiwa pindah silang umumnya terjadi pada organisme seperti manusia, tumbuhan, dan juga hewan.</p>
<p><img decoding="async" style="width: 600px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; display: block;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/Pola-Pola%20Hereditas%20-%20Biologi%20Kelas%2012-10.jpg" alt="Pindah silang pada kromosom homolog" width="600" /></p>
<p><strong>Baca Juga: <a href="/blog/biologi-kelas-12-penyimpangan-semu-hukum-mendel" rel="noopener">Macam-Macam Penyimpangan Semu pada Hukum Mendel</a></strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Peristiwa pindah silang akan <span style="font-weight: bold;">menghasilkan keturunan dengan sifat yang baru</span>. Hal ini disebabkan karena adanya <span style="font-weight: bold;">rekombinasi gen</span>, yaitu penggabungan dari sebagian gen induk jantan dengan sebagian gen induk betina pada saat proses fertilisasi (pembuahan), sehingga menghasilkan susunan pasangan gen yang berbeda dari gen-gen induknya.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><em>Nah</em>, kamu tahu <em>nggak</em>, ternyata kita bisa menghitung nilai persentase rekombinasi dari hasil terjadinya pindah silang, <em>lho</em>! Caranya, dengan menggunakan rumus di bawah ini, <em>nih</em>.</p>
<p><img decoding="async" style="width: 600px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; display: block;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/Pola-Pola%20Hereditas%20-%20Biologi%20Kelas%2012-11.jpg" alt="Rumus Nilai Pindah Silang" width="600" /></p>
<p> </p>
<p>Sekarang, ayo kita coba kerjakan bersama-sama contoh soal di bawah ini, ya.</p>
<p> </p>
<p style="font-size: 16px;"><strong>Contoh Soal Pindah Silang</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Hasil persilangan antara mangga besar manis (BbMm) dengan mangga kecil asam (bbmm) memperoleh hasil sebagai berikut:</p>
<p>Besar asam = 150</p>
<p>Besar manis = 750</p>
<p>Kecil manis = 100</p>
<p>Kecil asam = 500</p>
<p>Tentukan nilai pindah silangnya?</p>
<p><strong>Pembahasan:</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Diketahui bahwa mangga besar manis dan mangga kecil asam adalah parental, sedangkan mangga besar asam dan mangga kecil manis merupakan rekombinan. Jadi, nilai pindah silangnya adalah</p>
<p><img decoding="async" style="width: 635px; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/penyelesaian%20nps.png" alt="pola-pola hereditas" width="635" /></p>
<p> </p>
<h2 style="font-size: 20px;"><span style="font-size: 18pt;">3. Gagal Berpisah (<em>Non Disjunction</em>)</span></h2>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Selanjutnya adalah gagal berpisah. Pada <a style="font-weight: bold;" href="/blog/biologi-kelas-12-apa-itu-meiosis" rel="noopener">pembelahan meiosis</a>, kromosom-kromosom yang telah mengganda akan ditarik menuju kutub sel oleh benang-benang spindel yang menempel pada sentromer. Dalam keadaan normal, kromosom-kromosom tersebut akan berpisah dan menuju ke kutub sel yang berlawanan.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Akan tetapi, terdapat suatu kasus di mana <strong>kromosom mengalami gagal berpisah</strong>, sehingga <strong>semua kromosom hanya akan tertarik ke salah satu kutub sel saja</strong>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Akibatnya, gamet yang terbentuk akan mengalami penambahan atau pengurangan jumlah kromosom. <span style="font-weight: bold;">Peristiwa ini dapat terjadi pada meiosis I maupun meiosis II.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><img decoding="async" style="width: 600px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; display: block;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/Pola-Pola%20Hereditas%20-%20Biologi%20Kelas%2012-07%20(1).jpg" alt="Peristiwa gagal berpisah meiosis I dan meiosis II" width="600" /></p>
<p><strong>Baca Juga: <a href="/blog/pengertian-dan-sifat-sifat-enzim" rel="noopener">Berkenalan dengan Enzim: Fungsi, Struktur, dan Sifatnya</a></strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Berikut ini merupakan contoh kelainan jumlah kromosom yang diakibatkan oleh peristiwa gagal berpisah, yaitu:</p>
