Yuk, cari tahu tentang konsep struktur lewis dalam ikatan kovalen, beserta cara menggambarnya! Baca artikel ini sampai selesai, ya!
—
Hai, teman-teman! Kamu tahu nggak sih, ternyata ada lho ikatan kimia antar atom yang terjadi melalui sharing elektron. Wah, gimana tuh, maksudnya?
Jadi, ada atom-atom yang memiliki kecenderungan untuk menerima elektron, artinya, ketika saling berikatan, mereka akan berbagi elektron agar stabil. Nah, proses ini dapat dipelajari melalui teori Lewis atau teori dot-cross.
Tujuan dari dilakukannya berbagi elektron atau sharing elektron ini adalah agar atom-atom tersebut bisa stabil, yaitu memiliki konfigurasi elektron sama dengan gas mulia. Ada dua jenis kestabilan gas mulia yang perlu kamu tahu, yakni duplet dan oktet.
Pertama adalah kestabilan duplet, di mana konfigurasi elektronnya sama dengan helium yaitu 2 elektron valensi. Kestabilan ini terjadi pada atom hidrogen, lithium, dan helium sendiri.
Kedua adalah kestabilan oktet atau kaidah oktet, di mana konfigurasi elektronnya sama dengan 8 elektron valensi. Kestabilan ini adalah kestabilan yang terjadi secara umum pada atom-atom sistem periodik unsur, sehingga mayoritas atom akan berusaha memiliki elektron valensi sama dengan 8. Salah satu caranya adalah dengan melakukan sharing elektron tadi.
Menariknya, sharing elektron atau pemakaian pasangan elektron bersama ini terjadi pada atom-atom nonlogam, lho! Ikatan antaratom nonlogam yang terjadi melalui pemakaian pasangan elektron bersama disebut ikatan kovalen. Untuk bisa melihat bagaimana ikatan kovalen terjadi kita harus memahami terlebih dahulu konsep dari struktur Lewis. Oke, kita pahami secara seksama, yuk!
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Pengertian Struktur Lewis
Struktur Lewis adalah penggambaran distribusi elektron dalam suatu struktur molekul dengan menggunakan tanda elektron. Tanda elektron yang digunakan, biasanya berupa tanda titik (.) dan tanda silang (x), sehingga teori Lewis ini sering juga disebut sebagai teori dot-cross Lewis.
Nah, sekarang coba deh, perhatikan contoh pembentukan ikatan kovalen tunggal pada senyawa CH4 berikut ini. Konfigurasi elektron atom 6C: 2, 4. Jadi, atom C memiliki 4 elektron valensi, sedangkan atom H konfigurasinya hanya 1 saja, atau memiliki 1 elektron valensi.
Ketika atom karbon (C) berikatan dengan atom hidrogen (H) makan setiap atom C mampu mengikat 4 atom H membentuk CH4. Setiap elektron dari atom H akan berikatan dengan satu elektron dari atom C, sehingga antara C dengan H terdapat satu pasang elektron ikatan (PEI).
Dalam atom C terdapat empat elektron yang tidak berpasangan sehingga untuk memenuhi kaidah oktet diperlukan empat atom H.
Setelah berikatan akan didapatkan 4 pasang elektron ikatan bersama antara atom C dan H, sehingga didapatkan struktur Lewis antara C dan H menjadi seperti berikut:
Lalu bagaimana mengetahui kestabilan aton C dan H setelah berpasangan?
Perhatikan pada setiap atom H yang dilingkari, terdapat dua elektron (duplet) dan pada atom C yang dilingkari terdapat delapan elektron (oktet). Tanda titik (.) dan tanda silang (x) hanya notasi yang digunakan untuk membedakan elektron yang berasal dari atom C dengan elektron yang berasal dari atom H.
Kemudian, satu pasang elektron ikatan (PEI) dapat diganti dengan sebuah garis atau lengan ikatan. Dalam CH4 terdapat empat pasang elektron ikatan, sehingga terdapat 4 garis atau lengan ikatan, bisa dilihat pada gambar berikut:
Struktur Lewis CH4 menggunakan garis
Ikatan kovalen yang terbentuk pada senyawa CH4, dinamakan ikatan kovalen tunggal, karena terdapat empat ruas garis tunggal antara atom C dan H. Agar lebih memahami pembentukan ikatan kovalen tunggal, yuk pelajari ulasan berikut ini!
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Cara Menggambar Struktur Lewis
Untuk menggambar struktur lewis, kamu bisa mengikuti langkah-langkah di bawah ini:
1. Tentukan jumlah elektron valensi dan kebutuhan elektron untuk stabil
Misalnya, kita mau menggambar struktur lewis CH4, maka tentukan dulu jumlah elektron valensi dari masing-masing penyusun molekul CH4, yakni atom karbon (C) dan atom hidrogen (H).
Atom C dengan konfigurasi elektron 2 dan 4, memiliki 4 elektron valensi, sehingga untuk mencapai oktet (elektron valensi sama dengan 8) atom C membutuhkan 4 elektron lagi. Agar mendapatkan 4 elektron, atom C harus memasangkan 4 elektronnya dengan elektron dari atom H.
Sedangkan atom H dengan 1 elektron valensi, membutuhkan 1 elektron agar mencapai kestabilan duplet, sehingga tiap atom H akan memasangkan 1 elektron yang dimilikinya.
2. Tentukan atom pusat
Cara menentukan atom pusat adalah dengan mencari atom yang jumlahnya paling sedikit dalam molekul tersebut. Molekul yang mau kita gambar struktur lewisnya adalah CH4, berarti ada satu atom karbon dan empat atom hidrogen.
