Artikel Geografi kelas 10 ini menjelaskan 4 hal yang termasuk ke dalam tenaga eksogen bumi. Mulai dari pelapukan, erosi, sedimentasi, dan pergerakan massa tanah.
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Menurut kamu, kenapa bumi bisa berbentuk seperti sekarang? Nggak. Ini bukan ngomongin soal bumi bulat dan datar ya. Tapi coba, deh, kamu pikir. Kira-kira apa yang menyebabkan bumi punya lapisan permukaan kulit yang tidak rata. Ada dataran tinggi. Ada dataran rendah. Ada gunung. Ada tebing.
Hal ini karena ada tenaga yang “mengubah” bentuk permukaan bumi. Sewaktu masa paleozoikum dulu aja benua kita menyatu kok. Disebutnya Pangea. Di masa ini ada kalajengking laut yang panjangnya 2,3-2,6 m. Goks gak?
Di mana Indonesia? (Sumber: Thought.co)
Jadi, permukaan kulit bumi memang akan terus berubah bentuknya. Tenaga ini, terbagi menjadi 2: tenaga endogen dan eksogen. Tapi, pada artikel kali ini, kita hanya akan membahas tenaga eksogen ya.
Pengertian Tenaga Eksogen
Apa sih tenaga eksogen itu?
Tenaga eksogen adalah tenaga yang berasal dari luar bumi. “Luar bumi” yang dimaksud di sini bukan berarti tata surya ya. Maksud dari “luar bumi” adalah tenaga yang berasal dari atas permukaan bumi, termasuk kegiatan manusia yang membentuk permukaan bumi. Ini bisa berarti air, angin, organisme, sinar matahari, dan es.
Hayo, kira-kira berbagai faktor tadi bisa menyebabkan apa bagi permukaan bumi? Yak, betul. Bisa terjadi pelapukan, erosi, sedimentasi, dan pergerakan massa tanah (mass wasting). Nah, beberapa hal yang disebutin barusan itu termasuk ke dalam contoh-contoh dari tenaga eksogen atau fenomena alam yang terjadi akibat proses tenaga eksogen.
Simak nih, penjelasan lebih lengkapnya.
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Pelapukan adalah proses penghancuran massa batuan menjadi massa tanah. Kamu pasti pernah ngeliat deh rantai/besi yang mengalami karat. Nah, itu adalah salah satu contoh dari pelapukan. Pada umumnya, proses pelapukan ini berlangsung dalam jangka waktu yang lama.
Oke, kembali ke persoalan. Proses pelapukan dipengaruhi oleh banyak faktor. Seperti misalnya, iklim dan cuaca, topografi, batuan induk, serta organisme yang hidup di atas batuan tersebut.
Berdasarkan prosesnya, pelapukan dibagi menjadi 3 jenis:
1. Pelapukan Fisik (Mekanis)
Pada pelapukan fisik, proses penghancuran batuan menjadi pecahan yang lebih kecil terjadi tanpa mengalami perubahan susunan kimia.
Biasanya, pelapukan ini terjadi karena perubahan musim, menyusupnya es di celah batuan, atau perbedaan suhu siang dan malam yang ekstrem.
Makanya, kalau kamu main-main ke gurun, tidak jarang bebatuan di sana banyak yang pecah. Beda kayak di kota tempat kamu tinggal. Batunya banyak yang padat dan keras. Hal ini disebabkan karena perubahan suhu siang dan malam di gurun cukup tinggi.
2. Pelapukan Kimia
Dari namanya aja udah jelas banget ya. Pelapukan kimia adalah jenis pelapukan yang terjadi karena faktor… astrologi kimia dong! Salah satu faktor penting dalam pelapukan kimia adalah air. Iya, coba aja perhatiin. Gembok rumah kamu pasti akan lebih cepat karatan kalau sering terkena hujan, kan? Karat yang timbul itu lah yang dinamakan pelapukan kimia.
Emang gimana caranya air hujan bisa membuat gembok besi jadi karat?
Sewaktu terkena air hujan, akan terjadi yang namanya hidrolisis air. Hal ini membuat tingkat keasaman gembok besi meningkat. Ion H+ yang muncul dari air hujan, perlahan-lahan akan membuat korosi deh.
3. Pelapukan Biologis
Pelapukan biologis adalah pelapukan yang disebabkan oleh organisme melalui aktivitasnya. Contoh paling gampang adalah yang terjadi di rumah kita.
Coba, deh, kamu ketok kusen pintu rumah kamu. Kalau bunyinya ‘Dok! Dok! Dok!’ berarti kusen kamu dimakan rayap dan lapuk. Bunyi itu menandakan kayu kamu telang kopong/berongga di bagian dalamnya. Kalau kamu nggak ngetok tapi tetap muncul bunyi ‘Dok! Dok! Dok!’ berarti kamu lagi di RSUD. Kalau sewaktu kamu ketok bunyinya ‘Sst! Sst! BERISIK!’ itu mungkin saudara kamu keganggu karena kamu kekencengan ngetoknya.
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Contoh lain dari pelapukan biologis adalah lumut yang ada di atas bebatuan. Atau akar tumbuhan yang terselip di antara bebatuan. Lama-kelamaan, ketika si akar membesar, dia akan menembus batu itu. Alhasil, batunya pecah dan mengalami pelapukan deh.
