Pada artikel Biologi kelas 12 kali ini, kamu akan mempelajari tentang penentuan jenis kelamin pada makhluk hidup serta sifat apa saja yang dapat terpaut pada kromosom seks.
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Tentunya kita sudah tahu ya kalau sebagian besar dari spesies makhluk hidup dibedakan menjadi dua berdasarkan jenis kelaminnya, yaitu jantan dan betina.
Meskipun begitu, ada pula makhluk hidup yang berjenis kelamin ganda (hermaprodit) dan makhluk hidup yang hanya memiliki satu jenis kelamin saja karena dapat bereproduksi secara partenogenesis.
Tapi, kalian penasaran nggak sih kira-kira apa ya yang menyebabkan makhluk hidup dapat berjenis kelamin jantan atau betina?
Ternyata, jenis kelamin suatu organisme ditentukan oleh beberapa faktor nih, di antaranya faktor genetik dan faktor lingkungan. Faktor genetik merupakan faktor yang memiliki peran utama dalam penentuan jenis kelamin suatu organisme. Hal ini karena faktor genetik ditentukan oleh materi genetik yang ada di dalam kromosom, khususnya kromosom kelamin (gonosom).
Sementara itu, faktor lingkungan yang mempengaruhi perbedaan jenis kelamin suatu organisme dapat berasal dari lingkungan internal sel maupun lingkungan eksternal sel, salah satu contohnya adalah suhu lingkungan.
Baca Juga: Pola-Pola Hereditas pada Makhluk Hidup
Meskipun jenis kelamin setiap organisme sudah dapat ditentukan, yaitu jantan atau betina, tapi tipe penentuan jenis kelamin setiap organisme itu berbeda-beda, guys. Nah, untuk penjelasan lebih lanjutnya bisa kamu simak pada artikel di bawah ini!
Penentuan jenis kelamin atau determinasi seks adalah proses penentuan jenis kelamin pada makhluk hidup berdasarkan kromosom kelamin. Terdapat beberapa tipe penentuan jenis kelamin pada organisme, di antaranya adalah sebagai berikut:
1. Tipe XY
Organisme yang memiliki kromosom kelamin dengan tipe XY dapat ditemukan pada mamalia termasuk manusia, beberapa jenis serangga, serta beberapa jenis tumbuhan berumah dua (hanya memiliki satu jenis kelamin dalam satu pohon).
Pada manusia, seseorang yang berjenis kelamin perempuan akan memiliki kromosom kelamin yang terdiri atas sepasang kromosom X (XX). Sementara itu, seseorang yang berjenis kelamin laki-laki akan memiliki kromosom kelamin yang terdiri atas satu kromosom X dan satu kromosom Y (XY).
Berikut ini merupakan penentuan jenis kelamin pada manusia saat proses fertilisasi oleh sperma.
Contoh serangga yang memiliki kromosom kelamin dengan tipe XY adalah lalat buah (Drosophila melanogaster). Seperti halnya pada manusia, lalat buah betina akan memiliki kromosom kelamin yang terdiri atas sepasang kromosom X, sedangkan lalat buah jantan akan memiliki kromosom kelamin yang terdiri atas satu kromosom X dan satu kromosom Y.
Baca Juga: Penyimpangan Semu Hukum Mendel
Nah, sekarang, coba kita perhatikan contoh penentuan jenis kelamin pada lalat buah dengan menggunakan rumus indeks kelamin ya:
Contoh I:
Misalkan, terdapat lalat diploid, berkromosom 3 AA, XX~~= i = 1 adalah betina.
- Lalat diploid, berkromosom 3 AA, XY ~ ~ = i = 0,5 adalah jantan, fertil.
- Lalat diploid, berkromosom 3 AA, XO ~ ~ = i = 0,5 adalah jantan, tetapi steril.
- Lalat diploid, berkromosom 3 AA, X:XX ~ ~ = ~ = 1,5 adalah betina super.
- Lalat triploid, berkromosom 3 AAA, XXY ~ ~ = i = 0,67 adalah interseks (sifat antara jantan clan betina).
2. Tipe X0
Organisme yang memiliki jenis kelamin tipe ini dapat ditemui pada beberapa jenis serangga seperti belalang dan kecoa. Hal ini karena pada belalang dan kecoa tidak dijumpai kromosom Y, sehingga penentuan jenis kelaminnya menggunakan tipe X0.
Belalang betina akan memiliki kromosom kelamin yang terdiri atas sepasang kromosom X dan belalang jantan akan memiliki kromosom kelamin yang terdiri atas satu kromosom X dan tidak memiliki kromosom Y.
3. Tipe ZW
Organisme dengan jenis kelamin tipe ZW dapat ditemui pada ikan, unggas, dan beberapa jenis reptil tertentu.
Berlawanan dengan tipe XY, individu betina akan memiliki kromosom kelamin yang terdiri atas pasangan kromosom yang berbeda dan individu jantan akan memiliki kromosom kelamin yang terdiri atas pasangan kromosom yang sama.
