Gangguan sistem pernapasan kita nggak sebatas flu aja, loh! Ada berbagai macam kelainan dan penyakit lain yang perlu kamu waspadai. Yuk, kita ketahui bersama di artikel Biologi kelas 8 ini.
—
Pernah nggak sih berpikir, seperti apa jadinya kalau kalian mengalami kesulitan pernapasan? Pasti rasanya nggak enak banget, ya. Semoga jangan sampai terjadi, ya!
Meskipun demikian, seperti halnya anggota tubuh lain, sistem pernapasan manusia juga dapat terkena kelainan dan penyakit. Tapi, apa saja sih kelainan dan penyakit pada sistem pernapasan manusia?
1. Emfisema
Ada beberapa jenis penyakit dan kelainan pada sistem pernapasan manusia. Yang pertama ini disebut dengan Emfisema.
Emfisema adalah penyakit yang disebabkan karena alveolus kehilangan elastisitasnya. Kantong udara pada paru-parumu juga akan mengalami kehancuran secara perlahan, sehingga membuat napas menjadi pendek-pendek.
Emfisema disebabkan karena kebiasaan merokok, polusi udara dan polusi asap rokok. Tuh, makanya, kamu jangan merokok, ya!
2. Kanker Paru-paru
Penyakit pada pernapasan yang kedua disebut dengan kanker paru-paru. Seperti halnya kanker jenis lain, kanker paru-paru juga merupakan penyakit yang berbahaya.
Penyakit ini disebabkan karena sel kanker yang tumbuh di paru-paru dan terus tumbuh tidak terkendali. Bila dibiarkan, sel kanker dapat menyerang bagian tubuh lainya.
Kanker paru-paru juga dapat disebabkan karena kebiasaan kebiasaan buruk seperti merokok, menghirup asap kendaraan, minum minuman beralkohol dan kebiasaan tidak sehat lainya. Jadi, masih mau merokok dan minum-minuman beralkohol?
Baca Juga: Mengenal 6 Organ Sistem Pernapasan Manusia
3. Tuberkulosis (TBC)
Penyakit pada sistem pernapasan selanjutnya adalah Tuberkulosis (TBC). TBC merupakan penyakit yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Bakteri ini menyerang paru-paru dan menimbulkan bintil-bintil pada dinding alveolus. Karena ada bintil-bintil tersebut, proses difusi oksigen terganggu. Penderita TBC juga sering mengalami batuk darah.
Penyakit TBC menjadi penyebab kematian utama di dunia, setelah penyakit virus Corona (Covid-19). (Sumber: freepik.com)
4. Asma
Penyakit selanjutnya disebut penyakit Asma. Kamu sudah familiar kan, dengan istilah asma?
Asma adalah penyakit yang terjadi karena penyempitan saluran pernapasan. Penyebab penyempitan saluran pernapasan biasanya disebabkan oleh alergi terhadap debu, pasir, bulu, serangga kecil ataupun rambut.
Penyakit ini juga dapat muncul kembali jika suhu lingkungan terlalu dingin atau ketika penderitanya mengalami masalah psikologis. Jika tidak segera diberi penanganan, penderita dapat mengalami kematian akibat sesak napas.
5. Laringitis
Selain penyakit-penyakit yang sudah disebutkan di atas, ada juga penyakit pernapasan yang disebut Laringitis. Penderita laringitis mengalami peradangan yang terjadi di laring atau pangkal tenggorokan karena infeksi bakteri, virus atau jamur.
Baca Juga: Apa Saja Jenis-Jenis Proses Pernapasan Manusia?
6. Bronkhitis
Selain laringitis, ada juga yang disebut dengan bronkhitis, yaitu gangguan pada cabang trakea (bronkus) akibat infeksi. Infeksi ini akan menyebabkan penderita menghasilkan lendir yang menyumbat bronkus sehingga penderitanya dapat mengalami sesak napas. Masih ada lagi nggak ya penyakit pada sistem pernapasan?