Berarti atom pusatnya adalah atom karbon alias atom C yang jumlahnya paling sedikit. Kemudian, gambarkan satu atom C di tengah dan empat atom H mengelilingi atom C.
3. Memasangkan elektron dan periksa kembali apakah sudah memenuhi kestabilan
Setelah menggambar satu atom C di tengah dengan dikelilingi empat atom H, lalu pasangkan 1 elektron atom C dengan 1 elektron atom H. Karena ada 4 atom H, maka terdapat 4 pasang elektron ikatan. Kemudian lihat dan periksa apakah sudah memenuhi kaidah oktet/duplet atau belum.
Dikatakan memenuhi kaidah oktet apabila atom tersebut sudah memiliki delapan elektron. Sementara itu, dikatakan memenuhi kaidah duplet apabila atom tersebut sudah memiliki dua elektron.
Karena atom C telah memiliki delapan elektron dan keempat atom H telah memiliki masing-masing dua elektron, maka gambar kita sudah memenuhi baik kaidah oktet maupun duplet. Kalau sudah begini, tandanya gambar kita sudah benar, guys! Selesai, deh!
Contoh Struktur Lewis
Berikut adalah beberapa contoh struktur Lewis molekul beserta gambarnya:
1. Struktur Lewis Molekul NH3
Atom 7N memiliki konfigurasi elektron sebagai berikut 7N: 2, 5. Jadi,atom N memiliki elektron valensi sebanyak 5 elektron, dan kamu bisa gambar dengan titik seperti berikut:
Struktur Lewis N
Sedangkan atom H dengan 1 elektron valensi, bisa kamu gambar dengan 1 tanda silang seperti berikut:
Atom 7N memiliki tiga elektron valensi tidak berpasangan sehingga untuk memenuhi kaidah oktet diperlukan tiga elektron dari atom H. Atom N akan berbagi 3 elektron dan 3 atom H akan berbagi masing-masing 1 elektron.
Struktur Lewis NH3
Dalam molekul NH3 terdapat sepasang elektron yang tidak digunakan (elektron bebas) sehingga disebut Pasangan Elektron Bebas (PEB). Tiga pasang elektron yang digunakan bersama oleh atom N dan atom H disebut Pasangan Elektron Ikatan (PEI).
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2. Struktur Lewis Molekul H2O
Atom 8O memiliki konfigurasi elektron 8O:2, 6. Jadi, atom O memiliki elektron valensi 6 dengan distribusi sebagai berikut.
Struktur Lewis O
Pada atom O terdapat dua elektron tidak berpasangan sehingga diperlukan dua elektron lain untuk memenuhi kaidah oktet.
Struktur Lewis H2O
Dalam H2O terdapat dua PEB dan dua PEI. Lalu, bagaimana struktur lewis molekul yang terbentuk dari atom sejenis, seperti Cl2?
3. Struktur Lewis Molekul Cl2
Atom Cl dengan 7 elektron valensi, memiliki satu elektron yang tidak berpasangan sehingga pada pembentukan molekul Cl2, masing-masing atom Cl akan memasangkan 1 elektron yang tidak berpasangan, sehingga setelah berpasangan akan didapatkan 8 elektron valensi pada setiap atom Cl dan telah memenuhi kaidah oktet.
Struktur Lewis Cl2
Itu tadi pembahasan tentang konsep struktur lewis dalam ikatan kovalen. Masih kurang paham? Lanjut belajar bersama guru privat di Ruangguru Privat!
Belajar nggak cuma menyenangkan, tapi kamu juga bakal diajari konsepnya sampai paham! Para pengajar di Ruangguru Privat juga sudah terstandarisasi kualitasnya, loh. Kamu juga bisa pilih nih, mau diajarkan secara langsung (offline) atau daring (online). Fleksibel, kan? Untuk info lebih lanjut, cuss klik link berikut!