Akan tetapi, untuk menghindari kekeliruan dengan tipe XY, pasangan kromosom yang berbeda diberi simbol ZW dan pasangan kromosom yang sama diberi simbol ZZ.
4. Tipe Haploid-Diploid
Organisme dengan jenis kelamin bertipe haploid-diploid dapat ditemukan pada serangga ordo Hymenoptera, seperti semut dan lebah. Berikut ini merupakan contoh penentuan jenis kelamin pada lebah madu.
Gimana sekarang? Sudah tahu kan apa saja tipe-tipe penentuan jenis kelamin pada makhluk hidup. Tahukah kamu kalau setiap kromosom, baik itu kromosom tubuh maupun kromosom kelamin mengandung gen, lho.
Nah, gen-gen yang terikat pada kromosom kelamin disebut pautan seks (sex linkage). Terdapat gen yang terikat pada kromosom X dan ada pula gen yang terikat pada kromosom Y. Sekarang, mari kita simak penjelasannya di bawah ini.
Pautan Seks
Pautan seks pertama kali ditemukan oleh seorang genetikawan asal Amerika Serikat yang bernama Thomas Hunt Morgan.
Pautan seks menyebabkan suatu sifat warisan hanya muncul pada jenis kelamin tertentu bergantung pada di mana gen-gen itu terpaut atau terikat. Pautan seks dapat terjadi pada hampir semua organisme termasuk manusia dan hewan.
Berikut ini merupakan beberapa macam pautan seks yang bisa kamu ketahui, yakni:
1. Pautan Seks pada Manusia
Manusia memiliki dua jenis kromosom seks, yaitu XX pada perempuan dan XY pada laki-laki. Oleh karena itu, pautan seks pada manusia dapat terjadi pada kromosom X dan kromosom Y nya. Contohnya adalah gen penyakit hemofilia dan hipertrikosis.
Hemofilia merupakan penyakit genetik yang menyebabkan penderitanya mengalami gangguan perdarahan ketika terluka akibat kurangnya faktor pembekuan darah.
Hemofilia ditentukan oleh gen h yang terpaut pada kromosom X. Hemofilia hanya dijumpai pada laki-laki karena gen ini bersifat letal terhadap perempuan. Meskipun demikian, bagi perempuan, ia akan menjadi carrier (pembawa sifat) dan akan menurunkannya kepada anak laki-lakinya.
Hipertrikosis adalah suatu penyakit genetik yang mengakibatkan penderitanya mengalami pertumbuhan rambut yang tidak normal di area tubuh tertentu. Hipertrikosis ditentukan oleh gen h yang terpaut pada kromosom Y, sehingga penyakit ini hanya terjadi pada pria.
2. Pautan Seks pada Hewan
Selain pada manusia, pautan seks juga dapat terjadi pada hewan, di antaranya warna mata pada lalat buah dan warna bulu pada kucing.
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Warna Mata pada Lalat Buah (Drosophila melanogaster)
Gen pautan seks pada lalat buah adalah gen penentu warna mata. Lalat buah normal akan memiliki warna mata berwarna merah yang dipengaruhi oleh gen dominan W yang terpaut pada kromosom X. Sementara itu, alelnya yaitu gen w akan mempengaruhi warna mata putih dan bersifat resesif.
Pautan seks pada kucing terdapat pada gen yang menentukan warna bulu kucing. Gen ini terpaut pada kromosom X dan menimbulkan warna hitam atau coklat.
Kucing jantan dapat memiliki bulu berwarna hitam atau coklat dengan kombinasi warna putih. Hal ini karena kucing jantan hanya memiliki satu kromosom X yang berisi gen warna hitam atau coklat saja.
Sementara itu, kucing betina dapat memiliki bulu dengan kombinasi warna hitam, coklat, dan putih. Hal ini karena kucing betina memiliki dua buah kromosom X dengan kemungkinan masing-masing kromosom berisi gen yang berbeda, yaitu hitam dan coklat.
Kucing kembang telon (sumber: Getty Images)
Wah, bagaimana tanggapanmu setelah membaca artikel kali ini? Menarik, bukan? Ternyata, warna bulu pada kucing termasuk contoh kasus pautan seks, ya.
Sekarang, kamu jadi tahu deh kalau kamu melihat kucing dengan bulu berwarna hitam, coklat, dan putih, pasti itu kucing betina! Nah, bagi kamu yang ingin mempelajari materi tentang penentuan jenis kelamin lebih dalam lagi, kamu bisa nih dengan menggunakan aplikasi ruangbelajar untuk belajar jadi mudah!