Erosi
Setelah mengalami pelapukan, massa batuan yang telah pecah menjadi partikel-partikel kecil akan menyatu dengan tanah. Setelahnya, tenaga eksogen yang bisa muncul adalah erosi.
Kamu pasti sering denger, dong, kata erosi.
Kata ini biasa muncul saat seorang pembalap ingin menyalip saingannya di tikungan. ‘Erosi! Minggir lo! Gue mau nyalip!’
Ini Valentino Rossi, bukan erosi (sumber: www.ridertua.com)
Ya… itu bener, sih. Tapi erosi yang dimaksud di sini bukan Rossi itu ya. Erosi merupakan proses pengikisan permukaan bumi oleh media yang melibatkan pengangkatan partikel batuan. Berdasarkan penyebabnya, erosi dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok:
1. Ablasi
Ablasi merupakan erosi yang disebabkan oleh air sungai atau hujan. Ablasi yang disebabkan oleh aliran sungai itu bisa membuat tebing di sungai bisa semakin dalam, lho. Adapun 4 tahap terjadinya ablasi sebagai berikut:
1) Erosi percik: Jatuhnya air hujan dan mulai mengikis tanah.
2) Erosi lembar: Tanah bagian atas yang terkikis, kesuburannya mulai berkurang.
3) Erosi alur: Kikisan tanah tadi mulai membentuk alur sebagai tempat mengalirnya air.
4) Erosi parit: Terbentuk parit/lembah karena kikisan dari aliran air terus menerus.
Kalau gak ada angin gak ada hujan tiba-tiba kangen, mungkin kamu terkikis kenangan. EA!
2. Korasi dan Deflasi
Korasi/deflasi merupakan erosi yang disebabkan oleh angin. Biasanya, korasi dan deflasi ini terjadi di daerah gurun. Oh iya, satu hal yang penting adalah, ada perbedaan tipis antara korasi dan deflasi. Meskipun sama-sama disebabkan oleh angin, korasi merupakan erosi yang disebabkan oleh angin dan pasir (badai pasir), sementara deflasi hanya angin saja.
Coba kamu mengetik kata ‘mushroom rock’ di google. Maka akan muncul berbagai gambar batu yang bentuknya unik. Ingat ya, mushroom rock. Jangan mushroom crispy. Nanti kenyang. Batu-batu itu, terjadi karena proses korasi/deflasi yang panjang.
Berbagai mushroom rock (sumber: www.thevintagenews.com)
3. Abrasi
Abrasi adalah proses pengikisan pantai yang disebabkan oleh gelombang laut. Kalau kamu hobi jalan-jalan ke pantai, salah satu tempat paling didamba adalah berdiri di pinggir tebing, lalu menatap kejauhan laut.
Nah, tebing ini bisa terbentuk karena adanya gesekan dari gelombang laut yang membentur. Goa-goa yang ada di pantai juga bisa terjadi karena abrasi ini, lho.
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4. Eksarasi
Eksarasi adalah pengikisan yang disebabkan oleh es yang mencair (gerakan lapisan es). Karena mencairnya es ini, akhirnya batuan yang ada akan masuk ke bawah dan mengendap. Fenomena alam hasil dari eksarasi ini dinamakan fjord. Penampakannya seperti sebuah pantai yang menjorok ke darat dan dikelilingi oleh tebing curam.
Salah satu fjord di Norwegia (sumber: bussinessinsider.com)
Sedimentasi
Sedimentasi adalah peristiwa mengendapnya material batuan yang dibawa oleh angin atau air. Kalau pada erosi dan pelapukan terkesan “merusak” yang telah ada, sedimentasi justru “menambah” material baru.
Berdasarkan penyebabnya, sedimentasi dibagi menjadi tiga jenis, yakni akuatis (pengendapannya disebabkan tenaga air), marine (disebabkan oleh gelombang air laut), dan geolis (pengendapannya disebabkan oleh embusan angin).
Pergerakan Massa Tanah
Pergerakan massa tanah (mass wasting) adalah semua pengangkutan massa tanah menuruni lereng karena adanya pengaruh gravitasi. Sederhananya, mass wasting ini yang sering kita sebut sebagai “longsor”. Semakin “tinggi/curam” tanahnya, maka kecepatan pergerakan massa tanahnya juga tinggi.
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Yuhuuu. Sekarang sudah tahu, kan, apa saja yang termasuk ke dalam tenaga eksogen serta penjelasan lengkap mengenai pelapukan, erosi, sedimentasi, dan pergerakan massa tanah (mass wasting). Kalau kamu ingin mempelajari materi seperti ini dalam bentuk video, lengkap dengan animasi menarik, tonton aja di ruangbelajar!
