Artikel Sejarah kelas 9 ini akan membahas mengenai tokoh-tokoh di balik kemerdekaan dan reformasi, yaitu Sukarno dan Moh. Hatta.
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Seperti yang sudah kita semua ketahui, bulan Agustus ini merupakan bulannya bangsa Indonesia, ya! Pada bulan Agustus ini, kita merayakan hari kemerdekaan setelah sebelumnya dijajah selama bertahun-tahun. Selain kemerdekaan, Indonesia juga pernah mengalami masa yang dinamakan dengan masa revolusi.
Kamu tahu nggak sih, siapa saja tokoh di balik kemerdekaan dan revolusi? Ada 4 tokoh nih, yaitu Sukarno, Moh. Hatta, Bung Tomo, dan Juanda Kartawijaya. Sekarang, kita bahas tentang Sukarno dan Moh. Hatta dulu ya. Yuk, kita bahas satu persatu!
1. Sukarno
Sukarno lahir pada tanggal 6 Juni 1901, Jawa Timur. Awalnya, ia lahir dengan nama Kusno Sosrodiharjo, lho! Namun karena ia sering sakit-sakitan kemudian namanya diganti menjadi Sukarno. Sukarno pernah menempuh sekolah ELS (Europeesche Lagereschool), kemudian dilanjutkan di HBS (Hogere Burgerschool) di Surabaya.
Kok Sukarno bisa sekolah di HBS yang merupakan sekolah elite pada zaman Belanda? Semua itu karena adanya bantuan dari teman ayahnya yang bernama H.O.S. Cokroaminoto.
Baca Juga: Mengenal Masa Reformasi di Indonesia
Presiden Sukarno, presiden pertama Indonesia (sumber: myhero.com)
Pada masa mudanya ia aktif dalam organisasi pemuda Tri Koro Darmo yang kemudian berganti nama menjadi Jong Java. Selain itu, Sukarno juga ikut aktif menulis di harian Oetoesan Hindia yang dipimpin oleh H.O.S. Cokroaminoto. Sukarno muda merupakan pencetus ajaran Marhaenisme.
Dari ajaran tersebut, ia kemudian membentuk Partai Nasional Indonesia (PNI) pada tanggal 4 Juli 1927. Tujuan dari ajaran Marhaenisme dan pembentukan PNI adalah untuk menentang penjajahan Belanda dan memerdekakan Indonesia.
Perjuangannya dalam memerdekakan Indonesia juga dilakukan pada masa pendudukan Jepang. Berbeda dari masa sebelumnya, pada masa pendudukan Jepang, perjuangan kemerdekaan dilakukan secara kooperatif melalui keikutsertaan dalam organisasi-organisasi buatan Jepang seperti Badan Penyelidik Usaha-usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia atau BPUPKI.
Sukarno berperan besar dalam organisasi BPUPKI dengan mencetuskan gagasan Pancasila. Sukarno juga menyusun naskah proklamasi bersama dengan Moh. Hatta dan Ahmad Soebardjo di kediaman Laksamana Tadashi Maeda. Bersama Hatta, Sukarno juga menandatangani teks proklamasi, yang kemudian dibacakan pada tanggal 17 Agustus 1945.
Setelah Indonesia merdeka, sidang PPKI dilaksanakan pada tanggal 18 Agustus 1945 yang secara aklamasi memilih Sukarno sebagai Presiden pertama Republik Indonesia.
2. Moh. Hatta
Mohammad Hatta lahir pada 12 Agustus 1902 di Bukittinggi, Sumatra Barat. Beliau menempuh pendidikan dasar di Sekolah Melayu Fort de Kock. Setelah itu, ia melanjutkan pendidikan di ELS (Europeesche Lagere School), Padang. Kemudian ia mengambil pendidikan lanjutan di sekolah MULO (Meer Uitgebreid Lager Onderwijs), Padang, dan melanjutkan sekolah ke HBS (Hogere Burgerschool) di Jakarta.
Hatta muda aktif berperan dalam organisasi Jong Sumatranen Bond. Kesadaran nasionalnya semakin berkembang ketika ia sering menghadiri berbagai pertemuan politik. Pada tahun 1921, Moh. Hatta menempuh pendidikan di Nederland Handelshogeschool yang berlokasi di Rotterdam, Belanda.
Mohammad Hatta (Sumber: beritagar.id)
Ketika bersekolah di Rotterdam, Moh. Hatta bahkan tetap aktif bergabung dalam organisasi pemuda Indonesia di Belanda yang disebut sebagai Indische Vereeniging. Indische Vereeniging kemudian berubah namanya menjadi Perhimpunan Indonesia pada tahun 1925.
Selama di Belanda, Hatta terus memperjuangkan kemerdekaan Indonesia dengan menentang kolonialisme dan imperialisme Belanda terhadap Indonesia. Karena aktivitasnya dianggap membahayakan, pemerintah Belanda kemudian menangkap Hatta dan kawan-kawan.
Baca Juga: Apa Saja Perjuangan Bersenjata untuk Mempertahankan Republik Indonesia?
Ia kemudian dibebaskan setelah menyampaikan pidatonya yang berjudul Indonesia Free atau Indonesia Merdeka. Pada tahun 1932, Hatta kembali ke Indonesia dan melanjutkan perjuangannya dalam memerdekakan Indonesia. Perannya dimulai dengan mendirikan organisasi Pendidikan Nasional Indonesia atau PNI.