Referensi:
Irnaningtyas. (2018). Biologi untuk SMA/MA Kelas XII Kurikulum 2013 Revisi. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Sumber foto:
Foto ‘Sex Determination’ [daring] Tautan: https://www.freepik.com/free-vector/male-female-toilette-sign_798708.htm
Foto ‘A calico cat. Photography’ [daring] Tautan: https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/photo/cat-walking-on-dock-royalty-free-image/1210718671
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<h1 class="content-title">
Penentuan Jenis Kelamin pada Makhluk Hidup | Biologi Kelas 12 </h1>
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<p class="content-author"><a href="https://www.ruangguru.com/blog/author/hani-ammariah" class="">Hani Ammariah</a> </p>
<p class="content-info"><span>October 9, 2024 • </span> <span>6 minutes read</span></p>
<br />
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<p><em style="background-color: transparent;"><img decoding="async" style="width: 820px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; display: block;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/Penentuan%20Jenis%20Kelamin%20pada%20Makhluk%20Hidup%20-%20Biologi%20Kelas%2012-02.jpg" alt="Penentuan Jenis Kelamin pada Makhluk Hidup" /></em></p>
<blockquote>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em style="background-color: transparent;">Pada <strong><a href="https://www.ruangguru.com/blog/c/biologi-sma-kelas-12">artikel Biologi kelas 12</a></strong> kali ini, kamu akan mempelajari tentang penentuan jenis kelamin pada makhluk hidup serta sifat apa saja yang dapat terpaut pada kromosom seks.</em></p>
<p style="text-align: center;">—</p>
</blockquote>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Tentunya kita sudah tahu ya kalau sebagian besar dari spesies makhluk hidup dibedakan menjadi dua berdasarkan jenis kelaminnya, yaitu jantan dan betina.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Meskipun begitu, ada pula makhluk hidup yang berjenis <span style="font-weight: bold;">kelamin ganda (hermaprodit)</span> dan makhluk hidup yang hanya memiliki satu jenis kelamin saja karena dapat bereproduksi secara <span style="font-weight: bold;">partenogenesis</span>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Tapi, kalian penasaran nggak sih kira-kira apa ya yang menyebabkan makhluk hidup dapat berjenis kelamin jantan atau betina?</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Ternyata, jenis kelamin suatu organisme ditentukan oleh beberapa faktor <em>nih</em>, di antaranya <span style="font-weight: bold;">faktor genetik</span> dan <span style="font-weight: bold;">faktor lingkungan</span>. Faktor genetik merupakan faktor yang memiliki peran utama dalam penentuan jenis kelamin suatu organisme. Hal ini karena faktor genetik ditentukan oleh materi genetik yang ada di dalam kromosom, khususnya kromosom kelamin (gonosom).</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Sementara itu, faktor lingkungan yang mempengaruhi perbedaan jenis kelamin suatu organisme dapat berasal dari lingkungan internal sel maupun lingkungan eksternal sel, salah satu contohnya adalah suhu lingkungan.</p>
<p><img decoding="async" style="width: 600px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; display: block;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/Penentuan%20Jenis%20Kelamin%20pada%20Makhluk%20Hidup%20-%20Biologi%20Kelas%2012-08.jpg" alt="Jenis kelamin aligator" width="600" /></p>
<p><strong>Baca Juga: <a href="/blog/biologi-kelas-12-pola-pola-hereditas" rel="noopener">Pola-Pola Hereditas pada Makhluk Hidup</a></strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Meskipun jenis kelamin setiap organisme sudah dapat ditentukan, yaitu jantan atau betina, tapi tipe penentuan jenis kelamin setiap organisme itu berbeda-beda, <em>guys</em>. <em>Nah</em>, untuk penjelasan lebih lanjutnya bisa kamu simak pada artikel di bawah ini!</p>
<p> </p>
<h2><span style="font-size: 18pt;">Penentuan Jenis Kelamin pada Makhluk Hidup</span></h2>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Penentuan jenis kelamin atau determinasi seks adalah proses penentuan jenis kelamin pada makhluk hidup berdasarkan kromosom kelamin. Terdapat beberapa tipe penentuan jenis kelamin pada organisme, di antaranya adalah sebagai berikut:</p>
<p> </p>
<h3><span style="font-size: 14pt;">1. Tipe XY</span></h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Organisme yang memiliki kromosom kelamin dengan <strong>tipe XY</strong> dapat ditemukan pada <strong>mamalia</strong> termasuk manusia, beberapa jenis serangga, serta beberapa jenis tumbuhan berumah dua (hanya memiliki satu jenis kelamin dalam satu pohon).</p>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li>