Referensi:
Wardiyatmoko. 2006. Geografi untuk SMA/MA Kelas X. Jakarta: Erlangga
Sindhu P. Yasinto. 2016. Geografi untuk SMA/MA Kelas X. Jakarta: Erlangga
Sumber foto:
Foto Di mana Indonesia? [daring]. Tautan: https://www.thoughtco.com/things-you-should-know-about-earth-3072539
Foto Ini Valentino Rossi [daring]. Tautan: https://ridertua.com/2020/01/13/rossi-atau-marquez-siapa-pembalap-dengan-teknik-braking-terbaik/
Foto Berbagai mushroom rock [daring]. Tautan: https://www.thevintagenews.com/2017/06/14/naturally-formed-mushroom-rocks-defy-gravity-but-are-being-targeted-by-vandals/
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<h1 class="content-title">
Tenaga Eksogen: Pelapukan, Erosi, Sedimentasi, dan Mass Wasting | Geografi Kelas 10 </h1>
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<p class="content-author"><a href="https://www.ruangguru.com/blog/author/kresnoadi" class="">Kresnoadi</a> </p>
<p class="content-info"><span>December 16, 2024 • </span> <span>7 minutes read</span></p>
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<p><em style="background-color: transparent;"><img decoding="async" class="aligncenter size-medium" src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/ae2dbd53-6554-4521-af04-481f26457da1.png" alt="Tenaga Eksogen" /></em></p>
<blockquote>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em style="background-color: transparent;"><strong><a href="https://www.ruangguru.com/blog/c/geografi/geografi-sma-kelas-10" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Artikel Geografi kelas 10</a></strong> ini menjelaskan 4 hal yang termasuk ke dalam tenaga eksogen bumi. Mulai dari pelapukan, erosi, sedimentasi, dan pergerakan massa tanah.</em></p>
</blockquote>
<p style="text-align: center;">—</p>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Menurut kamu, kenapa bumi bisa berbentuk seperti sekarang? Nggak. Ini bukan ngomongin soal bumi bulat dan datar ya. Tapi coba, deh, kamu pikir. Kira-kira apa yang menyebabkan bumi punya <a href="/mengenal-lapisan-bumi-litosfer" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>lapisan permukaan kulit yang tidak rata.</strong></a> Ada dataran tinggi. Ada dataran rendah. Ada gunung. Ada tebing.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Hal ini karena ada tenaga yang “mengubah” bentuk permukaan bumi. Sewaktu <strong><a href="/geografi-kelas-10-sejarah-perkembangankehidupan-di-bumi" target="_blank" rel="noopener">masa paleozoikum</a></strong> dulu aja benua kita menyatu kok. Disebutnya Pangea. Di masa ini ada kalajengking laut yang panjangnya 2,3-2,6 m. Goks gak?</p>
<p><img decoding="async" style="width: 600px; display: block; margin: 0px auto;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/image-2177.png" width="600" /></p>
<p style="text-align: center;">Di mana Indonesia? (Sumber: Thought.co)</p>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Jadi, permukaan kulit bumi memang akan terus berubah bentuknya. Tenaga ini, terbagi menjadi 2: <strong>tenaga endogen dan eksogen</strong>. Tapi, pada artikel kali ini, kita hanya akan membahas tenaga eksogen ya.</p>
<p> </p>
<h2><span style="font-size: 18pt;">Pengertian Tenaga Eksogen</span></h2>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Apa sih tenaga eksogen itu?</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Tenaga eksogen adalah tenaga yang berasal dari luar bumi.</strong> “Luar bumi” yang dimaksud di sini bukan berarti <strong><a href="/teori-pembentukan-tata-surya" target="_blank" rel="noopener">tata surya</a></strong> ya. Maksud dari “luar bumi” adalah tenaga yang berasal dari atas permukaan bumi, termasuk kegiatan manusia yang membentuk permukaan bumi. Ini bisa berarti air, angin, organisme, sinar matahari, dan es.</p>
<p><img decoding="async" style="width: 600px; display: block; margin: 0px auto;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/sifat%20dari%20tenaga%20eksogen.png" alt="sifat dari tenaga eksogen" width="600" /></p>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Hayo, kira-kira berbagai faktor tadi bisa menyebabkan apa bagi permukaan bumi? Yak, betul. Bisa terjadi pelapukan, erosi, sedimentasi, dan pergerakan massa tanah (<em>mass wasting</em>). Nah, beberapa hal yang disebutin barusan itu termasuk ke dalam contoh-contoh dari tenaga eksogen atau fenomena alam yang terjadi akibat proses tenaga eksogen.</p>
<p>Simak nih, penjelasan lebih lengkapnya.</p>
<p><strong>Baca Juga: <a href="https://www.ruangguru.com/blog/mengenal-lapisan-litosfer-bumi">Litosfer: Pengertian, Struktur, Batuan Penyusun, dan Fungsinya</a></strong></p>
<p> </p>
<h2><span style="font-size: 18pt;">Pelapukan</span></h2>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Pelapukan adalah proses penghancuran massa batuan menjadi massa tanah.</strong> Kamu pasti pernah ngeliat deh rantai/besi yang mengalami karat. Nah, itu adalah salah satu contoh dari pelapukan. Pada umumnya, proses pelapukan ini berlangsung dalam jangka waktu yang lama.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Oke, kembali ke persoalan. Proses pelapukan dipengaruhi oleh banyak faktor. Seperti misalnya, iklim dan cuaca, topografi, batuan induk, serta organisme yang hidup di atas batuan tersebut.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Berdasarkan prosesnya, pelapukan dibagi menjadi 3 jenis:</p>