Sumber Gambar:
Gambar ‘Struktur Lewis CH4’, [Daring]. Tautan: https://roboguru-forum-cdn.ruangguru.com/d0c3b3d6-7a7a-4422-80cb-816313ef1263.png (Diakses: 26 Oktober 2022)
Gambar ‘Struktur Lewis CH4 Garis’, [Daring]. Tautan: https://www.geogebra.org/resource/xn5cwkd3/OYkL255rRZwSzcvK/material-xn5cwkd3.png (Diakses: 26 Oktober 2022)
Gambar ‘Struktur Lewis N’, [Daring]. Tautan: https://qph.cf2.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-70d9cb1cc4e48c3d91d0e64c949a0d4c (Diakses: 26 Oktober 2022)
Gambar ‘Struktur Lewis H’, [Daring]. Tautan:https://www.nafiun.com/2013/03/contoh-ikatan-kovalen-tunggal-proses-pembentukan-pengertian-soal-kunci-jawaban-senyawa-unsur-kimia.html (Diakses: 26 Oktober 2022)
Gambar ‘Struktur Lewis NH3’, [Daring]. Tautan:https://materikimia.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Ikatan-Kovalen-Tunggal-NH3.jpg (Diakses: 26 Oktober 2022)
Gambar ‘Struktur Lewis O’, [Daring]. Tautan: https://es-static.z-dn.net/files/dda/189d6e397ee29a9cde70d6a0d14b6c69.png (Diakses: 26 Oktober 2022)
Gambar ‘Struktur Lewis Cl2’, [Daring]. Tautan: https://imgix2.ruangguru.com/assets/miscellaneous/png_oczc1n_3202.png (Diakses: 26 Oktober 2022)
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<h1 class="content-title">
Konsep Struktur Lewis dalam Ikatan Kovalen & Cara Menggambarnya | Kimia Kelas 10 </h1>
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<p class="content-author"><a href="https://www.ruangguru.com/blog/author/kenya-swawikanti" class="">Kenya Swawikanti</a> </p>
<p class="content-info"><span>November 15, 2024 • </span> <span>7 minutes read</span></p>
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<p style="text-align: justify;"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" style="height: auto; max-width: 100%; width: 820px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; display: block;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/Struktur%20Lewis%20dalam%20Ikatan%20Kovalen.jpg" alt="Struktur Lewis dalam Ikatan Kovalen" width="820" height="410" /></p>
<blockquote>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em>Yuk, cari tahu tentang konsep struktur lewis dalam ikatan kovalen, beserta cara menggambarnya! Baca artikel ini sampai selesai, ya!</em></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em>—</em></p>
</blockquote>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Hai, teman-teman! Kamu tahu nggak sih, ternyata ada lho ikatan kimia antar atom yang terjadi melalui <em>sharing</em> elektron. Wah, gimana tuh, maksudnya?</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Jadi, ada atom-atom yang memiliki kecenderungan untuk menerima elektron, artinya, ketika saling berikatan, mereka akan berbagi elektron agar stabil. Nah, proses ini dapat dipelajari melalui <span style="font-weight: bold;">teori Lewis</span> atau <span style="font-weight: bold;">teori <em>dot-cross</em></span>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Tujuan dari dilakukannya berbagi elektron atau <em>sharing</em> elektron ini adalah agar atom-atom tersebut bisa <span style="font-weight: bold;">stabil</span>, yaitu memiliki <span style="font-weight: bold;">konfigurasi elektron sama dengan gas mulia</span>. Ada dua jenis kestabilan gas mulia yang perlu kamu tahu, yakni <span style="font-weight: bold;">duplet</span> dan <span style="font-weight: bold;">oktet</span>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Pertama adalah kestabilan <span style="font-weight: bold;">duplet</span>, di mana konfigurasi elektronnya sama dengan <span style="font-weight: bold;">helium</span> yaitu <span style="font-weight: bold;">2 elektron valensi</span>. Kestabilan ini terjadi pada atom <span style="font-weight: bold;">hidrogen</span>, <span style="font-weight: bold;">lithium</span>, dan <span style="font-weight: bold;">helium</span> sendiri.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Kedua adalah kestabilan <span style="font-weight: bold;">oktet</span> atau kaidah oktet, di mana konfigurasi elektronnya sama dengan <span style="font-weight: bold;">8 elektron valensi</span>. Kestabilan ini adalah kestabilan yang terjadi <span style="font-weight: bold;">secara umum</span> pada atom-atom sistem periodik unsur, sehingga mayoritas atom akan berusaha memiliki elektron valensi sama dengan 8. Salah satu caranya adalah dengan melakukan <em>sharing</em> elektron tadi.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Menariknya, <em>sharing</em> elektron atau pemakaian pasangan elektron bersama ini terjadi pada atom-atom nonlogam, lho! Ikatan antaratom nonlogam yang terjadi melalui pemakaian pasangan elektron bersama disebut <strong>ikatan kovalen</strong>. Untuk bisa melihat bagaimana ikatan kovalen terjadi kita harus memahami terlebih dahulu konsep dari <strong>struktur Lewis</strong>. Oke, kita pahami secara seksama, yuk!</p>
<p><strong>Baca Juga: <a href="https://www.ruangguru.com/blog/bentuk-molekul-dan-definisinya">Bentuk Molekul Berdasarkan Teori Domain Elektron & Teori Hibridisasi</a></strong></p>
<p> </p>