Organisasi ini dibentuk dengan tujuan untuk memajukan pendidikan rakyat Indonesia untuk melawan kolonialisme. Karena gerakan tersebut dianggap berbahaya oleh pemerintah Hindia Belanda, Hatta beserta beberapa tokoh lainnya kembali diasingkan ke Boven Digoel dan dipindahkan ke Banda Neira.
Pada tanggal 3 Februari 1942 ketika Jepang berkuasa, Hatta dibawa ke Sukabumi. Kamu tahu nggak sih, pada masa pendudukan Jepang, seluruh tahanan politik Belanda dibebaskan. Oleh karena itu, Hatta bisa kembali aktif memperjuangkan kemerdekaan Indonesia dengan bergabung ke dalam PUTERA.
Selain itu, ia juga berperan aktif dalam organisasi BPUPKI dan PPKI (Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia). Bahkan, di dalam PPKI Hatta menjabat sebagai wakil ketua PPKI, lho.
Moh. Hatta juga berperan besar dalam memerdekakan Indonesia. Ia turut menyusun rumusan teks proklamasi dan menandatanganinya bersama dengan Sukarno. Setelah Indonesia merdeka, Hatta diangkat menjadi Wakil Presiden Republik Indonesia.
3. Bung Tomo
Sutomo, atau yang mungkin kita lebih kenal dengan nama “Bung Tomo” merupakan tokoh pahlawan nasional Indonesia pada masa awal kemerdekaan. Ia dilahirkan di Kampung Blauran, Surabaya, pada 3 Oktober 1920.
Bung Tomo ini dikenal sebagai pengobar semangat tempur di Pertempuran Surabaya pada 10 November 1945. Keren banget, ya! Meskipun ia memimpin rakyat pada pertempuran, tetapi Bung Tomo tidak memiliki latar belakang pendidikan militer.
Bung Tomo (Sumber: nusantara.news)
Minat Bung Tomo muda justru pada bidang jurnalisme, nih. Ketika Jepang berkuasa di Indonesia, ia bekerja di kantor berita Domei pada bagian Bahasa Indonesia untuk seluruh Jawa Timur di Surabaya (1942-1945).
Bersama dengan wartawan senior Romo Bintarti, Bung Tomo turut andil dalam memberitakan proklamasi kemerdekaan Indonesia dengan menggunakan bahasa Jawa. Kok pakai bahasa Jawa? Iya, dong! Alasannya supaya tidak terkena sensor dari Jepang. Nah, apa lagi sih bentuk perjuangan Bung Tomo?
Baca Juga: 7 Penyimpangan Demokrasi Terpimpin terhadap Pancasila dan UUD 1945
Bung Tomo akhirnya membangun pemancar radio sendiri, yaitu Radio Pemberontakan. Radio Pemberontakan memegang peranan penting dalam pertempuran menghadapi pasukan Inggris di Surabaya bulan November 1945.
Melalui radio tersebut, Bung Tomo menyampaikan pidatonya. Seperti apa, sih pidatonya? Berikut petikannya:
4. Juanda Kartawijaya
Kamu pernah dengar Bandara Juanda yang terletak di Surabaya? Kamu tahu nggak sih, siapa yang mengusulkan pembangunan bandara tersebut? Yes, yang mengusulkan adalah Juanda Kartawijaya. Juanda Kartawijaya lahir di Tasikmalaya pada tanggal 14 Januari 1911.
Ia adalah politikus yang menjabat sebagai perdana menteri terakhir dari Kabinet Juanda (1957-1959) pada masa Demokrasi Liberal. Pada masa pergerakan nasional, Juanda bergabung dengan beberapa organisasi pergerakan nasional, antara lain Budi Utomo dan Paguyuban Pasundan. Di masa ini juga, Juanda aktif sebagai guru di SMA Muhammadiyah Jakarta sejak usia 23 tahun.
Djuanda Kartawirdjaja (Sumber: unikom.ac.id)
Pada periode pasca kemerdekaan Indonesia, Juanda sering menduduki jabatan di kabinet. Juanda memiliki keahlian teknik sipil sebagai hasil pendidikannya di Technische Hoogeschool te Bandoeng (THB) tahun 1933. Beberapa jabatan menteri yang pernah ia jabat antara lain Menteri Perhubungan, Menteri Keuangan, dan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum.
Capaian terbesar Juanda Kartawijaya selama terlibat dalam pemerintahan adalah ketika ia menjabat sebagai perdana menteri dari Kabinet Juanda. Ia berhasil merumuskan Wilayah Perairan Republik Indonesia pada tanggal 13 Desember 1957, yang dikenal dengan nama deklarasi Juanda. Seperti apa sih isi dari Deklarasi Juanda?
Tahukah kamu, Pemerintah RI mengangkat Juanda Kartawijaya sebagai Pahlawan Kemerdekaan Nasional pada tanggal 29 November 1963 dengan berdasarkan pada SK Presiden No. 244 tahun 1963. Hebaat!
Baca Juga: Penyimpangan Demokrasi Terpimpin terhadap Politik Luar Negeri
Ternyata menarik banget ya mempelajari tentang tokoh-tokoh di balik peristiwa kemerdekaan dan revolusi Indonesia ini. Kamu harus belajar yang rajin nih supaya bisa turut membangun bangsa seperti mereka!
Yuk, supaya kamu makin semangat belajarnya, belajar pakai ruangbelajar aja! Kamu bisa nonton video belajar, latihan soal, lihat rangkuman, hanya dari 1 aplikasi. Download sekarang, yuk!