<h4><strong>Manusia</strong></h4>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Pada manusia, seseorang yang berjenis <strong>kelamin perempuan</strong> akan memiliki kromosom kelamin yang terdiri atas <strong>sepasang kromosom X (XX)</strong>. Sementara itu, seseorang yang berjenis <strong>kelamin laki-laki</strong> akan memiliki kromosom kelamin yang terdiri atas <strong>satu kromosom X dan satu kromosom Y (XY)</strong>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Berikut ini merupakan penentuan jenis kelamin pada manusia saat proses fertilisasi oleh sperma.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><img decoding="async" style="width: 600px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; display: block;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/Penentuan%20Jenis%20Kelamin%20pada%20Makhluk%20Hidup%20-%20Biologi%20Kelas%2012-06.jpg" alt="Penentuan jenis kelamin manusia saat fertilisasi" width="600" /></p>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li>
<h4><strong>Serangga</strong></h4>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #000000;">Contoh serangga yang memiliki kromosom kelamin dengan <strong>tipe XY</strong> adalah <strong>lalat buah (<em>Drosophila melanogaster</em>)</strong>. Seperti halnya pada manusia, lalat buah betina akan memiliki kromosom kelamin yang terdiri atas sepasang kromosom X, sedangkan lalat buah jantan akan memiliki kromosom kelamin yang terdiri atas satu kromosom X dan satu kromosom Y.</span></p>
<p><img decoding="async" style="width: 600px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; display: block;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/Penentuan%20Jenis%20Kelamin%20pada%20Makhluk%20Hidup%20-%20Biologi%20Kelas%2012-07.jpg" alt="Rumus indeks kelamin" width="600" /></p>
<p><strong>Baca Juga: <a href="/blog/biologi-kelas-12-penyimpangan-semu-hukum-mendel" rel="noopener">Penyimpangan Semu Hukum Mendel</a></strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><em>Nah</em>, sekarang, coba kita perhatikan contoh penentuan jenis kelamin pada lalat buah dengan menggunakan rumus indeks kelamin ya:</p>
<p><span style="font-weight: bold;">Contoh I</span>:</p>
<p>Misalkan, terdapat lalat diploid, berkromosom 3 AA, XX~~= i = 1 adalah betina.</p>
<ul>
<li>Lalat diploid, berkromosom 3 AA, XY ~ ~ = i = 0,5 adalah jantan, fertil.</li>
<li>Lalat diploid, berkromosom 3 AA, XO ~ ~ = i = 0,5 adalah jantan, tetapi steril.</li>
<li>Lalat diploid, berkromosom 3 AA, X:XX ~ ~ = ~ = 1,5 adalah betina super.</li>
<li>Lalat triploid, berkromosom 3 AAA, XXY ~ ~ = i = 0,67 adalah interseks (sifat antara jantan clan betina).</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<h3><span style="font-size: 14pt;">2. Tipe X0</span></h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Organisme yang memiliki jenis kelamin tipe ini dapat ditemui pada beberapa jenis serangga seperti <span style="font-weight: bold;">belalang dan kecoa</span>. Hal ini karena pada belalang dan kecoa tidak dijumpai kromosom Y, sehingga penentuan jenis kelaminnya menggunakan tipe X0.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Belalang betina</span> akan memiliki <span style="font-weight: bold;">kromosom kelamin yang terdiri atas sepasang kromosom X</span> dan <span style="font-weight: bold;">belalang jantan</span> akan memiliki <span style="font-weight: bold;">kromosom kelamin yang terdiri atas satu kromosom X dan tidak memiliki kromosom Y.</span></p>
<p> </p>
<h3><span style="font-size: 14pt;">3. Tipe ZW</span></h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Organisme dengan jenis kelamin tipe ZW dapat ditemui pada <span style="font-weight: bold;">ikan, unggas, dan beberapa jenis reptil tertentu</span>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Berlawanan dengan <span style="font-weight: normal;">tipe XY</span>, <span style="font-weight: bold;">individu betina</span> akan memiliki <span style="font-weight: bold;">kromosom kelamin yang terdiri atas pasangan kromosom yang berbeda</span> dan <span style="font-weight: bold;">individu jantan</span> akan memiliki <span style="font-weight: bold;">kromosom kelamin yang terdiri atas pasangan kromosom yang sama</span>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Akan tetapi, untuk menghindari kekeliruan dengan tipe XY, pasangan kromosom yang berbeda diberi simbol ZW dan pasangan kromosom yang sama diberi simbol ZZ.</p>
<p> </p>
<h3><span style="font-size: 14pt;">4. Tipe Haploid-Diploid</span></h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Organisme dengan jenis kelamin bertipe haploid-diploid dapat ditemukan pada <span style="font-weight: bold;">serangga ordo Hymenoptera, seperti semut dan lebah</span>. Berikut ini merupakan contoh penentuan jenis kelamin pada lebah madu.</p>
<p><img decoding="async" style="width: 600px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; display: block;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/Penentuan%20Jenis%20Kelamin%20pada%20Makhluk%20Hidup%20-%20Biologi%20Kelas%2012-12.jpg" alt="Tipe haploid diploid pada lebah" width="600" /></p>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Gimana sekarang? Sudah tahu <em>kan</em> apa saja tipe-tipe penentuan jenis kelamin pada makhluk hidup. Tahukah kamu kalau setiap kromosom, baik itu kromosom tubuh maupun kromosom kelamin mengandung gen, <em>lho</em>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><em>Nah</em>, <span style="font-weight: bold;">gen-gen yang terikat pada kromosom kelamin disebut pautan seks (<em>sex linkage</em>)</span>. Terdapat gen yang terikat pada kromosom X dan ada pula gen yang terikat pada kromosom Y. Sekarang, mari kita simak penjelasannya di bawah ini.</p>