<p><img decoding="async" style="width: 600px; display: block; margin: 0px auto;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/jenis-jenis%20pelapukan.png" alt="jenis-jenis pelapukan" width="600" /></p>
<p> </p>
<h3><span style="font-size: 14pt;">1. Pelapukan Fisik (Mekanis)</span></h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Pada pelapukan fisik, proses penghancuran batuan menjadi pecahan yang lebih kecil terjadi <strong>tanpa mengalami perubahan susunan kimia.</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Biasanya, pelapukan ini terjadi karena perubahan musim, menyusupnya es di celah batuan, atau perbedaan suhu siang dan malam yang ekstrem.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Makanya, kalau kamu main-main ke <strong>gurun, tidak jarang bebatuan di sana banyak yang pecah.</strong> Beda kayak di kota tempat kamu tinggal. Batunya banyak yang padat dan keras. Hal ini disebabkan karena perubahan suhu siang dan malam di gurun cukup tinggi.</p>
<p> </p>
<h3><span style="font-size: 14pt;">2. Pelapukan Kimia</span></h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Dari namanya aja udah jelas banget ya. Pelapukan kimia adalah jenis pelapukan yang terjadi karena faktor… <span style="text-decoration: line-through;">astrologi</span> kimia dong! Salah satu faktor penting dalam pelapukan kimia adalah <strong>air. </strong>Iya, coba aja perhatiin. G<strong>embok rumah kamu pasti akan lebih cepat karatan</strong> kalau sering terkena hujan, kan? Karat yang timbul itu lah yang dinamakan pelapukan kimia.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Emang gimana caranya air hujan bisa membuat gembok besi jadi karat?</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Sewaktu terkena air hujan, akan terjadi yang namanya <strong>hidrolisis air.</strong> Hal ini membuat tingkat keasaman gembok besi meningkat. Ion H<sup>+</sup> yang muncul dari air hujan, perlahan-lahan akan membuat korosi deh.</p>
<p> </p>
<h3><span style="font-size: 14pt;">3. Pelapukan Biologis</span></h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Pelapukan biologis adalah pelapukan yang disebabkan oleh organisme</strong> melalui aktivitasnya. Contoh paling gampang adalah yang terjadi di rumah kita.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Coba, deh, kamu ketok kusen pintu rumah kamu. Kalau bunyinya ‘Dok! Dok! Dok!’ berarti kusen kamu dimakan rayap dan lapuk. Bunyi itu menandakan kayu kamu telang kopong/berongga di bagian dalamnya. Kalau kamu nggak ngetok tapi tetap muncul bunyi ‘Dok! Dok! Dok!’ berarti kamu lagi di RSUD. Kalau sewaktu kamu ketok bunyinya ‘Sst! Sst! BERISIK!’ itu mungkin saudara kamu keganggu karena kamu kekencengan ngetoknya.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Baca Juga: <a href="/bau-hujan" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Dari Mana Asalnya Bau Hujan?</a></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Contoh lain dari pelapukan biologis adalah <strong>lumut yang ada di atas bebatuan. Atau akar tumbuhan yang terselip di antara bebatuan.</strong> Lama-kelamaan, ketika si akar membesar, dia akan menembus batu itu. Alhasil, batunya pecah dan mengalami pelapukan deh.</p>
<p> </p>
<h2><span style="font-size: 18pt;">Erosi</span></h2>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Setelah mengalami pelapukan, massa batuan yang telah pecah menjadi partikel-partikel kecil akan menyatu dengan tanah. Setelahnya, tenaga eksogen yang bisa muncul adalah <strong>erosi.</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Kamu pasti sering denger, dong, kata erosi.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Kata ini biasa muncul saat seorang pembalap ingin menyalip saingannya di tikungan. ‘Erosi! Minggir lo! Gue mau nyalip!’</p>
<p><img decoding="async" style="width: 600px; display: block; margin: 0px auto;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/valentino%20rossi%20mau%20disalip.jpg" alt="valentino rossi mau disalip" width="600" /></p>
<p style="text-align: center;">Ini Valentino Rossi, bukan erosi (sumber: www.ridertua.com)</p>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Ya… itu bener, sih. Tapi erosi yang dimaksud di sini bukan Rossi itu ya. <strong>Erosi merupakan proses pengikisan permukaan bumi oleh media yang melibatkan pengangkatan partikel batuan. </strong>Berdasarkan penyebabnya, erosi dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok:</p>
<p><img decoding="async" style="width: 600px; display: block; margin: 0px auto;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/jenis-jenis%20erosi.png" alt="jenis-jenis erosi" width="600" /></p>
<p> </p>