<h2><span style="font-size: 18pt;">Pengertian Struktur Lewis</span></h2>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Struktur Lewis adalah <span style="font-weight: bold;">penggambaran distribusi elektron</span> dalam suatu struktur molekul dengan menggunakan <span style="font-weight: bold;">tanda elektron</span>. Tanda elektron yang digunakan, biasanya berupa <span style="font-weight: bold;">tanda titik (.)</span> dan <span style="font-weight: bold;">tanda silang (x)</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">, sehingga teori Lewis ini sering juga disebut sebagai teori <span style="font-weight: bold;"><em>dot-cross</em></span> Lewis.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Nah, sekarang coba deh, perhatikan contoh pembentukan ikatan kovalen tunggal pada senyawa CH<sub>4</sub> berikut ini. Konfigurasi elektron atom <sub>6</sub>C: 2, 4. Jadi, atom C memiliki 4 elektron valensi, sedangkan atom H konfigurasinya hanya 1 saja, atau memiliki 1 elektron valensi.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Ketika atom karbon (C) berikatan dengan atom hidrogen (H) makan setiap atom C mampu mengikat 4 atom H membentuk CH<sub>4</sub>. Setiap elektron dari atom H akan berikatan dengan satu elektron dari atom C, sehingga antara C dengan H terdapat satu <span style="font-weight: bold;">pasang elektron ikatan</span> (PEI).</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Dalam atom C terdapat <span style="font-weight: bold;">empat elektron</span> yang <span style="font-weight: bold;">tidak berpasangan</span> sehingga untuk memenuhi<span style="font-weight: bold;"> kaidah oktet</span> diperlukan <span style="font-weight: bold;">empat atom H</span>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><img decoding="async" style="height: auto; max-width: 100%; width: 600px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; display: block;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/elektron%20valensi.jpg" alt="elektron valensi" width="600" height="400" /></p>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Setelah berikatan akan didapatkan 4 pasang elektron ikatan bersama antara atom C dan H, sehingga didapatkan struktur Lewis antara C dan H menjadi seperti berikut:</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><img decoding="async" style="height: auto; max-width: 100%; width: 250px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; display: block;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/ch4.png" alt="ch4" width="250" height="293" /></p>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Lalu bagaimana mengetahui kestabilan aton C dan H setelah berpasangan?</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Perhatikan pada setiap atom H yang dilingkari, terdapat <span style="font-weight: bold;">dua elektron (duplet)</span> dan pada atom C yang dilingkari terdapat <span style="font-weight: bold;">delapan elektron (oktet)</span>. Tanda titik (.) dan tanda silang (x) hanya notasi yang digunakan untuk membedakan elektron yang berasal dari atom C dengan elektron yang berasal dari atom H.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Kemudian, satu pasang elektron ikatan (PEI) dapat diganti dengan sebuah garis atau lengan ikatan. Dalam CH<sub>4</sub> terdapat empat pasang elektron ikatan, sehingga terdapat 4 garis atau lengan ikatan, bisa dilihat pada gambar berikut:</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" style="height: auto; max-width: 100%; width: 220px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; display: block;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/ch4%20garis.png" alt="ch4 garis" width="220" height="220" /></p>
<p style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">Struktur Lewis CH<sub>4</sub> menggunakan garis</p>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Ikatan kovalen</strong> yang terbentuk pada senyawa CH<sub>4</sub>, dinamakan <strong>ikatan kovalen tunggal</strong>, karena terdapat empat ruas garis tunggal antara atom C dan H. Agar lebih memahami pembentukan ikatan kovalen tunggal, yuk pelajari ulasan berikut ini!</p>
<p><strong>Baca Juga: <a href="https://www.ruangguru.com/blog/rumus-molekul-unsur-dan-senyawa">Cara Mencari Rumus Molekul Unsur dan Senyawa</a></strong></p>
<p> </p>
<h2><span style="font-size: 18pt;">Cara Menggambar Struktur Lewis</span></h2>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Untuk menggambar struktur lewis, kamu bisa mengikuti langkah-langkah di bawah ini:</p>
<p> </p>
<h3><span style="font-size: 14pt;">1. Tentukan jumlah elektron valensi dan kebutuhan elektron untuk stabil</span></h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Misalnya, kita mau menggambar struktur lewis <span style="font-weight: bold;">CH<sub>4</sub></span>, maka tentukan dulu jumlah elektron valensi dari masing-masing penyusun molekul CH<sub>4</sub>, yakni atom karbon (C) dan atom hidrogen (H).</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Atom C dengan konfigurasi elektron 2 dan 4, memiliki 4 elektron valensi, sehingga untuk mencapai oktet (elektron valensi sama dengan 8) atom C membutuhkan 4 elektron lagi. Agar mendapatkan 4 elektron, atom C harus memasangkan 4 elektronnya dengan elektron dari atom H.<br />
Sedangkan atom H dengan 1 elektron valensi, membutuhkan 1 elektron agar mencapai kestabilan duplet, sehingga tiap atom H akan memasangkan 1 elektron yang dimilikinya.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" style="height: auto; max-width: 100%; width: 600px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; display: block;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/langkah%20pertama%20cara%20menggambar%20struktur%20lewis.jpg" alt="langkah pertama cara menggambar struktur lewis" width="600" height="400" /></p>
<p> </p>
<h3><span style="font-size: 14pt;">2. Tentukan atom pusat</span></h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Cara menentukan atom pusat adalah dengan mencari atom yang jumlahnya <span style="font-weight: bold;">paling sedikit</span> dalam molekul tersebut. Molekul yang mau kita gambar struktur lewisnya adalah CH<sub>4</sub>, berarti ada satu atom karbon dan empat atom hidrogen.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Berarti atom pusatnya adalah atom karbon alias atom C yang jumlahnya paling sedikit. Kemudian, gambarkan satu atom C di tengah dan empat atom H mengelilingi atom C.</p>
<p> </p>