<p> </p>
<h2><span style="font-size: 18pt;">Pautan Seks</span></h2>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Pautan seks pertama kali ditemukan oleh seorang genetikawan asal Amerika Serikat yang bernama <strong>Thomas Hunt Morgan</strong>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Pautan seks menyebabkan suatu sifat warisan hanya muncul pada jenis kelamin tertentu <strong>bergantung pada</strong> <strong>di mana gen-gen itu terpaut atau terikat</strong>. Pautan seks dapat terjadi pada hampir semua organisme termasuk manusia dan hewan.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Berikut ini merupakan beberapa macam pautan seks yang bisa kamu ketahui, yakni:</p>
<p> </p>
<h3><span style="font-size: 14pt;">1. Pautan Seks pada Manusia</span></h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Manusia memiliki dua jenis kromosom seks, yaitu XX pada perempuan dan XY pada laki-laki. Oleh karena itu, pautan seks pada manusia dapat terjadi pada kromosom X dan kromosom Y nya. Contohnya adalah gen penyakit hemofilia dan hipertrikosis.</p>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li>
<h4><strong>Hemofilia</strong></h4>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Hemofilia merupakan penyakit genetik yang menyebabkan penderitanya mengalami<strong> gangguan perdarahan ketika terluka</strong> akibat <strong>kurangnya faktor pembekuan darah</strong>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Hemofilia ditentukan oleh <strong>gen h yang terpaut pada kromosom X</strong>. Hemofilia <strong>hanya dijumpai pada laki-laki</strong> karena gen ini bersifat <strong>letal terhadap perempuan</strong>. Meskipun demikian, bagi perempuan, ia akan menjadi <em>carrier </em>(pembawa sifat) dan akan menurunkannya kepada anak laki-lakinya.</p>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li>
<h4><strong>Hipertrikosis</strong></h4>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Hipertrikosis adalah suatu penyakit genetik yang mengakibatkan penderitanya mengalami <strong>pertumbuhan rambut yang tidak normal</strong> di area tubuh tertentu. Hipertrikosis ditentukan oleh <strong>gen h yang terpaut pada kromosom Y</strong>, sehingga penyakit ini hanya <strong>terjadi pada pria</strong>.</p>
<p><img decoding="async" style="width: 600px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; display: block;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/Penentuan%20Jenis%20Kelamin%20pada%20Makhluk%20Hidup%20-%20Biologi%20Kelas%2012-13%20(1).jpg" alt="Kasus hipertrikosis" width="600" /></p>
<p> </p>
<h3><span style="font-size: 14pt;">2. Pautan Seks pada Hewan</span></h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Selain pada manusia, pautan seks juga dapat terjadi pada hewan, di antaranya warna mata pada lalat buah dan warna bulu pada kucing.</p>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li>
<h4><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Warna Mata pada Lalat Buah (<em>Drosophila melanogaster</em>)</span></h4>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Gen pautan seks pada lalat buah adalah gen penentu warna mata. Lalat buah normal akan memiliki <strong>warna mata berwarna merah</strong> yang dipengaruhi oleh <strong>gen dominan W yang terpaut pada kromosom X</strong>. Sementara itu, <strong>alelnya</strong> yaitu gen w akan mempengaruhi <strong>warna mata putih dan bersifat resesif</strong>.</p>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li>
<h4><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Warna Bulu pada Kucing</span></h4>
</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Pautan seks pada kucing terdapat pada gen yang menentukan warna bulu kucing. Gen ini terpaut pada <strong>kromosom X</strong> dan menimbulkan <strong>warna hitam atau coklat</strong>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Kucing jantan</strong> dapat memiliki <strong>bulu berwarna hitam atau coklat</strong> dengan <strong>kombinasi warna putih</strong>. Hal ini karena kucing jantan hanya memiliki <strong>satu kromosom X</strong> yang berisi gen warna hitam atau coklat saja.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Sementara itu, <strong>kucing betina</strong> dapat memiliki <strong>bulu dengan kombinasi warna hitam, coklat, dan putih</strong>. Hal ini karena kucing betina memiliki <strong>dua buah kromosom X</strong> dengan kemungkinan masing-masing kromosom berisi gen yang berbeda, yaitu hitam dan coklat.</p>