<h3><span style="font-size: 14pt;">1. Ablasi</span></h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Ablasi merupakan erosi yang <strong>disebabkan</strong> <strong>oleh air sungai atau hujan.</strong> Ablasi yang disebabkan oleh aliran sungai itu bisa membuat tebing di sungai bisa semakin dalam, lho. Adapun 4 tahap terjadinya ablasi sebagai berikut:</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">1) <strong>Erosi percik:</strong> Jatuhnya air hujan dan mulai mengikis tanah.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">2) <strong>Erosi lembar:</strong> Tanah bagian atas yang terkikis, kesuburannya mulai berkurang.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">3) <strong>Erosi alur:</strong> Kikisan tanah tadi mulai membentuk alur sebagai tempat mengalirnya air.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">4) <strong>Erosi parit:</strong> Terbentuk parit/lembah karena kikisan dari aliran air terus menerus.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #000000;">Kalau gak ada angin gak ada hujan tiba-tiba kangen, mungkin kamu terkikis kenangan. EA!</span></p>
<p> </p>
<h3><span style="font-size: 14pt;">2. Korasi dan Deflasi</span></h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Korasi/deflasi merupakan erosi yang <strong>disebabkan oleh angin.</strong> Biasanya, korasi dan deflasi ini terjadi di daerah gurun. Oh iya, satu hal yang penting adalah, ada perbedaan tipis antara korasi dan deflasi. Meskipun sama-sama disebabkan oleh angin, <strong>korasi merupakan erosi yang disebabkan oleh angin dan pasir (badai pasir), sementara deflasi hanya angin saja.</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Coba kamu mengetik kata ‘<em>mushroom rock’ </em>di google. Maka akan muncul berbagai gambar batu yang bentuknya unik. Ingat ya, <em>mushroom rock. </em>Jangan <em>mushroom crispy. </em>Nanti kenyang. Batu-batu itu, terjadi karena proses korasi/deflasi yang panjang.</p>
<p><img decoding="async" style="width: 600px; display: block; margin: 0px auto;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/mushroom%20rock.jpg" alt="mushroom rock" width="600" /></p>
<p style="text-align: center;">Berbagai mushroom rock (sumber: www.thevintagenews.com)</p>
<p> </p>
<h3><span style="font-size: 14pt;">3. Abrasi</span></h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Abrasi adalah proses pengikisan pantai yang <strong>disebabkan oleh</strong> <strong>gelombang laut. </strong>Kalau kamu hobi jalan-jalan ke pantai, salah satu tempat paling didamba adalah berdiri di pinggir tebing, lalu menatap kejauhan laut.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Nah, tebing ini bisa terbentuk karena adanya gesekan dari gelombang laut yang membentur. Goa-goa yang ada di pantai juga bisa terjadi karena abrasi ini, lho.</p>
<p><strong>Baca Juga: <a href="https://www.ruangguru.com/blog/manfaat-tanah-dan-bagaimana-cara-menjaganya">11 Manfaat Tanah dan Bagaimana Cara Menjaganya</a></strong></p>
<p> </p>
<h3><span style="font-size: 14pt;">4. Eksarasi</span></h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Eksarasi adalah pengikisan yang <strong>disebabkan oleh es yang mencair (gerakan lapisan es).</strong> Karena mencairnya es ini, akhirnya batuan yang ada akan masuk ke bawah dan mengendap. Fenomena alam hasil dari eksarasi ini dinamakan <strong>fjord.</strong> Penampakannya seperti sebuah pantai yang menjorok ke darat dan dikelilingi oleh tebing curam.</p>
<p><img decoding="async" style="width: 600px; display: block; margin: 0px auto;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/fjord%20di%20norwegia.png" alt="fjord di norwegia" width="600" /></p>
<p style="text-align: center;">Salah satu fjord di Norwegia (sumber: bussinessinsider.com)</p>
<p> </p>
<h2><span style="font-size: 18pt;">Sedimentasi</span></h2>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Sedimentasi adalah peristiwa <strong>mengendapnya material batuan</strong> yang dibawa oleh angin atau air. Kalau pada erosi dan pelapukan terkesan “merusak” yang telah ada, sedimentasi justru “menambah” material baru.</p>
<p><img decoding="async" style="width: 600px; display: block; margin: 0px auto;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/jenis-jenis%20sedimentasi-1.png" alt="jenis-jenis sedimentasi-1" width="600" /></p>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Berdasarkan penyebabnya, sedimentasi dibagi menjadi tiga jenis, yakni akuatis (pengendapannya disebabkan tenaga air), <em>marine </em>(disebabkan oleh gelombang air laut), dan geolis (pengendapannya disebabkan oleh embusan angin).</p>
<p> </p>