<p> </p>
<h3 style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">a. Aneuploidi</span></h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Aneuploidi adalah peristiwa <strong>perubahan jumlah kromosom yang hanya terjadi pada pasangan kromosom tertentu</strong>. Perubahan jumlah kromosom ini dapat berupa penambahan jumlah kromosom atau pengurangan jumlah kromosom.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Aneuploidi dibedakan menjadi beberapa macam berdasarkan perubahan jumlah kromosomnya, di antaranya <strong>monosomi (2n-1), nulisomi (2n-2), trisomi (2n+1), dan tetrasomi (2n+2)</strong>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Contoh aneuploidi yang umum terjadi pada manusia adalah kasus trisomi 13 atau <strong>sindrom Patau</strong>.</p>
<p> </p>
<h3 style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">b. Euploidi</span></h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Euploidi adalah <strong>peristiwa perubahan jumlah kromosom yang terjadi pada seluruh pasangan kromosom</strong>. Hal ini menyebabkan <strong>jumlah kromosom individu</strong> dengan kasus euploidi <strong>akan senilai dengan kelipatan kromosom haploidnya</strong>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Berdasarkan jumlah kelipatan kromosomnya, euploidi dibedakan menjadi triploid (3n), tetraploid (4n), pentaploid (5n), dan seterusnya.</p>
<p> </p>
<h2 style="font-size: 20px;"><span style="font-size: 18pt;">4. Gen Letal</span></h2>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Pola pewarisan sifat yang terakhir adalah gen letal. Gen letal adalah gen yang <strong>menyebabkan kematian individu dalam keadaan homozigot</strong>, sedangkan dalam keadaan <strong>heterozigot</strong>, seorang individu dapat bersifat <strong>normal atau subletal</strong>.</p>
<p><img decoding="async" style="width: 600px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; display: block;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/Pola-Pola%20Hereditas%20-%20Biologi%20Kelas%2012-09.jpg" alt="Dampak Gen Letal" width="600" /></p>
<p><strong>Baca Juga: <a href="/blog/biologi-kelas-12-apa-itu-mitosis" rel="noopener">Mempelajari Tahap-Tahap Pembelahan Mitosis</a></strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p>Terdapat dua macam gen letal yang perlu kamu ketahui, yaitu:</p>
<p> </p>
<h3 style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">a. Gen Letal Dominan</span></h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Gen letal dominan merupakan gen yang <strong>menyebabkan kematian individu dalam keadaan homozigot dominan</strong>. Sedangkan dalam keadaan heterozigot, seorang individu dapat bersifat subletal yang mengakibatkan terjadinya kelainan.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Contoh kasus gen letal dominan adalah gen yang menyebabkan kaki dan sayap pendek (<em>redep</em>) pada ayam, gen warna rambut kuning pada tikus, gen <em>Huntington’s Disease</em>, dan gen yang menyebabkan pemendekan ruas-ruas tulang jari (brakidaktili) pada manusia.</p>
<p><img decoding="async" style="width: 600px; display: block; margin: 0px auto;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/pola%20pola%20hereditas.jpg" alt="ayam kate - contoh kasus gen letal dominan - pola-pola hereditas" width="600" /></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em>Ayam redep (sumber: jpnn.com)</em></p>
<p> </p>
<h3 style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">b. Gen Letal Resesif</span></h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Sementara itu, gen letal resesif adalah gen yang <strong>menyebabkan kematian individu dalam keadaan homozigot resesif</strong>. Sedangkan dalam keadaan heterozigot, seorang individu dapat bersifat <em>carrier</em> (pembawa sifat) yang akan diwariskan kepada keturunannya.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Contoh kasus gen letal resesif adalah gen yang menyebabkan kelainan albino pada tanaman jagung.</p>