<h3><span style="font-size: 14pt;">3. Memasangkan elektron dan periksa kembali apakah sudah memenuhi kestabilan</span></h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Setelah menggambar satu atom C di tengah dengan dikelilingi empat atom H, lalu pasangkan 1 elektron atom C dengan 1 elektron atom H. Karena ada 4 atom H, maka terdapat 4 pasang elektron ikatan. Kemudian lihat dan periksa apakah sudah memenuhi kaidah oktet/duplet atau belum.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Dikatakan <span style="font-weight: bold;">memenuhi kaidah oktet</span> apabila atom tersebut sudah memiliki <span style="font-weight: bold;">delapan elektron</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span> Sementara itu, dikatakan <span style="font-weight: bold;">memenuhi kaidah duplet</span> apabila atom tersebut sudah memiliki <span style="font-weight: bold;">dua elektron</span>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Karena atom C telah memiliki delapan elektron dan keempat atom H telah memiliki masing-masing dua elektron, maka gambar kita sudah memenuhi baik kaidah oktet maupun duplet. Kalau sudah begini, tandanya gambar kita sudah benar, <em>guys</em>! Selesai, deh!</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" style="height: auto; max-width: 100%; width: 600px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; display: block;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/langkah%20ketiga%20cara%20menggambar%20struktur%20lewis.jpg" alt="langkah ketiga cara menggambar struktur lewis" width="600" height="600" /></p>
<p> </p>
<h2><span style="font-size: 18pt;">Contoh Struktur Lewis</span></h2>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Berikut adalah beberapa contoh struktur Lewis molekul beserta gambarnya:</p>
<p> </p>
<h3 style="text-align: justify; font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">1. Struktur Lewis Molekul NH<sub>3</sub></span></h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Atom <sub>7</sub>N memiliki konfigurasi elektron sebagai berikut <sub>7</sub>N: 2, 5. Jadi,atom N memiliki elektron valensi sebanyak 5 elektron, dan kamu bisa gambar dengan titik seperti berikut:</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" style="height: auto; max-width: 100%; width: 200px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; display: block;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/atom%20n.jpg" alt="atom n" width="200" height="115" /></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Struktur Lewis N</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Sedangkan atom H dengan 1 elektron valensi, bisa kamu gambar dengan 1 tanda silang seperti berikut:</p>
<p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" style="height: auto; max-width: 100%; width: 230px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; display: block;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/struktur%20lewis%20h.jpg" alt="struktur lewis h" width="230" height="145" /></p>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Atom <sub>7</sub>N memiliki tiga elektron valensi tidak berpasangan sehingga untuk memenuhi <strong>kaidah oktet</strong> diperlukan tiga elektron dari atom H. Atom N akan berbagi 3 elektron dan 3 atom H akan berbagi masing-masing 1 elektron.</p>
<p style="font-weight: normal;"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" style="height: auto; max-width: 100%; width: 450px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; display: block;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/struktur%20nh3%20lewis.jpg" alt="struktur nh3 lewis" width="450" height="158" /></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Struktur Lewis NH<sub>3</sub></strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Dalam molekul NH<sub>3</sub> <span style="font-weight: bold;">terdapat sepasang elektron</span> yang tidak digunakan (elektron bebas) sehingga disebut <span style="font-weight: bold;">Pasangan Elektron Bebas (PEB)</span>. Tiga pasang elektron yang digunakan bersama oleh atom N dan atom H disebut <span style="font-weight: bold;">Pasangan Elektron Ikatan (PEI)</span>.</p>
<p><strong>Baca Juga: <a href="https://www.ruangguru.com/blog/menghitung-massa-atom-relatif">Rumus Massa Atom Relatif (Ar) dan Cara Menghitungnya</a></strong></p>
<p> </p>
<h3 style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">2. Struktur Lewis Molekul H<sub>2</sub>O</span></h3>
<p>Atom <sub>8</sub>O memiliki konfigurasi elektron <sub>8</sub>O:2, 6. Jadi, atom O memiliki elektron valensi 6 dengan distribusi sebagai berikut.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><img decoding="async" style="height: auto; max-width: 100%; width: 120px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; display: block;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/atom%20oo.jpg" alt="atom oo" /></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Struktur Lewis O</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Pada atom O terdapat dua elektron tidak berpasangan sehingga diperlukan dua elektron lain untuk memenuhi kaidah oktet.</p>
<p><img decoding="async" class="aligncenter size-medium" src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/76f292ba-afc5-498a-b038-e08c6701ca3f.png" alt="struktur lewis H2O" /></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Struktur Lewis H<sub>2</sub>O</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Dalam H<sub>2</sub>O terdapat <span style="font-weight: bold;">dua PEB</span> dan <span style="font-weight: bold;">dua PEI</span>. Lalu, bagaimana struktur lewis molekul yang terbentuk dari atom sejenis, seperti Cl<sub>2</sub>?</p>
<p> </p>
<h3 style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">3. Struktur Lewis Molekul Cl<sub>2</sub></span></h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Atom Cl dengan 7 elektron valensi, memiliki satu elektron yang tidak berpasangan sehingga pada pembentukan molekul Cl<sub>2</sub>, masing-masing atom Cl akan memasangkan 1 elektron yang tidak berpasangan, sehingga setelah berpasangan akan didapatkan 8 elektron valensi pada setiap atom Cl dan telah memenuhi kaidah oktet.</p>