<p><img decoding="async" style="width: 600px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; display: block;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/Calico%20cat.jpg" alt="Kucing kembang telon (calico cat)" width="600" /></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em>Kucing kembang telon (sumber: Getty Images)</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><em>Wah</em>, bagaimana tanggapanmu setelah membaca artikel kali ini? Menarik, bukan? Ternyata, warna bulu pada kucing termasuk contoh kasus pautan seks, ya.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Sekarang, kamu jadi tahu <em>deh</em> kalau kamu melihat kucing dengan bulu berwarna hitam, coklat, dan putih, pasti itu kucing betina! <em>Nah</em>, bagi kamu yang ingin mempelajari materi tentang penentuan jenis kelamin lebih dalam lagi, kamu bisa <em>nih</em> dengan menggunakan aplikasi<a href="/promo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ruangbelajar</span></a> untuk belajar jadi mudah!</p>
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<p><strong>Referensi:</strong></p>
<p>Irnaningtyas. (2018). Biologi untuk SMA/MA Kelas XII Kurikulum 2013 Revisi. Jakarta: Erlangga.</p>
<p><strong>Sumber foto:</strong></p>
<p>Foto ‘Sex Determination’ [daring] Tautan: https://www.freepik.com/free-vector/male-female-toilette-sign_798708.htm</p>
<p>Foto ‘A calico cat. Photography’ [daring] Tautan: https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/photo/cat-walking-on-dock-royalty-free-image/1210718671</p>
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<div class="d-lg-none text-center">
<nav class="footer-menu social">
<p class="title">Ikuti Kami</p>
<a target="_blank" href="https://www.instagram.com/ruangguru/">
<picture>
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/instagram.png?height=60&convert=webp" type="image/webp">
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/instagram.png?height=60" type="image/png">
<img src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/instagram.png" loading="lazy" alt="Logo Instagram Footer" width="32px" height="32px" />
</picture>
</a>
<a target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/ruanggurucom/">
<picture>
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/facebook.png?height=60&convert=webp" type="image/webp">
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/facebook.png?height=60" type="image/png">
<img src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/facebook.png" loading="lazy" alt="Logo Facebook Footer" width="32px" height="32px" />
</picture>
</a>
<a target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/ruangguru/">
<picture>
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/twitter.png?height=60&convert=webp" type="image/webp">
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/twitter.png?height=60" type="image/png">
<img src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/twitter.png" loading=" lazy" alt="Logo Twitter Footer" width="32px" height="32px" />
</picture>
</a>
<a target="_blank" href="https://www.youtube.com/ruangguru">
<picture>
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/youtube.png?height=60&convert=webp" type="image/webp">
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<img src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/youtube.png" loading=" lazy" alt="Logo Youtube Footer" width="32px" height="32px" />
</picture>
</a>
<a target="_blank" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/ruangguru-com">
<picture>
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/linkedin.png?height=60&convert=webp" type="image/webp">
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/linkedin.png?height=60" type="image/png">
<img src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/linkedin.png" loading=" lazy" alt="Logo LinkedIn Footer" width="32px" height="32px" />
</picture>
</a>
<a target="_blank" href="https://www.tiktok.com/@ruangguru">
<picture>
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/tiktok.png?height=60&convert=webp" type="image/webp">
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<img src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/tiktok.png" loading=" lazy" alt="Logo TikTok Footer" width="32px" height="32px" />
</picture>
</a>
</nav>
</div>
<p class="footer-copyright">
© 2026 All Rights Reserved PT. Ruang Raya Indonesia
</p>
</div>
<style>
.bantuan-container {
position: relative;
}
.bantuan-element {
position: fixed;
z-index: 999;
display: flex;
align-items: flex-end;
justify-content: flex-end;
cursor: pointer;
transition: all 0.6s ease;
}
.bantuan-top {
bottom: 11rem;
right: 2rem;
}
.bantuan-bottom {
bottom: 2rem;
right: 2rem;
}
.bantuan-top-2 {
bottom: 15rem;
right: 2rem;
}
.bantuan-top-3 {
bottom: 19rem;
right: 2rem;
}
.bantuan-bottom-2 {
bottom: 5rem;
right: 2rem;
}
.bantuan-bottom-3 {
bottom: 8rem;
right: 2rem;
}
@media (min-width: 768px) {
.bantuan-element img {
width: auto;
transition: all 0.4s ease;
}
.bantuan-top img {
width: 140px;
}
.bantuan-bottom img {
width: 140px;
}
.bantuan-top-2 img,
.bantuan-top-3 img {
width: 140px;
}
.bantuan-bottom-2 img,
.bantuan-bottom-3 img {
width: 140px;
}
.bantuan-element.clicked {
bottom: 9rem;
right: 2.5rem;
}
.bantuan-element.clicked img {
width: auto;
height: 64px;
}
}
@media (max-width: 767px) {
.bantuan-top {
bottom: 8rem;