<p><img decoding="async" style="width: 600px; display: block; margin: 0px auto;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/jagung%20pola%20hereditas.jpg" alt="jagung albino - contoh kasus gen letal resesif - pola-pola hereditas" width="600" /></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em>Jagung albino (sumber: jungseed.com) </em></p>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Bagaimana, <em>nih</em>? Sekarang, kamu sudah tahu <em>kan </em>apa saja macam-macam pola hereditas itu. Jadi, pola-pola hereditas terdiri dari pautan gen, pindah silang, gagal berpisah, dan gen letal.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><em>Hmm</em>, perlu diakui, materi kali ini memang agak sedikit rumit, ya. Tapi, jika kamu belajar dengan tekun, percaya <em>deh</em>, tidak hanya materi ini saja, bahkan semua materi pasti bisa kamu taklukkan dengan mudah, <em>lho</em>!</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Selain itu, jangan ragu-ragu <em>nih</em> untuk tanyakan materi mana yang menurutmu masih sangat sulit untuk dipahami di <a href="https://roboguru.ruangguru.com/roboguru-plus"><span style="font-weight: bold;">roboguru Plus</span></a>. Penasaran? <em>Yuk</em>, gabung sekarang!</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a class="rg-cta" style="text-align: center;" href="https://www.ruangguru.com/roboguruplus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img decoding="async" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/cta/a0a38c01-0a03-4469-8a8f-60dc108e3138.png" alt="IDN CTA Blog roboguru plus Ruangguru" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>Referensi:</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Irnaningtyas. (2018). Biologi untuk SMA/MA Kelas XII Kurikulum 2013 Revisi. Jakarta: Erlangga.</p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>Sumber foto:</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Foto ‘Ayam Redep’ [daring] Tautan: https://www.jpnn.com/news/ayam-kate-asal-malaysia-makin-digemari-di-bandung</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Foto <span style="font-weight: normal;">‘</span>Jagung Albino’ [daring] Tautan: https://www.jungseed.com/product/J01860/513</p>
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<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://appgallery.huawei.com/#/app/C102352375">
<img src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/huawei.png" loading="lazy" alt="Button AppGallery Footer " />
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</nav>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="d-lg-none text-center">
<nav class="footer-menu social">
<p class="title">Ikuti Kami</p>
<a target="_blank" href="https://www.instagram.com/ruangguru/">
<picture>
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/instagram.png?height=60&convert=webp" type="image/webp">
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/instagram.png?height=60" type="image/png">
<img src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/instagram.png" loading="lazy" alt="Logo Instagram Footer" width="32px" height="32px" />
</picture>
</a>
<a target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/ruanggurucom/">
<picture>
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/facebook.png?height=60&convert=webp" type="image/webp">
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<img src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/facebook.png" loading="lazy" alt="Logo Facebook Footer" width="32px" height="32px" />
</picture>
</a>
<a target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/ruangguru/">
<picture>
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/twitter.png?height=60&convert=webp" type="image/webp">
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/twitter.png?height=60" type="image/png">
<img src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/twitter.png" loading=" lazy" alt="Logo Twitter Footer" width="32px" height="32px" />
</picture>
</a>
<a target="_blank" href="https://www.youtube.com/ruangguru">
<picture>