<p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" style="height: auto; max-width: 100%; width: 250px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; display: block;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/cl2.png" alt="cl2" width="250" height="113" /></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Struktur Lewis Cl<sub>2</sub></strong></p>
<p> </p>
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<p style="font-weight: bold; text-align: left;">Sumber Gambar:</p>
<p style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">Gambar ‘Struktur Lewis CH4’, [Daring]. Tautan: https://roboguru-forum-cdn.ruangguru.com/d0c3b3d6-7a7a-4422-80cb-816313ef1263.png (Diakses: 26 Oktober 2022)</p>
<p style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">Gambar ‘Struktur Lewis CH4 Garis’, [Daring]. Tautan: https://www.geogebra.org/resource/xn5cwkd3/OYkL255rRZwSzcvK/material-xn5cwkd3.png (Diakses: 26 Oktober 2022)</p>
<p style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">Gambar ‘Struktur Lewis N’, [Daring]. Tautan: https://qph.cf2.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-70d9cb1cc4e48c3d91d0e64c949a0d4c (Diakses: 26 Oktober 2022)</p>
<p style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">Gambar ‘Struktur Lewis H’, [Daring]. Tautan:https://www.nafiun.com/2013/03/contoh-ikatan-kovalen-tunggal-proses-pembentukan-pengertian-soal-kunci-jawaban-senyawa-unsur-kimia.html (Diakses: 26 Oktober 2022)</p>
<p style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">Gambar ‘Struktur Lewis NH3’, [Daring]. Tautan:https://materikimia.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Ikatan-Kovalen-Tunggal-NH3.jpg (Diakses: 26 Oktober 2022)</p>
<p style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">Gambar ‘Struktur Lewis O’, [Daring]. Tautan: https://es-static.z-dn.net/files/dda/189d6e397ee29a9cde70d6a0d14b6c69.png (Diakses: 26 Oktober 2022)</p>
<p style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">Gambar ‘Struktur Lewis Cl2’, [Daring]. Tautan: https://imgix2.ruangguru.com/assets/miscellaneous/png_oczc1n_3202.png (Diakses: 26 Oktober 2022)</p>
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<li><a href="https://www.ruangpeduli.org/" target="_blank">Ruangpeduli</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
<div class="col-6 col-md-3">
<nav class="footer-menu">
<p class="title">Bantuan & Panduan</p>
<ul type="none">
<li><a href="https://www.ruangguru.com/company-credentials">Company Credentials</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ruangguru.com/beasiswa">Beasiswa Ruangguru</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ruangguru.com/cicilan">Cicilan Ruangguru</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ruangguru.com/promo">Promo Ruangguru</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ticketing.ruangguru.com/help?request_type_id=459" target="_blank">Vulnerability Report</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ruangguru.com/bantuan#layanan">Layanan Pengaduan</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ruangguru.com/terms-conditions">Syarat & Ketentuan</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ruangguru.com/privacy-policy">Kebijakan Privasi</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ruangguru.com/about-us">Tentang Kami</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ruangguru.com/contact-us">Kontak Kami</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ruangguru.com/press">Press Kit</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ruangguru.com/bantuan">Bantuan</a></li>
<li><a href="https://career.ruangguru.com/">Karier</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
<div class="col-6 col-md-3">
<nav class="footer-menu">
<p class="title">Produk Lainnya</p>
<ul type="none">
<li><a href="https://www.brainacademy.id/" target="_blank">Brain Academy</a></li>
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<li><a href="https://skillacademy.com/" target="_blank">Skill Academy</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ruangkerja.id/" target="_blank">Ruangkerja</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.schoters.com/id/" target="_blank">Schoters</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.kalananti.id/" target="_blank">Kalananti</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
<div class="col-6 col-md-3">
<nav class="footer-menu">
<p class="title"> Coba GRATIS Aplikasi Ruangguru</p>
<div class="download-list">
<ul>
<li>
<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://apps.apple.com/id/app/ruangguru-solusi-belajar/id1099742206?l=id">
<img src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/appstore.png" loading="lazy" alt="Button App Store Footer " />
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.ruangguru.livestudents&hl=in">
<img src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/googleplay.png" loading="lazy" alt="Button Google Play Footer " />
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://appgallery.huawei.com/#/app/C102352375">
<img src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/huawei.png" loading="lazy" alt="Button AppGallery Footer " />
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</nav>
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</div>
</div>
<div class="d-lg-none text-center">
<nav class="footer-menu social">
<p class="title">Ikuti Kami</p>
<a target="_blank" href="https://www.instagram.com/ruangguru/">
<picture>
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/instagram.png?height=60&convert=webp" type="image/webp">
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<img src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/instagram.png" loading="lazy" alt="Logo Instagram Footer" width="32px" height="32px" />
</picture>
</a>
<a target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/ruanggurucom/">
<picture>
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/facebook.png?height=60&convert=webp" type="image/webp">