<h2><span style="font-size: 18pt;">Pergerakan Massa Tanah</span></h2>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Pergerakan massa tanah (<em>mass wasting)</em> adalah semua pengangkutan massa tanah</strong> menuruni lereng karena adanya pengaruh gravitasi. Sederhananya, <em>mass wasting</em> ini yang sering kita sebut sebagai “longsor”. Semakin “tinggi/curam” tanahnya, maka kecepatan pergerakan massa tanahnya juga tinggi.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;">—</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Yuhuuu. Sekarang sudah tahu, kan, apa saja yang termasuk ke dalam tenaga eksogen serta penjelasan lengkap mengenai <strong>pelapukan, erosi, sedimentasi, dan pergerakan massa tanah (<em>mass wasting</em>).</strong> Kalau kamu ingin mempelajari materi seperti ini dalam bentuk video, lengkap dengan animasi menarik, tonton aja di <strong><a href="https://ruangguru.onelink.me/blPk/eaff0eb9" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ruangbelajar!</a></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://app.ruangguru.com/ruangbelajar/"><img decoding="async" class="aligncenter size-medium" src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/a2dbab8e-e903-4b70-ae04-39ff5807647e.jpg" alt="CTA ruangbelajar" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><strong>Referensi:</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Wardiyatmoko. 2006. Geografi untuk SMA/MA Kelas X. Jakarta: Erlangga</span></p>
<p>Sindhu P. Yasinto. 2016. Geografi untuk SMA/MA Kelas X. Jakarta: Erlangga</p>
<p><strong>Sumber foto:</strong></p>
<p>Foto Di mana Indonesia? [daring]. Tautan: https://www.thoughtco.com/things-you-should-know-about-earth-3072539</p>
<p>Foto Ini Valentino Rossi [daring]. Tautan: https://ridertua.com/2020/01/13/rossi-atau-marquez-siapa-pembalap-dengan-teknik-braking-terbaik/</p>
<p>Foto Berbagai mushroom rock [daring]. Tautan: https://www.thevintagenews.com/2017/06/14/naturally-formed-mushroom-rocks-defy-gravity-but-are-being-targeted-by-vandals/</p>
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<div class="d-lg-none text-center">
<nav class="footer-menu social">
<p class="title">Ikuti Kami</p>
<a target="_blank" href="https://www.instagram.com/ruangguru/">
<picture>
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/instagram.png?height=60&convert=webp" type="image/webp">
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/instagram.png?height=60" type="image/png">
<img src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/instagram.png" loading="lazy" alt="Logo Instagram Footer" width="32px" height="32px" />
</picture>
</a>
<a target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/ruanggurucom/">
<picture>
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/facebook.png?height=60&convert=webp" type="image/webp">
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/facebook.png?height=60" type="image/png">
<img src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/facebook.png" loading="lazy" alt="Logo Facebook Footer" width="32px" height="32px" />
</picture>
</a>
<a target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/ruangguru/">
<picture>
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/twitter.png?height=60&convert=webp" type="image/webp">
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/twitter.png?height=60" type="image/png">
<img src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/twitter.png" loading=" lazy" alt="Logo Twitter Footer" width="32px" height="32px" />
</picture>
</a>
<a target="_blank" href="https://www.youtube.com/ruangguru">
<picture>
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/youtube.png?height=60&convert=webp" type="image/webp">
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<img src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/youtube.png" loading=" lazy" alt="Logo Youtube Footer" width="32px" height="32px" />
</picture>
</a>
<a target="_blank" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/ruangguru-com">
<picture>
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/linkedin.png?height=60&convert=webp" type="image/webp">
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/linkedin.png?height=60" type="image/png">
<img src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/linkedin.png" loading=" lazy" alt="Logo LinkedIn Footer" width="32px" height="32px" />
</picture>
</a>
<a target="_blank" href="https://www.tiktok.com/@ruangguru">
<picture>
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/tiktok.png?height=60&convert=webp" type="image/webp">
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<img src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/tiktok.png" loading=" lazy" alt="Logo TikTok Footer" width="32px" height="32px" />
</picture>
</a>
</nav>
</div>
<p class="footer-copyright">
© 2026 All Rights Reserved PT. Ruang Raya Indonesia
</p>
</div>
<style>
.bantuan-container {
position: relative;
}
.bantuan-element {
position: fixed;
z-index: 999;
display: flex;
align-items: flex-end;
justify-content: flex-end;
cursor: pointer;
transition: all 0.6s ease;
}
.bantuan-top {
bottom: 11rem;
right: 2rem;
}
.bantuan-bottom {
bottom: 2rem;
right: 2rem;
}
.bantuan-top-2 {
bottom: 15rem;
right: 2rem;
}
.bantuan-top-3 {
bottom: 19rem;
right: 2rem;
}
.bantuan-bottom-2 {
bottom: 5rem;
right: 2rem;
}
.bantuan-bottom-3 {
bottom: 8rem;
right: 2rem;
}
@media (min-width: 768px) {
.bantuan-element img {
width: auto;
transition: all 0.4s ease;
}
.bantuan-top img {
width: 140px;
}
.bantuan-bottom img {
width: 140px;
}
.bantuan-top-2 img,
.bantuan-top-3 img {
width: 140px;
}
.bantuan-bottom-2 img,
.bantuan-bottom-3 img {
width: 140px;
}
.bantuan-element.clicked {
bottom: 9rem;
right: 2.5rem;
}
.bantuan-element.clicked img {
width: auto;
height: 64px;
}
}