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/youtube.png?height=60&convert=webp" type="image/webp">
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<img src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/youtube.png" loading=" lazy" alt="Logo Youtube Footer" width="32px" height="32px" />
</picture>
</a>
<a target="_blank" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/ruangguru-com">
<picture>
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/linkedin.png?height=60&convert=webp" type="image/webp">
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<img src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/linkedin.png" loading=" lazy" alt="Logo LinkedIn Footer" width="32px" height="32px" />
</picture>
</a>
<a target="_blank" href="https://www.tiktok.com/@ruangguru">
<picture>
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/tiktok.png?height=60&convert=webp" type="image/webp">
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</picture>
</a>
</nav>
</div>
<p class="footer-copyright">
© 2026 All Rights Reserved PT. Ruang Raya Indonesia
</p>
</div>
<style>
.bantuan-container {
position: relative;
}
.bantuan-element {
position: fixed;
z-index: 999;
display: flex;
align-items: flex-end;
justify-content: flex-end;
cursor: pointer;
transition: all 0.6s ease;
}
.bantuan-top {
bottom: 11rem;
right: 2rem;
}
.bantuan-bottom {
bottom: 2rem;
right: 2rem;
}
.bantuan-top-2 {
bottom: 15rem;
right: 2rem;
}
.bantuan-top-3 {
bottom: 19rem;
right: 2rem;
}
.bantuan-bottom-2 {
bottom: 5rem;
right: 2rem;
}
.bantuan-bottom-3 {
bottom: 8rem;
right: 2rem;
}
@media (min-width: 768px) {
.bantuan-element img {
width: auto;
transition: all 0.4s ease;
}
.bantuan-top img {
width: 140px;
}
.bantuan-bottom img {
width: 140px;
}
.bantuan-top-2 img,
.bantuan-top-3 img {
width: 140px;
}
.bantuan-bottom-2 img,
.bantuan-bottom-3 img {
width: 140px;
}
.bantuan-element.clicked {
bottom: 9rem;
right: 2.5rem;
}
.bantuan-element.clicked img {
width: auto;
height: 64px;
}
}
@media (max-width: 767px) {
.bantuan-top {
bottom: 8rem;
right: 1rem;
align-items: center;
}
.bantuan-bottom {
bottom: 2rem;
right: 1.25rem;
align-items: center;
}
.bantuan-top-2 {
bottom: 12rem;
right: 1rem;
align-items: center;
}
.bantuan-top-3 {
bottom: 16rem;
right: 1rem;
align-items: center;
}
.bantuan-bottom-2 {
bottom: 5rem;
right: 1.25rem;
align-items: center;
}
.bantuan-bottom-3 {
bottom: 8rem;
right: 1.25rem;
align-items: center;
}
.bantuan-element img {
width: auto;
}
.bantuan-top img,
.bantuan-top-2 img,
.bantuan-top-3 img {
width: 96px;
}
.bantuan-bottom img,
.bantuan-bottom-2 img,
.bantuan-bottom-3 img {
width: 96px;
}
}
.bantuan-element:hover {
transform: scale(1.05);
}
.bantuan-element img {
max-width: 100%;
height: auto;
}
</style>
<div id="bantuan-divs-container" style="position: relative" data-product="ruangguru" data-table="rg_floating_icon"></div>
<script>
class FloatingDivsComponent {
constructor(product = 'ruangguru', table = 'rg_floating_icon') {
this.container = document.getElementById('bantuan-divs-container');
this.floatingElements = [];
this.product = product;
this.table = table;
// Configuration
this.config = {
baseApiUrl: 'https://gw.ruangguru.com/api/v3/rdb/p_ddgy8hjx5dxsqx/rg_banner/views/',
apiKey: 'vLyK3dJrDBRmOwueX2OJXibMkgsUbBk0WS4ua2p1',
maxElements: 2,
zIndexBase: 100,
};
// Build dynamic API URL based on table parameter
this.config.apiUrl = this.buildApiUrl();
this.init();
}
buildApiUrl() {
const baseUrl = this.config.baseApiUrl;
const tableName = this.table || 'rg_floating_icon';
const queryParams =
'offset=0&limit=99999&sort=rankPosition&where=(type,eq,floating)~and(showIn,anyof,blog)~and(hide,is,false)~and(product,eq,' +
this.product +
')&nested%5Bcta%5D%5Bfields%5D=Id,name,ctaId,imageUrl,ctaLink,targetUrl';
return `${baseUrl}${tableName}?${queryParams}`;
}
async init() {
try {
await this.fetchFloatingElements();
this.renderFloatingElements();
} catch (error) {
console.error('Failed to initialize floating divs component:', error);
}
}
async fetchFloatingElements() {
try {
const options = {