Referensi:
AM, Sardiman. (2017) Sejarah Indonesia Kelas XI Semester 2. Jakarta: Kemendikbud RI.
Sumber foto:
Presiden Sukarno [daring]. Tautan: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Presiden_Sukarno.jpg (Diakses 11 Februari 2022)
Moh. Hatta [daring]. Tautan: https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Mohammad_Hatta_1950.jpg (Diakses 11 Februari 2022)
Sutomo [daring]. Tautan: https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutomo#/media/Berkas:Bung_Tomo.jpg (Diakses 11 Februari 2022)
Djoeanda Kartawidjaja [daring]. Tautan:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djoeanda_Kartawidjaja#/media/Berkas:Djuanda_Kartawidjaja.jpg (Diakses 11 Februari 2022)
Foto Presiden Soekarno [daring]. Tautan: https://myhero.com/Soekarno2_sman5_ID_2009_ul (Diakses: 29 Agustus 2018)
Foto Mohammad Hatta [daring]. Tautan: https://beritagar.id/artikel/telatah/moh-hatta-jendela-untuk-memahami-pembentukan-indonesia (Diakses: 29 Agustus 2018)
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<h1 class="content-title">
Siapa Saja Tokoh Kemerdekaan dan Revolusi Indonesia? | Sejarah Kelas 9 </h1>
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<p class="content-author"><a href="https://www.ruangguru.com/blog/author/embun-bening-diniari" class="">Embun Bening Diniari</a> </p>
<p class="content-info"><span>August 17, 2025 • </span> <span>7 minutes read</span></p>
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<p><img decoding="async" style="width: 820px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; display: block;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/SEJ09%20-%20Siapa%20Saja%20Tokoh%20Kemerdekaan%20dan%20Revolusi-01.jpg" alt="Siapa Saja Tokoh Kemerdekaan dan Revolusi? | Sejarah Kelas 9" width="820" /></p>
<blockquote>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em><a style="font-weight: bold;" href="https://www.ruangguru.com/blog/c/sejarah/sejarah-smp-kelas-9" rel="noopener">Artikel Sejarah kelas 9</a> ini akan membahas mengenai tokoh-tokoh di balik kemerdekaan dan reformasi, yaitu Sukarno dan Moh. Hatta.</em></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em>—</em></p>
</blockquote>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Seperti yang sudah kita semua ketahui, bulan Agustus ini merupakan bulannya bangsa Indonesia, ya! Pada bulan Agustus ini, kita merayakan hari kemerdekaan setelah sebelumnya dijajah selama bertahun-tahun. Selain kemerdekaan, Indonesia juga pernah mengalami masa yang dinamakan dengan masa revolusi.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Kamu tahu nggak sih, siapa saja tokoh di balik kemerdekaan dan revolusi? Ada 4 tokoh nih, yaitu Sukarno, Moh. Hatta, Bung Tomo, dan Juanda Kartawijaya. Sekarang, kita bahas tentang Sukarno dan Moh. Hatta dulu ya. Yuk, kita bahas satu persatu!</p>
<p> </p>
<h2><span style="font-size: 18pt;">1. Sukarno</span></h2>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Sukarno lahir pada tanggal 6 Juni 1901, Jawa Timur. Awalnya, ia lahir dengan nama Kusno Sosrodiharjo, lho! Namun karena ia sering sakit-sakitan kemudian namanya diganti menjadi Sukarno. Sukarno pernah menempuh sekolah ELS (<em>Europeesche Lagereschool</em>), kemudian dilanjutkan di HBS (<em>Hogere Burgerschool</em>) di Surabaya.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Kok Sukarno bisa sekolah di HBS yang merupakan sekolah elite pada zaman Belanda? Semua itu karena adanya bantuan dari teman ayahnya yang bernama H.O.S. Cokroaminoto.</p>
<p><strong>Baca Juga: <a href="/blog/mengenal-masa-reformasi-di-indonesia" rel="noopener">Mengenal Masa Reformasi di Indonesia</a></strong></p>
<p><img decoding="async" class="" style="width: 507px; display: block; margin: 0px auto;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/Presiden_Sukarno.jpg" alt="Tokoh Kemerdekaan dan Reformasi - soekarno" width="300" /></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em>Presiden Sukarno, presiden pertama Indonesia (sumber: myhero.com)</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Pada masa mudanya ia aktif dalam organisasi pemuda Tri Koro Darmo yang kemudian berganti nama menjadi <em>Jong Java</em>. Selain itu, Sukarno juga ikut aktif menulis di harian <em>Oetoesan Hindia</em> yang dipimpin oleh H.O.S. Cokroaminoto. Sukarno muda merupakan pencetus ajaran Marhaenisme.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Dari ajaran tersebut, ia kemudian membentuk Partai Nasional Indonesia (PNI) pada tanggal 4 Juli 1927. Tujuan dari ajaran Marhaenisme dan pembentukan PNI adalah untuk menentang penjajahan Belanda dan memerdekakan Indonesia.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Perjuangannya dalam memerdekakan Indonesia juga dilakukan pada masa pendudukan Jepang. Berbeda dari masa sebelumnya, pada masa pendudukan Jepang, perjuangan kemerdekaan dilakukan secara kooperatif melalui keikutsertaan dalam organisasi-organisasi buatan Jepang seperti Badan Penyelidik Usaha-usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia atau BPUPKI.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Sukarno berperan besar dalam organisasi BPUPKI dengan mencetuskan gagasan Pancasila. Sukarno juga menyusun naskah proklamasi bersama dengan Moh. Hatta dan Ahmad Soebardjo di kediaman Laksamana Tadashi Maeda. Bersama Hatta, Sukarno juga menandatangani teks proklamasi, yang kemudian dibacakan pada tanggal 17 Agustus 1945.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Setelah Indonesia merdeka, sidang PPKI dilaksanakan pada tanggal 18 Agustus 1945 yang secara aklamasi memilih Sukarno sebagai Presiden pertama Republik Indonesia.</p>