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<img src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/facebook.png" loading="lazy" alt="Logo Facebook Footer" width="32px" height="32px" />
</picture>
</a>
<a target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/ruangguru/">
<picture>
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/twitter.png?height=60&convert=webp" type="image/webp">
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</picture>
</a>
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</a>
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</picture>
</a>
</nav>
</div>
<p class="footer-copyright">
© 2026 All Rights Reserved PT. Ruang Raya Indonesia
</p>
</div>
<style>
.bantuan-container {
position: relative;
}
.bantuan-element {
position: fixed;
z-index: 999;
display: flex;
align-items: flex-end;
justify-content: flex-end;
cursor: pointer;
transition: all 0.6s ease;
}
.bantuan-top {
bottom: 11rem;
right: 2rem;
}
.bantuan-bottom {
bottom: 2rem;
right: 2rem;
}
.bantuan-top-2 {
bottom: 15rem;
right: 2rem;
}
.bantuan-top-3 {
bottom: 19rem;
right: 2rem;
}
.bantuan-bottom-2 {
bottom: 5rem;
right: 2rem;
}
.bantuan-bottom-3 {
bottom: 8rem;
right: 2rem;
}
@media (min-width: 768px) {
.bantuan-element img {
width: auto;
transition: all 0.4s ease;
}
.bantuan-top img {
width: 140px;
}
.bantuan-bottom img {
width: 140px;
}
.bantuan-top-2 img,
.bantuan-top-3 img {
width: 140px;
}
.bantuan-bottom-2 img,
.bantuan-bottom-3 img {
width: 140px;
}
.bantuan-element.clicked {
bottom: 9rem;
right: 2.5rem;
}
.bantuan-element.clicked img {
width: auto;
height: 64px;
}
}
@media (max-width: 767px) {
.bantuan-top {
bottom: 8rem;
right: 1rem;
align-items: center;
}
.bantuan-bottom {
bottom: 2rem;
right: 1.25rem;
align-items: center;
}
.bantuan-top-2 {
bottom: 12rem;
right: 1rem;
align-items: center;
}
.bantuan-top-3 {
bottom: 16rem;
right: 1rem;
align-items: center;
}
.bantuan-bottom-2 {
bottom: 5rem;
right: 1.25rem;
align-items: center;
}
.bantuan-bottom-3 {
bottom: 8rem;
right: 1.25rem;
align-items: center;
}
.bantuan-element img {
width: auto;
}
.bantuan-top img,
.bantuan-top-2 img,
.bantuan-top-3 img {
width: 96px;
}
.bantuan-bottom img,
.bantuan-bottom-2 img,
.bantuan-bottom-3 img {
width: 96px;
}
}
.bantuan-element:hover {
transform: scale(1.05);
}
.bantuan-element img {
max-width: 100%;
height: auto;
}
</style>
<div id="bantuan-divs-container" style="position: relative" data-product="ruangguru" data-table="rg_floating_icon"></div>
<script>
class FloatingDivsComponent {
constructor(product = 'ruangguru', table = 'rg_floating_icon') {
this.container = document.getElementById('bantuan-divs-container');
this.floatingElements = [];
this.product = product;
this.table = table;
// Configuration
this.config = {
baseApiUrl: 'https://gw.ruangguru.com/api/v3/rdb/p_ddgy8hjx5dxsqx/rg_banner/views/',
apiKey: 'vLyK3dJrDBRmOwueX2OJXibMkgsUbBk0WS4ua2p1',
maxElements: 2,
zIndexBase: 100,
};
// Build dynamic API URL based on table parameter
this.config.apiUrl = this.buildApiUrl();
this.init();
}
buildApiUrl() {
const baseUrl = this.config.baseApiUrl;
const tableName = this.table || 'rg_floating_icon';
const queryParams =
'offset=0&limit=99999&sort=rankPosition&where=(type,eq,floating)~and(showIn,anyof,blog)~and(hide,is,false)~and(product,eq,' +
this.product +
')&nested%5Bcta%5D%5Bfields%5D=Id,name,ctaId,imageUrl,ctaLink,targetUrl';
return `${baseUrl}${tableName}?${queryParams}`;
}
async init() {
try {
await this.fetchFloatingElements();
this.renderFloatingElements();
} catch (error) {
console.error('Failed to initialize floating divs component:', error);
}
}
async fetchFloatingElements() {
try {
const options = {
method: 'GET',
headers: {
'xc-token': this.config.apiKey || 'vLyK3dJrDBRmOwueX2OJXibMkgsUbBk0WS4ua2p1',
},
};
const urlNoco = this.config.apiUrl;
const response = await fetch(urlNoco, options);
if (!response.ok) {
throw new Error(`HTTP error! status: ${response.status}`);
}
const data = await response.json();
this.floatingElements = this.processApiResponse(data);
} catch (error) {
console.error('Error fetching floating elements:', error);
throw error;
}
}
processApiResponse(data) {
if (!data || !data.list || !Array.isArray(data.list)) {
return [];
}
console.log(data.list);
// Ensure we only get maximum 2 elements
const limitedElements = data.list.slice(0, this.config.maxElements);
return limitedElements;
}
renderFloatingElements() {
if (!this.container || this.floatingElements.length === 0) {
return;
}
// Additional safeguard: ensure we never render more than maxElements
const elementsToRender = this.floatingElements.slice(0, this.config.maxElements);
// Clean up existing elements and their event listeners
this.cleanupExistingElements();
// Clear existing content
this.container.innerHTML = '';
elementsToRender.forEach((element, index) => {
const floatingDiv = this.createFloatingDiv(element, index);
this.container.appendChild(floatingDiv);
});
}
cleanupExistingElements() {
// Clear existing elements (no need for event listener cleanup with CSS approach)
const existingElements = this.container.querySelectorAll('[data-floating-element]');
existingElements.forEach(element => {
element.remove();
});
}
createFloatingDiv(element, index) {
const div = document.createElement('div');
const cta = element.cta[0]; // Use the first CTA
// Add data attribute for cleanup tracking
div.setAttribute('data-floating-element', 'true');
// Apply CSS classes based on rankPosition
const positionClass = this.getPositionClass(element.rankPosition, index);
div.className = `bantuan-element ${positionClass}`;
div.style.zIndex = this.config.zIndexBase + index;
// Create the link and image
const link = document.createElement('a');
link.href = 'https://cta.ruangguru.com/' + cta.ctaId || '#';
link.target = '_blank';
// Add tracking attributes
link.setAttribute('data-tracking-event-type', 'landing_page__core__item_click');