method: 'GET',
headers: {
'xc-token': this.config.apiKey || 'vLyK3dJrDBRmOwueX2OJXibMkgsUbBk0WS4ua2p1',
},
};
const urlNoco = this.config.apiUrl;
const response = await fetch(urlNoco, options);
if (!response.ok) {
throw new Error(`HTTP error! status: ${response.status}`);
}
const data = await response.json();
this.floatingElements = this.processApiResponse(data);
} catch (error) {
console.error('Error fetching floating elements:', error);
throw error;
}
}
processApiResponse(data) {
if (!data || !data.list || !Array.isArray(data.list)) {
return [];
}
console.log(data.list);
// Ensure we only get maximum 2 elements
const limitedElements = data.list.slice(0, this.config.maxElements);
return limitedElements;
}
renderFloatingElements() {
if (!this.container || this.floatingElements.length === 0) {
return;
}
// Additional safeguard: ensure we never render more than maxElements
const elementsToRender = this.floatingElements.slice(0, this.config.maxElements);
// Clean up existing elements and their event listeners
this.cleanupExistingElements();
// Clear existing content
this.container.innerHTML = '';
elementsToRender.forEach((element, index) => {
const floatingDiv = this.createFloatingDiv(element, index);
this.container.appendChild(floatingDiv);
});
}
cleanupExistingElements() {
// Clear existing elements (no need for event listener cleanup with CSS approach)
const existingElements = this.container.querySelectorAll('[data-floating-element]');
existingElements.forEach(element => {
element.remove();
});
}
createFloatingDiv(element, index) {
const div = document.createElement('div');
const cta = element.cta[0]; // Use the first CTA
// Add data attribute for cleanup tracking
div.setAttribute('data-floating-element', 'true');
// Apply CSS classes based on rankPosition
const positionClass = this.getPositionClass(element.rankPosition, index);
div.className = `bantuan-element ${positionClass}`;
div.style.zIndex = this.config.zIndexBase + index;
// Create the link and image
const link = document.createElement('a');
link.href = 'https://cta.ruangguru.com/' + cta.ctaId || '#';
link.target = '_blank';
// Add tracking attributes
link.setAttribute('data-tracking-event-type', 'landing_page__core__item_click');
link.setAttribute(
'data-tracking-context',
JSON.stringify({
product_name: this.product,
cta_action: 'redirection',
cta_action_detail: link.href,
item_type: 'floating',
item_name: element.name || 'Floating element',
item_category: 'payment',
item_position: index,
item_serial: null,
section_type: 'floating_item',
section_position: 'body',
section_name: 'floating_item',
})
);
const img = document.createElement('img');
img.src = element.imageUrl + '?h=200&convert=webp';
img.alt = element.name || 'Floating element';
img.loading = 'lazy';
// Add click tracking
link.addEventListener('click', () => {
this.trackClick(element, cta);
});
link.appendChild(img);
div.appendChild(link);
return div;
}
getPositionClass(rankPosition, index) {
// Define positioning classes based on rankPosition
if (rankPosition === 1) {
return 'bantuan-top'; // Top position
} else if (rankPosition === 2) {
return 'bantuan-bottom'; // Bottom position
} else {
// For additional elements, distribute them evenly
return `bantuan-${index % 2 === 0 ? 'top' : 'bottom'}-${Math.floor(index / 2) + 1}`;
}
}
trackClick(element, cta) {
// Implement click tracking logic here
console.log('Floating element clicked:', {
elementId: element.Id,
elementName: cta.name,
ctaId: cta.ctaId,
targetUrl: cta.targetUrl,
});
}
// Public method to manually refresh
async refresh() {
try {
await this.fetchFloatingElements();
this.renderFloatingElements();
} catch (error) {
console.error('Failed to refresh floating elements:', error);
throw error;
}
}
// Public method to get current floating elements
getFloatingElements() {
return [...this.floatingElements];
}
}
// Initialize the component when DOM is ready
document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => {
// Get product and table parameters from data attributes
const container = document.getElementById('bantuan-divs-container');