<p><img decoding="async" style="width: 600px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; display: block;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/SEJ09%20-%20Siapa%20Saja%20Tokoh%20Kemerdekaan%20dan%20Revolusi-03.jpg" alt="Tokoh Kemerdekaan Soekarno" width="600" /></p>
<p> </p>
<h2><span style="font-size: 18pt;">2. Moh. Hatta</span></h2>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Mohammad Hatta lahir pada 12 Agustus 1902 di Bukittinggi, Sumatra Barat. Beliau menempuh pendidikan dasar di Sekolah Melayu Fort de Kock. Setelah itu, ia melanjutkan pendidikan di ELS (<em>Europeesche Lagere School</em>), Padang. Kemudian ia mengambil pendidikan lanjutan di sekolah MULO (<em>Meer Uitgebreid Lager Onderwijs</em>), Padang, dan melanjutkan sekolah ke HBS (<em>Hogere Burgerschool</em>) di Jakarta.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Hatta muda aktif berperan dalam organisasi <em>Jong Sumatranen Bond</em>. Kesadaran nasionalnya semakin berkembang ketika ia sering menghadiri berbagai pertemuan politik. Pada tahun 1921, Moh. Hatta menempuh pendidikan di <em>Nederland Handelshogeschool</em> yang berlokasi di Rotterdam, Belanda.</p>
<p><img decoding="async" class="" style="width: 503px; display: block; margin: 0px auto;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/mohammad-hatta-edt_1514962853.jpg" alt="Tokoh Kemerdekaan dan Reformasi : Mohammad Hatta" width="600" /></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em>Mohammad Hatta (Sumber: beritagar.id)</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Ketika bersekolah di Rotterdam, Moh. Hatta bahkan tetap aktif bergabung dalam organisasi pemuda Indonesia di Belanda yang disebut sebagai <em>Indische Vereeniging</em>. <em>Indische Vereeniging </em>kemudian berubah namanya menjadi Perhimpunan Indonesia pada tahun 1925.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Selama di Belanda, Hatta terus memperjuangkan kemerdekaan Indonesia dengan menentang kolonialisme dan imperialisme Belanda terhadap Indonesia. Karena aktivitasnya dianggap membahayakan, pemerintah Belanda kemudian menangkap Hatta dan kawan-kawan.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;">Baca Juga: <a href="/blog/perjuangan-bersenjata-untuk-mempertahankan-kemerdekaan-indonesia" rel="noopener">Apa Saja Perjuangan Bersenjata untuk Mempertahankan Republik Indonesia?</a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Ia kemudian dibebaskan setelah menyampaikan pidatonya yang berjudul <em>Indonesia Free </em>atau Indonesia Merdeka. Pada tahun 1932, Hatta kembali ke Indonesia dan melanjutkan perjuangannya dalam memerdekakan Indonesia. Perannya dimulai dengan mendirikan organisasi Pendidikan Nasional Indonesia atau PNI.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Organisasi ini dibentuk dengan tujuan untuk memajukan pendidikan rakyat Indonesia untuk melawan kolonialisme. Karena gerakan tersebut dianggap berbahaya oleh pemerintah Hindia Belanda, Hatta beserta beberapa tokoh lainnya kembali diasingkan ke Boven Digoel dan dipindahkan ke Banda Neira.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Pada tanggal 3 Februari 1942 ketika Jepang berkuasa, Hatta dibawa ke Sukabumi. Kamu tahu nggak sih, pada masa pendudukan Jepang, seluruh tahanan politik Belanda dibebaskan. Oleh karena itu, Hatta bisa kembali aktif memperjuangkan kemerdekaan Indonesia dengan bergabung ke dalam PUTERA.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Selain itu, ia juga berperan aktif dalam organisasi BPUPKI dan PPKI (Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia). Bahkan, di dalam PPKI Hatta menjabat sebagai wakil ketua PPKI, <em>lho</em>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Moh. Hatta juga berperan besar dalam memerdekakan Indonesia. Ia turut menyusun rumusan teks proklamasi dan menandatanganinya bersama dengan Sukarno. Setelah Indonesia merdeka, Hatta diangkat menjadi Wakil Presiden Republik Indonesia.</p>
<p><img decoding="async" style="width: 600px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; display: block;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/SEJ09%20-%20Siapa%20Saja%20Tokoh%20Kemerdekaan%20dan%20Revolusi-04%20(1).jpg" alt="Tokoh Kemerdekaan Moh Hatta" width="600" /></p>
<p> </p>
<h2><span style="font-size: 18pt;">3. Bung Tomo</span></h2>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Sutomo, atau yang mungkin kita lebih kenal dengan nama “Bung Tomo” merupakan tokoh pahlawan nasional Indonesia pada masa awal kemerdekaan. Ia dilahirkan di Kampung Blauran, Surabaya, pada 3 Oktober 1920.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Bung Tomo ini dikenal sebagai pengobar semangat tempur di Pertempuran Surabaya pada 10 November 1945. Keren <em>banget</em>, ya! Meskipun ia memimpin rakyat pada pertempuran, tetapi Bung Tomo tidak memiliki latar belakang pendidikan militer.</p>