@media (max-width: 767px) {
.bantuan-top {
bottom: 8rem;
right: 1rem;
align-items: center;
}
.bantuan-bottom {
bottom: 2rem;
right: 1.25rem;
align-items: center;
}
.bantuan-top-2 {
bottom: 12rem;
right: 1rem;
align-items: center;
}
.bantuan-top-3 {
bottom: 16rem;
right: 1rem;
align-items: center;
}
.bantuan-bottom-2 {
bottom: 5rem;
right: 1.25rem;
align-items: center;
}
.bantuan-bottom-3 {
bottom: 8rem;
right: 1.25rem;
align-items: center;
}
.bantuan-element img {
width: auto;
}
.bantuan-top img,
.bantuan-top-2 img,
.bantuan-top-3 img {
width: 96px;
}
.bantuan-bottom img,
.bantuan-bottom-2 img,
.bantuan-bottom-3 img {
width: 96px;
}
}
.bantuan-element:hover {
transform: scale(1.05);
}
.bantuan-element img {
max-width: 100%;
height: auto;
}
</style>
<div id="bantuan-divs-container" style="position: relative" data-product="ruangguru" data-table="rg_floating_icon"></div>
<script>
class FloatingDivsComponent {
constructor(product = 'ruangguru', table = 'rg_floating_icon') {
this.container = document.getElementById('bantuan-divs-container');
this.floatingElements = [];
this.product = product;
this.table = table;
// Configuration
this.config = {
baseApiUrl: 'https://gw.ruangguru.com/api/v3/rdb/p_ddgy8hjx5dxsqx/rg_banner/views/',
apiKey: 'vLyK3dJrDBRmOwueX2OJXibMkgsUbBk0WS4ua2p1',
maxElements: 2,
zIndexBase: 100,
};
// Build dynamic API URL based on table parameter
this.config.apiUrl = this.buildApiUrl();
this.init();
}
buildApiUrl() {
const baseUrl = this.config.baseApiUrl;
const tableName = this.table || 'rg_floating_icon';
const queryParams =
'offset=0&limit=99999&sort=rankPosition&where=(type,eq,floating)~and(showIn,anyof,blog)~and(hide,is,false)~and(product,eq,' +
this.product +
')&nested%5Bcta%5D%5Bfields%5D=Id,name,ctaId,imageUrl,ctaLink,targetUrl';
return `${baseUrl}${tableName}?${queryParams}`;
}
async init() {
try {
await this.fetchFloatingElements();
this.renderFloatingElements();
} catch (error) {
console.error('Failed to initialize floating divs component:', error);
}
}
async fetchFloatingElements() {
try {
const options = {
method: 'GET',
headers: {
'xc-token': this.config.apiKey || 'vLyK3dJrDBRmOwueX2OJXibMkgsUbBk0WS4ua2p1',
},
};
const urlNoco = this.config.apiUrl;
const response = await fetch(urlNoco, options);
if (!response.ok) {
throw new Error(`HTTP error! status: ${response.status}`);
}
const data = await response.json();
this.floatingElements = this.processApiResponse(data);
} catch (error) {
console.error('Error fetching floating elements:', error);
throw error;
}
}
processApiResponse(data) {
if (!data || !data.list || !Array.isArray(data.list)) {
return [];
}
console.log(data.list);
// Ensure we only get maximum 2 elements
const limitedElements = data.list.slice(0, this.config.maxElements);
return limitedElements;
}
renderFloatingElements() {
if (!this.container || this.floatingElements.length === 0) {
return;
}
// Additional safeguard: ensure we never render more than maxElements
const elementsToRender = this.floatingElements.slice(0, this.config.maxElements);
// Clean up existing elements and their event listeners
this.cleanupExistingElements();
// Clear existing content
this.container.innerHTML = '';
elementsToRender.forEach((element, index) => {
const floatingDiv = this.createFloatingDiv(element, index);
this.container.appendChild(floatingDiv);
});
}
cleanupExistingElements() {
// Clear existing elements (no need for event listener cleanup with CSS approach)
const existingElements = this.container.querySelectorAll('[data-floating-element]');
existingElements.forEach(element => {
element.remove();
});
}
createFloatingDiv(element, index) {
const div = document.createElement('div');
const cta = element.cta[0]; // Use the first CTA
// Add data attribute for cleanup tracking
div.setAttribute('data-floating-element', 'true');
// Apply CSS classes based on rankPosition
const positionClass = this.getPositionClass(element.rankPosition, index);
div.className = `bantuan-element ${positionClass}`;
div.style.zIndex = this.config.zIndexBase + index;
// Create the link and image
const link = document.createElement('a');
link.href = 'https://cta.ruangguru.com/' + cta.ctaId || '#';
link.target = '_blank';
// Add tracking attributes
link.setAttribute('data-tracking-event-type', 'landing_page__core__item_click');
link.setAttribute(
'data-tracking-context',
JSON.stringify({
product_name: this.product,
cta_action: 'redirection',
cta_action_detail: link.href,
item_type: 'floating',
item_name: element.name || 'Floating element',
item_category: 'payment',
item_position: index,
item_serial: null,
section_type: 'floating_item',
section_position: 'body',
section_name: 'floating_item',
})
);
const img = document.createElement('img');
img.src = element.imageUrl + '?h=200&convert=webp';
img.alt = element.name || 'Floating element';
img.loading = 'lazy';
// Add click tracking
link.addEventListener('click', () => {
this.trackClick(element, cta);
});
link.appendChild(img);
div.appendChild(link);
return div;
}
getPositionClass(rankPosition, index) {
// Define positioning classes based on rankPosition
if (rankPosition === 1) {