7. Pneumonia
Masih ada lagi nih, namanya Pneumonia. Pneumonia ini adalah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh infeksi bakteri Diplococcus pneumoniae, sehingga alveolus penderitanya akan terisi cairan.
8. Asfiksi
Penyakit pada sistem pernapasan yang terakhir adalah Asfiksi, yang merupakan gangguan pengangkutan oksigen ke jaringan tubuh. Asfiksi disebabkan karena hemoglobin darah mengikat komponen selain oksigen seperti karbon monoksida.
Karena daya ikat HB lebih tinggi terhadap CO, maka CO akan lebih berpotensi untuk masuk ke dalam tubuh. CO sendiri banyak dihasilkan oleh asap kendaraan bermotor.
Baca Juga: 9 Cara Menjaga Kesehatan Organ Sistem Pernapasan
—
Wah, ternyata banyak juga ya penyakit dan kelainan pada sistem pernapasan. Kamu harus selalu menjaga kesehatan, ya! Termasuk kesehatan sistem pernapasan ini.
Oh iya, kamu ingin tahu lebih banyak tentang kelainan sistem pernapasan? Kamu bisa nih tanyakan langsung ke ahlinya di Ruangguru Privat Biologi!
Para pengajar Ruangguru Privat sudah terstandarisasi kualitasnya. Kamu juga bisa pilih, mau ikutan kelas offline atau online. Asyik banget kan? Yuk, cari tahu informasinya dengan klik banner di bawah ini!
Sumber Gambar:
https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/covid-concept-with-red-lungs_13404021.htm#fromView=search&page=3&position=7&uuid=46176b1c-0fe6-4e9b-aa45-6682eef6f964 (Diakses pada 16 Januari 2025)
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<h1 class="content-title">
8 Kelainan dan Penyakit Sistem Pernapasan Manusia | Biologi Kelas 8 </h1>
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<p class="content-author"><a href="https://www.ruangguru.com/blog/author/embun-bening-diniari" class="">Embun Bening Diniari</a> </p>
<p class="content-info"><span>January 15, 2025 • </span> <span>4 minutes read</span></p>
<br />
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<p><img decoding="async" class="aligncenter size-medium" src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/9e1824f8-ed3f-4f56-b579-45d4e1c5e23a.png" alt="gangguan sistem pernapasan" /></p>
<blockquote>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em>Gangguan sistem pernapasan kita nggak sebatas flu aja, loh! Ada berbagai macam kelainan dan penyakit lain yang perlu kamu waspadai. Yuk, kita ketahui bersama di <strong><a href="https://www.ruangguru.com/blog/c/biologi/biologi-smp-kelas-8">artikel Biologi kelas 8 ini</a></strong>.</em></p>
</blockquote>
<p style="text-align: center;">—</p>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Pernah <em>nggak</em> sih berpikir, seperti apa jadinya kalau kalian mengalami kesulitan pernapasan? Pasti rasanya nggak enak banget, ya. Semoga jangan sampai terjadi, ya!</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Meskipun demikian, seperti halnya anggota tubuh lain, sistem pernapasan manusia juga dapat terkena kelainan dan penyakit. Tapi, apa saja sih kelainan dan penyakit pada sistem pernapasan manusia?</p>
<p> </p>
<h2><span style="font-size: 18pt;">1. Emfisema</span></h2>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Ada beberapa jenis penyakit dan kelainan pada sistem pernapasan manusia. Yang pertama ini disebut dengan Emfisema.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Emfisema</strong> adalah penyakit yang disebabkan karena <strong>alveolus kehilangan elastisitasnya</strong>. Kantong udara pada paru-parumu juga akan mengalami kehancuran secara perlahan, sehingga membuat napas menjadi pendek-pendek.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Emfisema disebabkan karena kebiasaan merokok, polusi udara dan polusi asap rokok. Tuh, makanya, kamu jangan merokok, ya!</p>
<p> </p>