<p><img decoding="async" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; display: block;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs//bung-tomo-2_20151109_171033.jpg?width=1800&name=bung-tomo-2_20151109_171033.jpg 1800w" alt="Tokoh Kemerdekaan dan Reformasi : Bung Tomo" width="600" /></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em>Bung Tomo (Sumber: nusantara.news)</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Minat Bung Tomo muda justru pada bidang jurnalisme, nih. Ketika Jepang berkuasa di Indonesia, ia bekerja di kantor berita Domei pada bagian Bahasa Indonesia untuk seluruh Jawa Timur di Surabaya (1942-1945).</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Bersama dengan wartawan senior Romo Bintarti, Bung Tomo turut andil dalam memberitakan proklamasi kemerdekaan Indonesia dengan menggunakan bahasa Jawa. <em>Kok</em> pakai bahasa Jawa? Iya, dong! Alasannya supaya tidak terkena sensor dari Jepang. Nah, apa lagi<em> sih</em> bentuk perjuangan Bung Tomo?</p>
<p><img decoding="async" style="width: 600px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; display: block;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/SEJ09%20-%20Siapa%20Saja%20Tokoh%20Kemerdekaan%20dan%20Revolusi-05.jpg" alt="Tokoh Kemerdekaan Bung Tomo" width="600" /></p>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;">Baca Juga: <a href="/blog/7-penyimpangan-demokrasi-terpimpin-terhadap-pancasila-dan-uud-1945" rel="noopener">7 Penyimpangan Demokrasi Terpimpin terhadap Pancasila dan UUD 1945</a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Bung Tomo akhirnya membangun pemancar radio sendiri, yaitu Radio Pemberontakan. Radio Pemberontakan memegang peranan penting dalam pertempuran menghadapi pasukan Inggris di Surabaya bulan November 1945.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Melalui radio tersebut, Bung Tomo menyampaikan pidatonya. Seperti apa, <em>sih</em> pidatonya? Berikut petikannya:</p>
<p><img decoding="async" style="width: 600px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; display: block;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/SEJ09%20-%20Siapa%20Saja%20Tokoh%20Kemerdekaan%20dan%20Revolusi-06.jpg" alt="Pidato Bung Tomo" width="600" /></p>
<p> </p>
<h2><span style="font-size: 18pt;">4. Juanda Kartawijaya</span></h2>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Kamu pernah dengar Bandara Juanda yang terletak di Surabaya? Kamu tahu nggak sih, siapa yang mengusulkan pembangunan bandara tersebut? <em>Yes</em>, yang mengusulkan adalah Juanda Kartawijaya. Juanda Kartawijaya lahir di Tasikmalaya pada tanggal 14 Januari 1911.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Ia adalah politikus yang menjabat sebagai perdana menteri terakhir dari Kabinet Juanda (1957-1959) pada masa Demokrasi Liberal. Pada masa pergerakan nasional, Juanda bergabung dengan beberapa organisasi pergerakan nasional, antara lain Budi Utomo dan Paguyuban Pasundan. Di masa ini juga, Juanda aktif sebagai guru di SMA Muhammadiyah Jakarta sejak usia 23 tahun.</p>
<p><img decoding="async" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; display: block;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs//Biografi-Ir.-H.-Djoeanda-Kartawidjaja-1.jpg?width=1800&name=Biografi-Ir.-H.-Djoeanda-Kartawidjaja-1.jpg" alt="Tokoh Kemerdekaan dan Reformasi : Djuanda Kartawirdjaja" width="600" /></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em>Djuanda Kartawirdjaja (Sumber: unikom.ac.id)</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Pada periode pasca kemerdekaan Indonesia, Juanda sering menduduki jabatan di kabinet. Juanda memiliki keahlian teknik sipil sebagai hasil pendidikannya di <em>Technische Hoogeschool te Bandoeng</em> (THB) tahun 1933. Beberapa jabatan menteri yang pernah ia jabat antara lain Menteri Perhubungan, Menteri Keuangan, dan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Capaian terbesar Juanda Kartawijaya selama terlibat dalam pemerintahan adalah ketika ia menjabat sebagai perdana menteri dari Kabinet Juanda. Ia berhasil merumuskan Wilayah Perairan Republik Indonesia pada tanggal 13 Desember 1957, yang dikenal dengan nama deklarasi Juanda. Seperti apa sih isi dari Deklarasi Juanda?</p>
<p><img decoding="async" style="width: 600px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; display: block;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/SEJ09%20-%20Siapa%20Saja%20Tokoh%20Kemerdekaan%20dan%20Revolusi-07.jpg" alt="Tokoh Kemerdekaan Djuanda" width="600" /></p>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Tahukah kamu, Pemerintah RI mengangkat Juanda Kartawijaya sebagai Pahlawan Kemerdekaan Nasional pada tanggal 29 November 1963 dengan berdasarkan pada SK Presiden No. 244 tahun 1963. Hebaat!</p>
<p><strong>Baca Juga: <a href="/blog/5-bentuk-penyimpangan-demokrasi-terpimpin-terhadap-politik-luar-negeri" rel="noopener">Penyimpangan Demokrasi Terpimpin terhadap Politik Luar Negeri</a></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Ternyata menarik banget ya mempelajari tentang tokoh-tokoh di balik peristiwa kemerdekaan dan revolusi Indonesia ini. Kamu harus belajar yang rajin nih supaya bisa turut membangun bangsa seperti mereka!</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Yuk, supaya kamu makin semangat belajarnya, belajar pakai <a href="https://www.ruangguru.com/ruangbelajar"><strong>ruangbelajar</strong></a> aja! Kamu bisa nonton video belajar, latihan soal, lihat rangkuman, hanya dari 1 aplikasi. <em>Download</em> sekarang, yuk!</p>