return 'bantuan-top'; // Top position
} else if (rankPosition === 2) {
return 'bantuan-bottom'; // Bottom position
} else {
// For additional elements, distribute them evenly
return `bantuan-${index % 2 === 0 ? 'top' : 'bottom'}-${Math.floor(index / 2) + 1}`;
}
}
trackClick(element, cta) {
// Implement click tracking logic here
console.log('Floating element clicked:', {
elementId: element.Id,
elementName: cta.name,
ctaId: cta.ctaId,
targetUrl: cta.targetUrl,
});
}
// Public method to manually refresh
async refresh() {
try {
await this.fetchFloatingElements();
this.renderFloatingElements();
} catch (error) {
console.error('Failed to refresh floating elements:', error);
throw error;
}
}
// Public method to get current floating elements
getFloatingElements() {
return [...this.floatingElements];
}
}
// Initialize the component when DOM is ready
document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => {
// Get product and table parameters from data attributes
const container = document.getElementById('bantuan-divs-container');
const product = container.getAttribute('data-product') || 'ruangguru';
const table = container.getAttribute('data-table') || 'rg_floating_icon';
new FloatingDivsComponent(product, table);
});
// Export for use in other modules if needed
if (typeof module !== 'undefined' && module.exports) {
module.exports = FloatingDivsComponent;
}
</script> <div id="wp-install-nudge" style="
position: fixed;
bottom: 0rem;
right: 0;
z-index: 999;
cursor: pointer;
"></div>
<script>
(function (w, d, s, o, f, js, fjs) {
w['Sales-Nudge-Widget'] = o; w[o] = w[o] || function () { (w[o].q = w[o].q || []).push(arguments) };
js = d.createElement(s), fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];
js.id = o; js.src = f; js.async = 1; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs);
}(window, document, 'script', 'wpInstallNudge', 'https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/sales-nudge/6198a95130/dist/widget.js'));
wpInstallNudge('init', { targetElementId: 'wp-install-nudge', clientTarget: 'ruangguru_blog' });
</script>
<script>
// note: disabled due to auto reload page
// var lastScrollTop = 0;
// $(window).scroll(function(event){
// var st = $(this).scrollTop();
// if (st > lastScrollTop){
// $('#wp-install-nudge').slideDown( "slow", function() {});
// } else {
// $('#wp-install-nudge').slideUp( "slow", function() {});
// }
// lastScrollTop = st;
// });
// $(document).ready(function () {
// $("#wp-install-nudge").hide();
// });
$('#wp-install-nudge').click(function(){
Analytics.track("promotion__install_nudge__click",
{
user_email: "ruangguru@blog.com",
cta_link: widgetData.dataConfig.target_link
}).catch((err) => {
console.log("tracker error", err);
});
});
</script>
</footer>
<div id="__next"></div>
<script type="speculationrules">
{"prefetch":[{"source":"document","where":{"and":[{"href_matches":"\/blog\/*"},{"not":{"href_matches":["\/blog\/wp-*.php","\/blog\/wp-admin\/*","\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/*","\/blog\/wp-content\/*","\/blog\/wp-content\/plugins\/*","\/blog\/wp-content\/themes\/ruangguru\/*","\/blog\/*\\?(.+)"]}},{"not":{"selector_matches":"a[rel~=\"nofollow\"]"}},{"not":{"selector_matches":".no-prefetch, .no-prefetch a"}}]},"eagerness":"conservative"}]}
</script>
<script>
async function getCtaDetails(ctaIds) {
const endpoint =
" https://gw.ruangguru.com/api/v3/rdb/p_ddgy8hjx5dxsqx/CTA/views/CTA?offset=0&limit=10&where=(ctaId,in," + ctaIds.toString() + ")";
try {
const response = await fetch(endpoint, {
headers: {
"xc-token": "-hG2nBDJzSj0agSgNtcJx97M4F02y54nUMoY6plJ",
},
});
const data = await response.json();
const ctaList = data?.list || [];
const ctaMap = new Map();
for (const ctaData of ctaList) {
ctaMap.set(ctaData.ctaId, ctaData);
}
return ctaMap;
} catch (error) {
console.error("Error fetching CTA details:", error);
return new Map();
}
}
async function replaceCTA() {
const regex = /{{cta\((‘(.*?)’|“(.*?)”)\)}}/g;
const bodyHTML = document.body.innerHTML;
const matches = Array.from(bodyHTML.matchAll(regex));
const ctaIds = matches.map((match) => {
let ctaId = match[2] ?? match[3];
return ctaId;
});
const ctaMap = await getCtaDetails(ctaIds);
const replacedHTML = bodyHTML.replace(regex, (match, _inner, ctaId1, ctaId2) => {
const ctaId = ctaId1 ?? ctaId2;
const ctaData = ctaMap.get(ctaId);
if (ctaData) {
return `<a href="https://cta.ruangguru.com/${ctaData.ctaId}" target="_${ctaData.targetType}" style="position:relative;display:inline-block;">
<img src="${ctaData.imageUrl}" loading="lazy" alt="${ctaData.altText}" />
</a>`;
} else {
return match;
}
});
document.body.innerHTML = replacedHTML;
}
</script>
<meta name="author" content="Ruangguru Tech Team">
<!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-PVNLZFT" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>
<!-- Tracker -->
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/landing-page-web/public/staticpages/global-assets/js/cta.js"></script>
<script src="https://unpkg.com/@dotlottie/player-component@latest/dist/dotlottie-player.mjs" type="module"></script>
</body>
</html>