<h2><span style="font-size: 18pt;">2. Kanker Paru-paru</span></h2>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Penyakit pada pernapasan yang kedua disebut dengan kanker paru-paru. Seperti halnya kanker jenis lain, <strong>kanker paru-paru</strong> juga merupakan penyakit yang berbahaya.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Penyakit ini disebabkan karena <strong>sel kanker yang tumbuh di paru-paru dan terus tumbuh tidak terkendali</strong>. Bila dibiarkan, sel kanker dapat menyerang bagian tubuh lainya.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Kanker paru-paru juga dapat disebabkan karena kebiasaan kebiasaan buruk seperti merokok, menghirup asap kendaraan, minum minuman beralkohol dan kebiasaan tidak sehat lainya. Jadi, masih mau merokok dan minum-minuman beralkohol?</p>
<p><strong>Baca Juga: <a href="https://www.ruangguru.com/blog/sistem-pernapasan">Mengenal 6 Organ Sistem Pernapasan Manusia</a></strong></p>
<p> </p>
<h2><span style="font-size: 18pt;">3. Tuberkulosis (TBC)</span></h2>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Penyakit pada sistem pernapasan selanjutnya adalah <strong>Tuberkulosis (TBC)</strong>. TBC merupakan penyakit yang <strong>disebabkan oleh bakteri <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em></strong>. Bakteri ini menyerang paru-paru dan menimbulkan bintil-bintil pada dinding alveolus. Karena ada bintil-bintil tersebut, proses difusi oksigen terganggu. Penderita TBC juga sering mengalami batuk darah.</p>
<p><img decoding="async" class="aligncenter size-medium" src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/144195d1-ccbf-4601-af98-5d3fa63fca72.jpg" alt="penyakit TBC" width="400" /></p>
<p style="text-align: center;">Penyakit TBC menjadi penyebab kematian utama di dunia, setelah penyakit virus Corona (Covid-19). (Sumber: freepik.com)</p>
<p> </p>
<h2><span style="font-size: 18pt;">4. Asma</span></h2>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Penyakit selanjutnya disebut penyakit Asma. Kamu sudah familiar kan, dengan istilah asma?</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Asma</strong> adalah penyakit yang terjadi karena <strong>penyempitan saluran pernapasan</strong>. Penyebab penyempitan saluran pernapasan biasanya disebabkan oleh alergi terhadap debu, pasir, bulu, serangga kecil ataupun rambut.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Penyakit ini juga dapat muncul kembali jika suhu lingkungan terlalu dingin atau ketika penderitanya mengalami masalah psikologis. Jika tidak segera diberi penanganan, penderita dapat mengalami kematian akibat sesak napas.</p>
<p> </p>
<h2><span style="font-size: 18pt;">5. Laringitis</span></h2>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Selain penyakit-penyakit yang sudah disebutkan di atas, ada juga penyakit pernapasan yang disebut <strong>Laringitis</strong>. Penderita laringitis mengalami <strong>peradangan yang terjadi di laring atau pangkal tenggorokan</strong> karena infeksi bakteri, virus atau jamur.</p>
<p><strong>Baca Juga: <a href="https://www.ruangguru.com/blog/proses-pernapasan">Apa Saja Jenis-Jenis Proses Pernapasan Manusia?</a></strong></p>
<p> </p>
<h2><span style="font-size: 18pt;">6. Bronkhitis</span></h2>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Selain laringitis, ada juga yang disebut dengan <strong>b</strong><span style="background-color: transparent;"><strong>ronkhitis</strong>, yaitu <strong>gangguan pada cabang trakea (bronkus)</strong> akibat infeksi. Infeksi ini akan menyebabkan penderita menghasilkan lendir yang menyumbat bronkus sehingga penderitanya dapat mengalami sesak napas. </span>Masih ada lagi nggak ya penyakit pada sistem pernapasan?</p>
<p> </p>