const product = container.getAttribute('data-product') || 'ruangguru';
const table = container.getAttribute('data-table') || 'rg_floating_icon';
new FloatingDivsComponent(product, table);
});
// Export for use in other modules if needed
if (typeof module !== 'undefined' && module.exports) {
module.exports = FloatingDivsComponent;
}
</script> <div id="wp-install-nudge" style="
position: fixed;
bottom: 0rem;
right: 0;
z-index: 999;
cursor: pointer;
"></div>
<script>
(function (w, d, s, o, f, js, fjs) {
w['Sales-Nudge-Widget'] = o; w[o] = w[o] || function () { (w[o].q = w[o].q || []).push(arguments) };
js = d.createElement(s), fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];
js.id = o; js.src = f; js.async = 1; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs);
}(window, document, 'script', 'wpInstallNudge', 'https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/sales-nudge/6198a95130/dist/widget.js'));
wpInstallNudge('init', { targetElementId: 'wp-install-nudge', clientTarget: 'ruangguru_blog' });
</script>
<script>
// note: disabled due to auto reload page
// var lastScrollTop = 0;
// $(window).scroll(function(event){
// var st = $(this).scrollTop();
// if (st > lastScrollTop){
// $('#wp-install-nudge').slideDown( "slow", function() {});
// } else {
// $('#wp-install-nudge').slideUp( "slow", function() {});
// }
// lastScrollTop = st;
// });
// $(document).ready(function () {
// $("#wp-install-nudge").hide();
// });
$('#wp-install-nudge').click(function(){
Analytics.track("promotion__install_nudge__click",
{
user_email: "ruangguru@blog.com",
cta_link: widgetData.dataConfig.target_link
}).catch((err) => {
console.log("tracker error", err);
});
});
</script>
</footer>
<div id="__next"></div>
<script type="speculationrules">
{"prefetch":[{"source":"document","where":{"and":[{"href_matches":"\/blog\/*"},{"not":{"href_matches":["\/blog\/wp-*.php","\/blog\/wp-admin\/*","\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/*","\/blog\/wp-content\/*","\/blog\/wp-content\/plugins\/*","\/blog\/wp-content\/themes\/ruangguru\/*","\/blog\/*\\?(.+)"]}},{"not":{"selector_matches":"a[rel~=\"nofollow\"]"}},{"not":{"selector_matches":".no-prefetch, .no-prefetch a"}}]},"eagerness":"conservative"}]}
</script>
<script>
async function getCtaDetails(ctaIds) {
const endpoint =
" https://gw.ruangguru.com/api/v3/rdb/p_ddgy8hjx5dxsqx/CTA/views/CTA?offset=0&limit=10&where=(ctaId,in," + ctaIds.toString() + ")";
try {
const response = await fetch(endpoint, {
headers: {
"xc-token": "-hG2nBDJzSj0agSgNtcJx97M4F02y54nUMoY6plJ",
},
});
const data = await response.json();
const ctaList = data?.list || [];
const ctaMap = new Map();
for (const ctaData of ctaList) {
ctaMap.set(ctaData.ctaId, ctaData);
}
return ctaMap;
} catch (error) {
console.error("Error fetching CTA details:", error);
return new Map();
}
}
async function replaceCTA() {
const regex = /{{cta\((‘(.*?)’|“(.*?)”)\)}}/g;
const bodyHTML = document.body.innerHTML;
const matches = Array.from(bodyHTML.matchAll(regex));
const ctaIds = matches.map((match) => {
let ctaId = match[2] ?? match[3];
return ctaId;
});
const ctaMap = await getCtaDetails(ctaIds);
const replacedHTML = bodyHTML.replace(regex, (match, _inner, ctaId1, ctaId2) => {
const ctaId = ctaId1 ?? ctaId2;
const ctaData = ctaMap.get(ctaId);
if (ctaData) {
return `<a href="https://cta.ruangguru.com/${ctaData.ctaId}" target="_${ctaData.targetType}" style="position:relative;display:inline-block;">
<img src="${ctaData.imageUrl}" loading="lazy" alt="${ctaData.altText}" />
</a>`;
} else {
return match;
}
});
document.body.innerHTML = replacedHTML;
}
</script>
<meta name="author" content="Ruangguru Tech Team">
<!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-PVNLZFT" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>
<!-- Tracker -->
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/landing-page-web/public/staticpages/global-assets/js/cta.js"></script>
<script src="https://unpkg.com/@dotlottie/player-component@latest/dist/dotlottie-player.mjs" type="module"></script>
</body>
</html>