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<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Referensi:</strong></p>
<p>AM, Sardiman. (2017) Sejarah Indonesia Kelas XI Semester 2. Jakarta: Kemendikbud RI.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Sumber foto:</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Presiden Sukarno [daring]. Tautan: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Presiden_Sukarno.jpg (Diakses 11 Februari 2022)</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Moh. Hatta [daring]. Tautan: https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Mohammad_Hatta_1950.jpg (Diakses 11 Februari 2022)</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Sutomo [daring]. Tautan: https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutomo#/media/Berkas:Bung_Tomo.jpg (Diakses 11 Februari 2022)</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Djoeanda Kartawidjaja [daring]. Tautan:</p>
<p>https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djoeanda_Kartawidjaja#/media/Berkas:Djuanda_Kartawidjaja.jpg<span style="color: #000000;"> (Diakses 11 Februari 2022)</span></p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Foto Presiden Soekarno [daring]. Tautan: https://myhero.com/Soekarno2_sman5_ID_2009_ul (Diakses: 29 Agustus 2018)</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Foto Mohammad Hatta [daring]. Tautan: https://beritagar.id/artikel/telatah/moh-hatta-jendela-untuk-memahami-pembentukan-indonesia (Diakses: 29 Agustus 2018)</p>
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<div class="d-lg-none text-center">
<nav class="footer-menu social">
<p class="title">Ikuti Kami</p>
<a target="_blank" href="https://www.instagram.com/ruangguru/">
<picture>
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/instagram.png?height=60&convert=webp" type="image/webp">
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/instagram.png?height=60" type="image/png">
<img src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/instagram.png" loading="lazy" alt="Logo Instagram Footer" width="32px" height="32px" />
</picture>
</a>
<a target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/ruanggurucom/">
<picture>
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/facebook.png?height=60&convert=webp" type="image/webp">
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/facebook.png?height=60" type="image/png">
<img src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/facebook.png" loading="lazy" alt="Logo Facebook Footer" width="32px" height="32px" />
</picture>
</a>
<a target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/ruangguru/">
<picture>
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/twitter.png?height=60&convert=webp" type="image/webp">
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/twitter.png?height=60" type="image/png">
<img src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/twitter.png" loading=" lazy" alt="Logo Twitter Footer" width="32px" height="32px" />
</picture>
</a>
<a target="_blank" href="https://www.youtube.com/ruangguru">
<picture>
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/youtube.png?height=60&convert=webp" type="image/webp">
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<img src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/youtube.png" loading=" lazy" alt="Logo Youtube Footer" width="32px" height="32px" />
</picture>
</a>
<a target="_blank" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/ruangguru-com">
<picture>
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/linkedin.png?height=60&convert=webp" type="image/webp">
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/linkedin.png?height=60" type="image/png">
<img src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/linkedin.png" loading=" lazy" alt="Logo LinkedIn Footer" width="32px" height="32px" />
</picture>
</a>
<a target="_blank" href="https://www.tiktok.com/@ruangguru">
<picture>
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/tiktok.png?height=60&convert=webp" type="image/webp">
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<img src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/tiktok.png" loading=" lazy" alt="Logo TikTok Footer" width="32px" height="32px" />
</picture>
</a>
</nav>
</div>
<p class="footer-copyright">
© 2026 All Rights Reserved PT. Ruang Raya Indonesia
</p>
</div>
<style>
.bantuan-container {
position: relative;
}
.bantuan-element {
position: fixed;
z-index: 999;
display: flex;
align-items: flex-end;
justify-content: flex-end;
cursor: pointer;
transition: all 0.6s ease;
}
.bantuan-top {
bottom: 11rem;
right: 2rem;
}
.bantuan-bottom {
bottom: 2rem;
right: 2rem;
}
.bantuan-top-2 {
bottom: 15rem;
right: 2rem;
}
.bantuan-top-3 {
bottom: 19rem;
right: 2rem;
}
.bantuan-bottom-2 {
bottom: 5rem;
right: 2rem;
}
.bantuan-bottom-3 {
bottom: 8rem;
right: 2rem;
}
@media (min-width: 768px) {
.bantuan-element img {
width: auto;
transition: all 0.4s ease;