link.setAttribute(
'data-tracking-context',
JSON.stringify({
product_name: this.product,
cta_action: 'redirection',
cta_action_detail: link.href,
item_type: 'floating',
item_name: element.name || 'Floating element',
item_category: 'payment',
item_position: index,
item_serial: null,
section_type: 'floating_item',
section_position: 'body',
section_name: 'floating_item',
})
);
const img = document.createElement('img');
img.src = element.imageUrl + '?h=200&convert=webp';
img.alt = element.name || 'Floating element';
img.loading = 'lazy';
// Add click tracking
link.addEventListener('click', () => {
this.trackClick(element, cta);
});
link.appendChild(img);
div.appendChild(link);
return div;
}
getPositionClass(rankPosition, index) {
// Define positioning classes based on rankPosition
if (rankPosition === 1) {
return 'bantuan-top'; // Top position
} else if (rankPosition === 2) {
return 'bantuan-bottom'; // Bottom position
} else {
// For additional elements, distribute them evenly
return `bantuan-${index % 2 === 0 ? 'top' : 'bottom'}-${Math.floor(index / 2) + 1}`;
}
}
trackClick(element, cta) {
// Implement click tracking logic here
console.log('Floating element clicked:', {
elementId: element.Id,
elementName: cta.name,
ctaId: cta.ctaId,
targetUrl: cta.targetUrl,
});
}
// Public method to manually refresh
async refresh() {
try {
await this.fetchFloatingElements();
this.renderFloatingElements();
} catch (error) {
console.error('Failed to refresh floating elements:', error);
throw error;
}
}
// Public method to get current floating elements
getFloatingElements() {
return [...this.floatingElements];
}
}
// Initialize the component when DOM is ready
document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => {
// Get product and table parameters from data attributes
const container = document.getElementById('bantuan-divs-container');
const product = container.getAttribute('data-product') || 'ruangguru';
const table = container.getAttribute('data-table') || 'rg_floating_icon';
new FloatingDivsComponent(product, table);
});
// Export for use in other modules if needed
if (typeof module !== 'undefined' && module.exports) {
module.exports = FloatingDivsComponent;
}
</script> <div id="wp-install-nudge" style="
position: fixed;
bottom: 0rem;
right: 0;
z-index: 999;
cursor: pointer;
"></div>
<script>
(function (w, d, s, o, f, js, fjs) {
w['Sales-Nudge-Widget'] = o; w[o] = w[o] || function () { (w[o].q = w[o].q || []).push(arguments) };
js = d.createElement(s), fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];
js.id = o; js.src = f; js.async = 1; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs);
}(window, document, 'script', 'wpInstallNudge', 'https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/sales-nudge/6198a95130/dist/widget.js'));
wpInstallNudge('init', { targetElementId: 'wp-install-nudge', clientTarget: 'ruangguru_blog' });
</script>
<script>
// note: disabled due to auto reload page
// var lastScrollTop = 0;
// $(window).scroll(function(event){
// var st = $(this).scrollTop();
// if (st > lastScrollTop){
// $('#wp-install-nudge').slideDown( "slow", function() {});
// } else {
// $('#wp-install-nudge').slideUp( "slow", function() {});
// }
// lastScrollTop = st;
// });
// $(document).ready(function () {
// $("#wp-install-nudge").hide();
// });
$('#wp-install-nudge').click(function(){
Analytics.track("promotion__install_nudge__click",
{
user_email: "ruangguru@blog.com",
cta_link: widgetData.dataConfig.target_link
}).catch((err) => {
console.log("tracker error", err);
});
});
</script>
</footer>
<div id="__next"></div>
<script type="speculationrules">
{"prefetch":[{"source":"document","where":{"and":[{"href_matches":"\/blog\/*"},{"not":{"href_matches":["\/blog\/wp-*.php","\/blog\/wp-admin\/*","\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/*","\/blog\/wp-content\/*","\/blog\/wp-content\/plugins\/*","\/blog\/wp-content\/themes\/ruangguru\/*","\/blog\/*\\?(.+)"]}},{"not":{"selector_matches":"a[rel~=\"nofollow\"]"}},{"not":{"selector_matches":".no-prefetch, .no-prefetch a"}}]},"eagerness":"conservative"}]}
</script>
<script>
async function getCtaDetails(ctaIds) {
const endpoint =
" https://gw.ruangguru.com/api/v3/rdb/p_ddgy8hjx5dxsqx/CTA/views/CTA?offset=0&limit=10&where=(ctaId,in," + ctaIds.toString() + ")";
try {
const response = await fetch(endpoint, {
headers: {
"xc-token": "-hG2nBDJzSj0agSgNtcJx97M4F02y54nUMoY6plJ",
},
});
const data = await response.json();
const ctaList = data?.list || [];
const ctaMap = new Map();
for (const ctaData of ctaList) {
ctaMap.set(ctaData.ctaId, ctaData);
}
return ctaMap;
} catch (error) {
console.error("Error fetching CTA details:", error);
return new Map();
}
}
async function replaceCTA() {
const regex = /{{cta\((‘(.*?)’|“(.*?)”)\)}}/g;
const bodyHTML = document.body.innerHTML;
const matches = Array.from(bodyHTML.matchAll(regex));
const ctaIds = matches.map((match) => {
let ctaId = match[2] ?? match[3];
return ctaId;
});
const ctaMap = await getCtaDetails(ctaIds);
const replacedHTML = bodyHTML.replace(regex, (match, _inner, ctaId1, ctaId2) => {
const ctaId = ctaId1 ?? ctaId2;
const ctaData = ctaMap.get(ctaId);
if (ctaData) {
return `<a href="https://cta.ruangguru.com/${ctaData.ctaId}" target="_${ctaData.targetType}" style="position:relative;display:inline-block;">
<img src="${ctaData.imageUrl}" loading="lazy" alt="${ctaData.altText}" />
</a>`;
} else {
return match;
}
});
document.body.innerHTML = replacedHTML;
}
</script>
<meta name="author" content="Ruangguru Tech Team">
<!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-PVNLZFT" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>
<!-- Tracker -->
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/landing-page-web/public/staticpages/global-assets/js/cta.js"></script>
<script src="https://unpkg.com/@dotlottie/player-component@latest/dist/dotlottie-player.mjs" type="module"></script>
</body>
</html>