<h2><span style="font-size: 18pt;">7. Pneumonia</span></h2>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Masih ada lagi nih, namanya <strong>Pneumonia</strong>. Pneumonia ini adalah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh <strong>infeksi bakteri <em>Diplococcus pneumoniae</em></strong>, sehingga alveolus penderitanya akan terisi cairan.</p>
<p> </p>
<h2><span style="font-size: 18pt;">8. Asfiksi</span></h2>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Penyakit pada sistem pernapasan yang terakhir adalah <strong>Asfiksi</strong>, yang merupakan <strong>gangguan pengangkutan oksigen ke jaringan tubuh</strong>. Asfiksi disebabkan karena hemoglobin darah mengikat komponen selain oksigen seperti karbon monoksida.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Karena daya ikat HB lebih tinggi terhadap CO, maka CO akan lebih berpotensi untuk masuk ke dalam tubuh. CO sendiri banyak dihasilkan oleh asap kendaraan bermotor.</p>
<p><strong>Baca Juga: <a href="https://www.ruangguru.com/blog/kesehatan-sistem-pernapasan">9 Cara Menjaga Kesehatan Organ Sistem Pernapasan</a></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: center;">—</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Wah, ternyata banyak juga ya <strong>penyakit dan kelainan pada sistem pernapasan</strong>. Kamu harus selalu menjaga kesehatan, ya! Termasuk kesehatan sistem pernapasan ini.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Oh iya, kamu ingin tahu lebih banyak tentang kelainan sistem pernapasan? Kamu bisa nih tanyakan langsung ke ahlinya di <strong><a href="https://www.ruangguru.com/privat/biologi">Ruangguru Privat Biologi</a></strong>!</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Para pengajar Ruangguru Privat sudah terstandarisasi kualitasnya. Kamu juga bisa pilih, mau ikutan kelas <em>offline</em> atau <em>online</em>. Asyik banget kan? Yuk, cari tahu informasinya dengan klik banner di bawah ini!</p>
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<p><strong>Sumber Gambar:</strong></p>
<p>https://www.freepik.com/free-photo/covid-concept-with-red-lungs_13404021.htm#fromView=search&page=3&position=7&uuid=46176b1c-0fe6-4e9b-aa45-6682eef6f964 (Diakses pada 16 Januari 2025)</p>
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// Configuration
this.config = {
baseApiUrl: 'https://gw.ruangguru.com/api/v3/rdb/p_ddgy8hjx5dxsqx/rg_banner/views/',
apiKey: 'vLyK3dJrDBRmOwueX2OJXibMkgsUbBk0WS4ua2p1',
maxElements: 2,
zIndexBase: 100,
};
// Build dynamic API URL based on table parameter
this.config.apiUrl = this.buildApiUrl();
this.init();
}
buildApiUrl() {
const baseUrl = this.config.baseApiUrl;
const tableName = this.table || 'rg_floating_icon';
const queryParams =
'offset=0&limit=99999&sort=rankPosition&where=(type,eq,floating)~and(showIn,anyof,blog)~and(hide,is,false)~and(product,eq,' +
this.product +
')&nested%5Bcta%5D%5Bfields%5D=Id,name,ctaId,imageUrl,ctaLink,targetUrl';
return `${baseUrl}${tableName}?${queryParams}`;
}
async init() {
try {
await this.fetchFloatingElements();
this.renderFloatingElements();
} catch (error) {
console.error('Failed to initialize floating divs component:', error);
}
}
async fetchFloatingElements() {
try {
const options = {
method: 'GET',
headers: {
'xc-token': this.config.apiKey || 'vLyK3dJrDBRmOwueX2OJXibMkgsUbBk0WS4ua2p1',
},
};
const urlNoco = this.config.apiUrl;
const response = await fetch(urlNoco, options);
if (!response.ok) {
throw new Error(`HTTP error! status: ${response.status}`);
}
const data = await response.json();
this.floatingElements = this.processApiResponse(data);
} catch (error) {
console.error('Error fetching floating elements:', error);
throw error;
}
}
processApiResponse(data) {
if (!data || !data.list || !Array.isArray(data.list)) {
return [];
}
console.log(data.list);
// Ensure we only get maximum 2 elements
const limitedElements = data.list.slice(0, this.config.maxElements);