right: 1rem;
align-items: center;
}
.bantuan-bottom {
bottom: 2rem;
right: 1.25rem;
align-items: center;
}
.bantuan-top-2 {
bottom: 12rem;
right: 1rem;
align-items: center;
}
.bantuan-top-3 {
bottom: 16rem;
right: 1rem;
align-items: center;
}
.bantuan-bottom-2 {
bottom: 5rem;
right: 1.25rem;
align-items: center;
}
.bantuan-bottom-3 {
bottom: 8rem;
right: 1.25rem;
align-items: center;
}
.bantuan-element img {
width: auto;
}
.bantuan-top img,
.bantuan-top-2 img,
.bantuan-top-3 img {
width: 96px;
}
.bantuan-bottom img,
.bantuan-bottom-2 img,
.bantuan-bottom-3 img {
width: 96px;
}
}
.bantuan-element:hover {
transform: scale(1.05);
}
.bantuan-element img {
max-width: 100%;
height: auto;
}
</style>
<div id="bantuan-divs-container" style="position: relative" data-product="ruangguru" data-table="rg_floating_icon"></div>
<script>
class FloatingDivsComponent {
constructor(product = 'ruangguru', table = 'rg_floating_icon') {
this.container = document.getElementById('bantuan-divs-container');
this.floatingElements = [];
this.product = product;
this.table = table;
// Configuration
this.config = {
baseApiUrl: 'https://gw.ruangguru.com/api/v3/rdb/p_ddgy8hjx5dxsqx/rg_banner/views/',
apiKey: 'vLyK3dJrDBRmOwueX2OJXibMkgsUbBk0WS4ua2p1',
maxElements: 2,
zIndexBase: 100,
};
// Build dynamic API URL based on table parameter
this.config.apiUrl = this.buildApiUrl();
this.init();
}
buildApiUrl() {
const baseUrl = this.config.baseApiUrl;
const tableName = this.table || 'rg_floating_icon';
const queryParams =
'offset=0&limit=99999&sort=rankPosition&where=(type,eq,floating)~and(showIn,anyof,blog)~and(hide,is,false)~and(product,eq,' +
this.product +
')&nested%5Bcta%5D%5Bfields%5D=Id,name,ctaId,imageUrl,ctaLink,targetUrl';
return `${baseUrl}${tableName}?${queryParams}`;
}
async init() {
try {
await this.fetchFloatingElements();
this.renderFloatingElements();
} catch (error) {
console.error('Failed to initialize floating divs component:', error);
}
}
async fetchFloatingElements() {
try {
const options = {
method: 'GET',
headers: {
'xc-token': this.config.apiKey || 'vLyK3dJrDBRmOwueX2OJXibMkgsUbBk0WS4ua2p1',
},
};
const urlNoco = this.config.apiUrl;
const response = await fetch(urlNoco, options);
if (!response.ok) {
throw new Error(`HTTP error! status: ${response.status}`);
}
const data = await response.json();
this.floatingElements = this.processApiResponse(data);
} catch (error) {
console.error('Error fetching floating elements:', error);
throw error;
}
}
processApiResponse(data) {
if (!data || !data.list || !Array.isArray(data.list)) {
return [];
}
console.log(data.list);
// Ensure we only get maximum 2 elements
const limitedElements = data.list.slice(0, this.config.maxElements);
return limitedElements;
}
renderFloatingElements() {
if (!this.container || this.floatingElements.length === 0) {
return;
}
// Additional safeguard: ensure we never render more than maxElements
const elementsToRender = this.floatingElements.slice(0, this.config.maxElements);
// Clean up existing elements and their event listeners
this.cleanupExistingElements();
// Clear existing content
this.container.innerHTML = '';
elementsToRender.forEach((element, index) => {
const floatingDiv = this.createFloatingDiv(element, index);
this.container.appendChild(floatingDiv);
});
}
cleanupExistingElements() {
// Clear existing elements (no need for event listener cleanup with CSS approach)
const existingElements = this.container.querySelectorAll('[data-floating-element]');
existingElements.forEach(element => {
element.remove();
});
}
createFloatingDiv(element, index) {
const div = document.createElement('div');
const cta = element.cta[0]; // Use the first CTA
// Add data attribute for cleanup tracking
div.setAttribute('data-floating-element', 'true');
// Apply CSS classes based on rankPosition
const positionClass = this.getPositionClass(element.rankPosition, index);
div.className = `bantuan-element ${positionClass}`;
div.style.zIndex = this.config.zIndexBase + index;
// Create the link and image
const link = document.createElement('a');
link.href = 'https://cta.ruangguru.com/' + cta.ctaId || '#';
link.target = '_blank';
// Add tracking attributes
link.setAttribute('data-tracking-event-type', 'landing_page__core__item_click');
link.setAttribute(
'data-tracking-context',
JSON.stringify({
product_name: this.product,
cta_action: 'redirection',
cta_action_detail: link.href,
item_type: 'floating',
item_name: element.name || 'Floating element',
item_category: 'payment',
item_position: index,
item_serial: null,
section_type: 'floating_item',
section_position: 'body',
section_name: 'floating_item',
})
);
const img = document.createElement('img');
img.src = element.imageUrl + '?h=200&convert=webp';
img.alt = element.name || 'Floating element';
img.loading = 'lazy';
// Add click tracking
link.addEventListener('click', () => {
this.trackClick(element, cta);
});
link.appendChild(img);
div.appendChild(link);
return div;
}
getPositionClass(rankPosition, index) {
// Define positioning classes based on rankPosition
if (rankPosition === 1) {
return 'bantuan-top'; // Top position