}
.bantuan-top img {
width: 140px;
}
.bantuan-bottom img {
width: 140px;
}
.bantuan-top-2 img,
.bantuan-top-3 img {
width: 140px;
}
.bantuan-bottom-2 img,
.bantuan-bottom-3 img {
width: 140px;
}
.bantuan-element.clicked {
bottom: 9rem;
right: 2.5rem;
}
.bantuan-element.clicked img {
width: auto;
height: 64px;
}
}
@media (max-width: 767px) {
.bantuan-top {
bottom: 8rem;
right: 1rem;
align-items: center;
}
.bantuan-bottom {
bottom: 2rem;
right: 1.25rem;
align-items: center;
}
.bantuan-top-2 {
bottom: 12rem;
right: 1rem;
align-items: center;
}
.bantuan-top-3 {
bottom: 16rem;
right: 1rem;
align-items: center;
}
.bantuan-bottom-2 {
bottom: 5rem;
right: 1.25rem;
align-items: center;
}
.bantuan-bottom-3 {
bottom: 8rem;
right: 1.25rem;
align-items: center;
}
.bantuan-element img {
width: auto;
}
.bantuan-top img,
.bantuan-top-2 img,
.bantuan-top-3 img {
width: 96px;
}
.bantuan-bottom img,
.bantuan-bottom-2 img,
.bantuan-bottom-3 img {
width: 96px;
}
}
.bantuan-element:hover {
transform: scale(1.05);
}
.bantuan-element img {
max-width: 100%;
height: auto;
}
</style>
<div id="bantuan-divs-container" style="position: relative" data-product="ruangguru" data-table="rg_floating_icon"></div>
<script>
class FloatingDivsComponent {
constructor(product = 'ruangguru', table = 'rg_floating_icon') {
this.container = document.getElementById('bantuan-divs-container');
this.floatingElements = [];
this.product = product;
this.table = table;
// Configuration
this.config = {
baseApiUrl: 'https://gw.ruangguru.com/api/v3/rdb/p_ddgy8hjx5dxsqx/rg_banner/views/',
apiKey: 'vLyK3dJrDBRmOwueX2OJXibMkgsUbBk0WS4ua2p1',
maxElements: 2,
zIndexBase: 100,
};
// Build dynamic API URL based on table parameter
this.config.apiUrl = this.buildApiUrl();
this.init();
}
buildApiUrl() {
const baseUrl = this.config.baseApiUrl;
const tableName = this.table || 'rg_floating_icon';
const queryParams =
'offset=0&limit=99999&sort=rankPosition&where=(type,eq,floating)~and(showIn,anyof,blog)~and(hide,is,false)~and(product,eq,' +
this.product +
')&nested%5Bcta%5D%5Bfields%5D=Id,name,ctaId,imageUrl,ctaLink,targetUrl';
return `${baseUrl}${tableName}?${queryParams}`;
}
async init() {
try {
await this.fetchFloatingElements();
this.renderFloatingElements();
} catch (error) {
console.error('Failed to initialize floating divs component:', error);
}
}
async fetchFloatingElements() {
try {
const options = {
method: 'GET',
headers: {
'xc-token': this.config.apiKey || 'vLyK3dJrDBRmOwueX2OJXibMkgsUbBk0WS4ua2p1',
},
};
const urlNoco = this.config.apiUrl;
const response = await fetch(urlNoco, options);
if (!response.ok) {
throw new Error(`HTTP error! status: ${response.status}`);
}
const data = await response.json();
this.floatingElements = this.processApiResponse(data);
} catch (error) {
console.error('Error fetching floating elements:', error);
throw error;
}
}
processApiResponse(data) {
if (!data || !data.list || !Array.isArray(data.list)) {
return [];
}
console.log(data.list);
// Ensure we only get maximum 2 elements
const limitedElements = data.list.slice(0, this.config.maxElements);
return limitedElements;
}
renderFloatingElements() {
if (!this.container || this.floatingElements.length === 0) {
return;
}
// Additional safeguard: ensure we never render more than maxElements
const elementsToRender = this.floatingElements.slice(0, this.config.maxElements);
// Clean up existing elements and their event listeners
this.cleanupExistingElements();
// Clear existing content
this.container.innerHTML = '';
elementsToRender.forEach((element, index) => {
const floatingDiv = this.createFloatingDiv(element, index);
this.container.appendChild(floatingDiv);
});
}
cleanupExistingElements() {
// Clear existing elements (no need for event listener cleanup with CSS approach)
const existingElements = this.container.querySelectorAll('[data-floating-element]');
existingElements.forEach(element => {
element.remove();
});
}
createFloatingDiv(element, index) {
const div = document.createElement('div');
const cta = element.cta[0]; // Use the first CTA
// Add data attribute for cleanup tracking
div.setAttribute('data-floating-element', 'true');
// Apply CSS classes based on rankPosition
const positionClass = this.getPositionClass(element.rankPosition, index);
div.className = `bantuan-element ${positionClass}`;
div.style.zIndex = this.config.zIndexBase + index;
// Create the link and image
const link = document.createElement('a');
link.href = 'https://cta.ruangguru.com/' + cta.ctaId || '#';
link.target = '_blank';
// Add tracking attributes
link.setAttribute('data-tracking-event-type', 'landing_page__core__item_click');
link.setAttribute(
'data-tracking-context',
JSON.stringify({
product_name: this.product,
cta_action: 'redirection',
cta_action_detail: link.href,
item_type: 'floating',
item_name: element.name || 'Floating element',
item_category: 'payment',
item_position: index,
item_serial: null,
section_type: 'floating_item',
section_position: 'body',
section_name: 'floating_item',
})
);
const img = document.createElement('img');
img.src = element.imageUrl + '?h=200&convert=webp';
img.alt = element.name || 'Floating element';
img.loading = 'lazy';
// Add click tracking
link.addEventListener('click', () => {
this.trackClick(element, cta);
});
link.appendChild(img);