return limitedElements;
}
renderFloatingElements() {
if (!this.container || this.floatingElements.length === 0) {
return;
}
// Additional safeguard: ensure we never render more than maxElements
const elementsToRender = this.floatingElements.slice(0, this.config.maxElements);
// Clean up existing elements and their event listeners
this.cleanupExistingElements();
// Clear existing content
this.container.innerHTML = '';
elementsToRender.forEach((element, index) => {
const floatingDiv = this.createFloatingDiv(element, index);
this.container.appendChild(floatingDiv);
});
}
cleanupExistingElements() {
// Clear existing elements (no need for event listener cleanup with CSS approach)
const existingElements = this.container.querySelectorAll('[data-floating-element]');
existingElements.forEach(element => {
element.remove();
});
}
createFloatingDiv(element, index) {
const div = document.createElement('div');
const cta = element.cta[0]; // Use the first CTA
// Add data attribute for cleanup tracking
div.setAttribute('data-floating-element', 'true');
// Apply CSS classes based on rankPosition
const positionClass = this.getPositionClass(element.rankPosition, index);
div.className = `bantuan-element ${positionClass}`;
div.style.zIndex = this.config.zIndexBase + index;
// Create the link and image
const link = document.createElement('a');
link.href = 'https://cta.ruangguru.com/' + cta.ctaId || '#';
link.target = '_blank';
// Add tracking attributes
link.setAttribute('data-tracking-event-type', 'landing_page__core__item_click');
link.setAttribute(
'data-tracking-context',
JSON.stringify({
product_name: this.product,
cta_action: 'redirection',
cta_action_detail: link.href,
item_type: 'floating',
item_name: element.name || 'Floating element',
item_category: 'payment',
item_position: index,
item_serial: null,
section_type: 'floating_item',
section_position: 'body',
section_name: 'floating_item',
})
);
const img = document.createElement('img');
img.src = element.imageUrl + '?h=200&convert=webp';
img.alt = element.name || 'Floating element';
img.loading = 'lazy';
// Add click tracking
link.addEventListener('click', () => {
this.trackClick(element, cta);
});
link.appendChild(img);
div.appendChild(link);
return div;
}
getPositionClass(rankPosition, index) {
// Define positioning classes based on rankPosition
if (rankPosition === 1) {
return 'bantuan-top'; // Top position
} else if (rankPosition === 2) {
return 'bantuan-bottom'; // Bottom position
} else {
// For additional elements, distribute them evenly
return `bantuan-${index % 2 === 0 ? 'top' : 'bottom'}-${Math.floor(index / 2) + 1}`;
}
}
trackClick(element, cta) {
// Implement click tracking logic here
console.log('Floating element clicked:', {
elementId: element.Id,
elementName: cta.name,
ctaId: cta.ctaId,
targetUrl: cta.targetUrl,
});
}
// Public method to manually refresh
async refresh() {
try {
await this.fetchFloatingElements();
this.renderFloatingElements();
} catch (error) {
console.error('Failed to refresh floating elements:', error);
throw error;
}
}
// Public method to get current floating elements
getFloatingElements() {
return [...this.floatingElements];
}
}
// Initialize the component when DOM is ready
document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => {
// Get product and table parameters from data attributes
const container = document.getElementById('bantuan-divs-container');
const product = container.getAttribute('data-product') || 'ruangguru';
const table = container.getAttribute('data-table') || 'rg_floating_icon';
new FloatingDivsComponent(product, table);
});
// Export for use in other modules if needed
if (typeof module !== 'undefined' && module.exports) {
module.exports = FloatingDivsComponent;
}
</script> <div id="wp-install-nudge" style="