} else if (rankPosition === 2) {
return 'bantuan-bottom'; // Bottom position
} else {
// For additional elements, distribute them evenly
return `bantuan-${index % 2 === 0 ? 'top' : 'bottom'}-${Math.floor(index / 2) + 1}`;
}
}
trackClick(element, cta) {
// Implement click tracking logic here
console.log('Floating element clicked:', {
elementId: element.Id,
elementName: cta.name,
ctaId: cta.ctaId,
targetUrl: cta.targetUrl,
});
}
// Public method to manually refresh
async refresh() {
try {
await this.fetchFloatingElements();
this.renderFloatingElements();
} catch (error) {
console.error('Failed to refresh floating elements:', error);
throw error;
}
}
// Public method to get current floating elements
getFloatingElements() {
return [...this.floatingElements];
}
}
// Initialize the component when DOM is ready
document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => {
// Get product and table parameters from data attributes
const container = document.getElementById('bantuan-divs-container');
const product = container.getAttribute('data-product') || 'ruangguru';
const table = container.getAttribute('data-table') || 'rg_floating_icon';
new FloatingDivsComponent(product, table);
});
// Export for use in other modules if needed
if (typeof module !== 'undefined' && module.exports) {
module.exports = FloatingDivsComponent;
}
</script> <div id="wp-install-nudge" style="
position: fixed;
bottom: 0rem;
right: 0;
z-index: 999;
cursor: pointer;
"></div>
<script>
(function (w, d, s, o, f, js, fjs) {
w['Sales-Nudge-Widget'] = o; w[o] = w[o] || function () { (w[o].q = w[o].q || []).push(arguments) };
js = d.createElement(s), fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];
js.id = o; js.src = f; js.async = 1; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs);
}(window, document, 'script', 'wpInstallNudge', 'https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/sales-nudge/6198a95130/dist/widget.js'));
wpInstallNudge('init', { targetElementId: 'wp-install-nudge', clientTarget: 'ruangguru_blog' });
</script>
<script>
// note: disabled due to auto reload page
// var lastScrollTop = 0;
// $(window).scroll(function(event){
// var st = $(this).scrollTop();
// if (st > lastScrollTop){
// $('#wp-install-nudge').slideDown( "slow", function() {});
// } else {
// $('#wp-install-nudge').slideUp( "slow", function() {});
// }
// lastScrollTop = st;
// });
// $(document).ready(function () {
// $("#wp-install-nudge").hide();
// });
$('#wp-install-nudge').click(function(){
Analytics.track("promotion__install_nudge__click",
{
user_email: "ruangguru@blog.com",
cta_link: widgetData.dataConfig.target_link
}).catch((err) => {
console.log("tracker error", err);
});
});
</script>
</footer>
<div id="__next"></div>
<script type="speculationrules">
{"prefetch":[{"source":"document","where":{"and":[{"href_matches":"\/blog\/*"},{"not":{"href_matches":["\/blog\/wp-*.php","\/blog\/wp-admin\/*","\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/*","\/blog\/wp-content\/*","\/blog\/wp-content\/plugins\/*","\/blog\/wp-content\/themes\/ruangguru\/*","\/blog\/*\\?(.+)"]}},{"not":{"selector_matches":"a[rel~=\"nofollow\"]"}},{"not":{"selector_matches":".no-prefetch, .no-prefetch a"}}]},"eagerness":"conservative"}]}
</script>
<script>
async function getCtaDetails(ctaIds) {
const endpoint =
" https://gw.ruangguru.com/api/v3/rdb/p_ddgy8hjx5dxsqx/CTA/views/CTA?offset=0&limit=10&where=(ctaId,in," + ctaIds.toString() + ")";
try {
const response = await fetch(endpoint, {
headers: {
"xc-token": "-hG2nBDJzSj0agSgNtcJx97M4F02y54nUMoY6plJ",
},
});
const data = await response.json();
const ctaList = data?.list || [];
const ctaMap = new Map();
for (const ctaData of ctaList) {
ctaMap.set(ctaData.ctaId, ctaData);
}
return ctaMap;
} catch (error) {
console.error("Error fetching CTA details:", error);
return new Map();
}
}
async function replaceCTA() {
const regex = /{{cta\((‘(.*?)’|“(.*?)”)\)}}/g;
const bodyHTML = document.body.innerHTML;
const matches = Array.from(bodyHTML.matchAll(regex));
const ctaIds = matches.map((match) => {
let ctaId = match[2] ?? match[3];
return ctaId;
});
const ctaMap = await getCtaDetails(ctaIds);
const replacedHTML = bodyHTML.replace(regex, (match, _inner, ctaId1, ctaId2) => {
const ctaId = ctaId1 ?? ctaId2;
const ctaData = ctaMap.get(ctaId);
if (ctaData) {
return `<a href="https://cta.ruangguru.com/${ctaData.ctaId}" target="_${ctaData.targetType}" style="position:relative;display:inline-block;">
<img src="${ctaData.imageUrl}" loading="lazy" alt="${ctaData.altText}" />
</a>`;
} else {
return match;
}
});
document.body.innerHTML = replacedHTML;
}
</script>
<meta name="author" content="Ruangguru Tech Team">
<!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-PVNLZFT" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>
<!-- Tracker -->
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/landing-page-web/public/staticpages/global-assets/js/cta.js"></script>
<script src="https://unpkg.com/@dotlottie/player-component@latest/dist/dotlottie-player.mjs" type="module"></script>
</body>
</html>