div.appendChild(link);
return div;
}
getPositionClass(rankPosition, index) {
// Define positioning classes based on rankPosition
if (rankPosition === 1) {
return 'bantuan-top'; // Top position
} else if (rankPosition === 2) {
return 'bantuan-bottom'; // Bottom position
} else {
// For additional elements, distribute them evenly
return `bantuan-${index % 2 === 0 ? 'top' : 'bottom'}-${Math.floor(index / 2) + 1}`;
}
}
trackClick(element, cta) {
// Implement click tracking logic here
console.log('Floating element clicked:', {
elementId: element.Id,
elementName: cta.name,
ctaId: cta.ctaId,
targetUrl: cta.targetUrl,
});
}
// Public method to manually refresh
async refresh() {
try {
await this.fetchFloatingElements();
this.renderFloatingElements();
} catch (error) {
console.error('Failed to refresh floating elements:', error);
throw error;
}
}
// Public method to get current floating elements
getFloatingElements() {
return [...this.floatingElements];
}
}
// Initialize the component when DOM is ready
document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => {
// Get product and table parameters from data attributes
const container = document.getElementById('bantuan-divs-container');
const product = container.getAttribute('data-product') || 'ruangguru';
const table = container.getAttribute('data-table') || 'rg_floating_icon';
new FloatingDivsComponent(product, table);
});
// Export for use in other modules if needed
if (typeof module !== 'undefined' && module.exports) {
module.exports = FloatingDivsComponent;
}
</script> <div id="wp-install-nudge" style="
position: fixed;
bottom: 0rem;
right: 0;
z-index: 999;
cursor: pointer;
"></div>
<script>
(function (w, d, s, o, f, js, fjs) {
w['Sales-Nudge-Widget'] = o; w[o] = w[o] || function () { (w[o].q = w[o].q || []).push(arguments) };
js = d.createElement(s), fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];
js.id = o; js.src = f; js.async = 1; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs);
}(window, document, 'script', 'wpInstallNudge', 'https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/sales-nudge/6198a95130/dist/widget.js'));
wpInstallNudge('init', { targetElementId: 'wp-install-nudge', clientTarget: 'ruangguru_blog' });
</script>
<script>
// note: disabled due to auto reload page
// var lastScrollTop = 0;
// $(window).scroll(function(event){
// var st = $(this).scrollTop();
// if (st > lastScrollTop){
// $('#wp-install-nudge').slideDown( "slow", function() {});
// } else {
// $('#wp-install-nudge').slideUp( "slow", function() {});
// }
// lastScrollTop = st;
// });
// $(document).ready(function () {
// $("#wp-install-nudge").hide();
// });
$('#wp-install-nudge').click(function(){
Analytics.track("promotion__install_nudge__click",
{
user_email: "ruangguru@blog.com",
cta_link: widgetData.dataConfig.target_link
}).catch((err) => {
console.log("tracker error", err);
});
});
</script>
</footer>
<div id="__next"></div>
<script type="speculationrules">
{"prefetch":[{"source":"document","where":{"and":[{"href_matches":"\/blog\/*"},{"not":{"href_matches":["\/blog\/wp-*.php","\/blog\/wp-admin\/*","\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/*","\/blog\/wp-content\/*","\/blog\/wp-content\/plugins\/*","\/blog\/wp-content\/themes\/ruangguru\/*","\/blog\/*\\?(.+)"]}},{"not":{"selector_matches":"a[rel~=\"nofollow\"]"}},{"not":{"selector_matches":".no-prefetch, .no-prefetch a"}}]},"eagerness":"conservative"}]}
</script>
<script>
async function getCtaDetails(ctaIds) {
const endpoint =
" https://gw.ruangguru.com/api/v3/rdb/p_ddgy8hjx5dxsqx/CTA/views/CTA?offset=0&limit=10&where=(ctaId,in," + ctaIds.toString() + ")";
try {
const response = await fetch(endpoint, {
headers: {
"xc-token": "-hG2nBDJzSj0agSgNtcJx97M4F02y54nUMoY6plJ",
},
});
const data = await response.json();
const ctaList = data?.list || [];
const ctaMap = new Map();
for (const ctaData of ctaList) {
ctaMap.set(ctaData.ctaId, ctaData);
}
return ctaMap;
} catch (error) {
console.error("Error fetching CTA details:", error);
return new Map();
}
}
async function replaceCTA() {
const regex = /{{cta\((‘(.*?)’|“(.*?)”)\)}}/g;
const bodyHTML = document.body.innerHTML;
const matches = Array.from(bodyHTML.matchAll(regex));
const ctaIds = matches.map((match) => {
let ctaId = match[2] ?? match[3];
return ctaId;
});
const ctaMap = await getCtaDetails(ctaIds);
const replacedHTML = bodyHTML.replace(regex, (match, _inner, ctaId1, ctaId2) => {
const ctaId = ctaId1 ?? ctaId2;
const ctaData = ctaMap.get(ctaId);
if (ctaData) {
return `<a href="https://cta.ruangguru.com/${ctaData.ctaId}" target="_${ctaData.targetType}" style="position:relative;display:inline-block;">
<img src="${ctaData.imageUrl}" loading="lazy" alt="${ctaData.altText}" />
</a>`;
} else {
return match;
}
});
document.body.innerHTML = replacedHTML;
}
</script>
<meta name="author" content="Ruangguru Tech Team">
<!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-PVNLZFT" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>
<!-- Tracker -->
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/landing-page-web/public/staticpages/global-assets/js/cta.js"></script>
<script src="https://unpkg.com/@dotlottie/player-component@latest/dist/dotlottie-player.mjs" type="module"></script>
</body>
</html>