position: fixed;
bottom: 0rem;
right: 0;
z-index: 999;
cursor: pointer;
"></div>
<script>
(function (w, d, s, o, f, js, fjs) {
w['Sales-Nudge-Widget'] = o; w[o] = w[o] || function () { (w[o].q = w[o].q || []).push(arguments) };
js = d.createElement(s), fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];
js.id = o; js.src = f; js.async = 1; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs);
}(window, document, 'script', 'wpInstallNudge', 'https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/sales-nudge/6198a95130/dist/widget.js'));
wpInstallNudge('init', { targetElementId: 'wp-install-nudge', clientTarget: 'ruangguru_blog' });
</script>
<script>
// note: disabled due to auto reload page
// var lastScrollTop = 0;
// $(window).scroll(function(event){
// var st = $(this).scrollTop();
// if (st > lastScrollTop){
// $('#wp-install-nudge').slideDown( "slow", function() {});
// } else {
// $('#wp-install-nudge').slideUp( "slow", function() {});
// }
// lastScrollTop = st;
// });
// $(document).ready(function () {
// $("#wp-install-nudge").hide();
// });
$('#wp-install-nudge').click(function(){
Analytics.track("promotion__install_nudge__click",
{
user_email: "ruangguru@blog.com",
cta_link: widgetData.dataConfig.target_link
}).catch((err) => {
console.log("tracker error", err);
});
});
</script>
</footer>
<div id="__next"></div>
<script type="speculationrules">
{"prefetch":[{"source":"document","where":{"and":[{"href_matches":"\/blog\/*"},{"not":{"href_matches":["\/blog\/wp-*.php","\/blog\/wp-admin\/*","\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/*","\/blog\/wp-content\/*","\/blog\/wp-content\/plugins\/*","\/blog\/wp-content\/themes\/ruangguru\/*","\/blog\/*\\?(.+)"]}},{"not":{"selector_matches":"a[rel~=\"nofollow\"]"}},{"not":{"selector_matches":".no-prefetch, .no-prefetch a"}}]},"eagerness":"conservative"}]}
</script>
<script>
async function getCtaDetails(ctaIds) {
const endpoint =
" https://gw.ruangguru.com/api/v3/rdb/p_ddgy8hjx5dxsqx/CTA/views/CTA?offset=0&limit=10&where=(ctaId,in," + ctaIds.toString() + ")";
try {
const response = await fetch(endpoint, {
headers: {
"xc-token": "-hG2nBDJzSj0agSgNtcJx97M4F02y54nUMoY6plJ",
},
});
const data = await response.json();
const ctaList = data?.list || [];
const ctaMap = new Map();
for (const ctaData of ctaList) {
ctaMap.set(ctaData.ctaId, ctaData);
}
return ctaMap;
} catch (error) {
console.error("Error fetching CTA details:", error);
return new Map();
}
}
async function replaceCTA() {
const regex = /{{cta\((‘(.*?)’|“(.*?)”)\)}}/g;
const bodyHTML = document.body.innerHTML;
const matches = Array.from(bodyHTML.matchAll(regex));
const ctaIds = matches.map((match) => {
let ctaId = match[2] ?? match[3];
return ctaId;
});
const ctaMap = await getCtaDetails(ctaIds);
const replacedHTML = bodyHTML.replace(regex, (match, _inner, ctaId1, ctaId2) => {
const ctaId = ctaId1 ?? ctaId2;
const ctaData = ctaMap.get(ctaId);
if (ctaData) {
return `<a href="https://cta.ruangguru.com/${ctaData.ctaId}" target="_${ctaData.targetType}" style="position:relative;display:inline-block;">
<img src="${ctaData.imageUrl}" loading="lazy" alt="${ctaData.altText}" />
</a>`;
} else {
return match;
}
});
document.body.innerHTML = replacedHTML;
}
</script>
<meta name="author" content="Ruangguru Tech Team">
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<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-PVNLZFT" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>
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<script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/landing-page-web/public/staticpages/global-assets/js/cta.js"></script>
<script src="https://unpkg.com/@dotlottie/player-component@latest/dist/dotlottie-player.mjs" type="module"></script>
</body>
</html>