Apa saja sih bentuk dan lembaga kerja sama ekonomi internasional? Yuk, kita cari tau sama-sama lewat artikel Ekonomi kelas 11 berikut ini!
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Halo, teman-teman! Setelah kamu belajar mengenai Pengertian dan Manfaat Kerjasama Ekonomi Internasional, sekarang, lanjut yuk kita belajar tentang bentuk dan lembaga-lembaga kerja sama ekonomi internasional.
Kamu pernah dengar nggak, istilah ASEAN?
ASEAN adalah lembaga perhimpunan negara-negara di kawasan Asia Tenggara, dan Indonesia menjadi salah satu negara pemrakarsanya, lho! ASEAN itu termasuk salah satu bentuk kerja sama ekonomi internasional. Nah, nggak cuma ASEAN, masih banyak lagi bentuk dan lembaga lainnya. Yuk, kita bahas bersama-sama!
Bentuk-bentuk kerja sama ekonomi internasional dibagi menjadi beberapa bagian, di antaranya:
A. Berdasarkan Letak Geografisnya
Peta dunia (Sumber: worldwalkerministries.org)
1. Kerjasama Ekonomi Regional
Kerja sama ekonomi yang dilakukan oleh negara-negara yang berada dalam satu kawasan tertentu. Contohnya:
-
ASEAN (Association of South East Asian Nation)
Lambang ASEAN (Sumber : asean.org)
ASEAN merupakan lembaga kerja sama regional negara-negara Asia Tenggara di bidang ekonomi, sosial, budaya, dan politik yang didirikan pada tanggal 8 agustus 1967 di Bangkok, Thailand.
ASEAN terdiri dari 10 negara, yakni Indonesia, Thailand, Filipina, Malaysia, Filipina, Brunei Darussalam, Vietnam, Kamboja, Laos, dan Myanmar.
Baca Juga: Dampak Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN (MEA) Bagi Indonesia
-
AFTA (ASEAN Free Trade Area)
Lambang AFTA (Sumber: asean.org)
AFTA adalah kesepakatan perdagangan bebas antar negara-negara yang tergabung di dalam ASEAN. Tujuan berdirinya AFTA adalah sebagai berikut:
- Meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi yang merata dan berkesinambungan.
- Meningkatkan ekspor dan impor.
- Meningkatkan investasi bagi negara ASEAN.
2. Kerjasama Ekonomi Antarregional
Kerjasama ekonomi ini dijalankan oleh dua lembaga ekonomi atau lebih antar wilayah regional. Contohnya adalah:
-
ASEM (Asian-European Meeting)
Lambang ASEM (Sumber: kemlu.go.id)
ASEM dibentuk untuk membicarakan permasalahan-permasalahan yang melibatkan negara-negara Eropa dan Asia. Forum ini membahas berbagai hal, seperti aspek ekonomi, politik, strategi pertahanan, pendidikan, kebudayaan dan lingkungan hidup.
-
APEC (Asia-Pasific Economic Coorporation)
Lambang APEC (Sumber: apec.org)
APEC adalah organisasi perekonomian di sekitar wilayah Asia-Pasifik, meliputi negara Asia Tenggara, pesisir Asia Timur, Australia yang dekat sama Samudra Pasifik, dan negara-negara di Samudra Pasifik (Oseania).
Pertama kali, APEC dibentuk pada tahun 1989, saat pertemuan para menteri dari negara Asia Pasifik yang diadakan di Canberra, Australia. Tujuannya, untuk meningkatkan kerja sama dan liberalisasi perdagangan.
Baca Juga: Macam-Macam Kebijakan Perdagangan Internasional
3. Kerjasama Ekonomi Internasional
Kerja sama ekonomi antarnegara yang diikuti oleh negara dari berbagai belahan dunia. Contohnya adalah:
Logo World Bank Group (Sumber: worldbank.org)
Bank Dunia (World Bank) didirikan pada tahun 1944 yang berkedudukan di Washington, DC, Amerika Serikat. Lembaga ini bertugas memberikan bantuan ekonomi untuk perbaikan usaha-usaha dalam bidang pertanian, industri, jalan raya, dan pembangunan negara-negara di dunia. Biasanya, World Bank memberikan bantuan kredit jangka panjang untuk negara-negara berkembang dengan bunga yang rendah.
-
WTO (World Trade Organization)
Logo WTO (Sumber: wto.org)
WTO adalah organisasi yang dibentuk di Genewa, Swiss, pada tahun 1947 yang bergerak di bidang perdagangan internasional untuk mempertahankan tata niaga internasional dan mengatur perdagangan secara umum. Tujuan pembentukan WTO adalah menghilangkan atau mengurangi tarif bea yang menghambat perdagangan antarnegara dan menyelesaikan sengketa dagang di antara anggotanya.
Baca Juga: Pertumbuhan Ekonomi dan Teori-Teori Pendukungnya
B. Berdasarkan Banyaknya Negara Peserta
Macam-macam bendera di dunia (Sumber: media.iyaa.com)
1. Kerjasama Ekonomi Bilateral
Kerja sama bilateral adalah bentuk kerja sama ekonomi yang dilakukan dua negara. Kerjasama ini terjadi karena kedua negara saling mendapat keuntungan atau memiliki hubungan yang sangat baik. Contohnya, hubungan yang dilakukan oleh Arab Saudi dengan Indonesia tentang ibadah haji.
2. Kerjasama Ekonomi Multilateral
Kerja sama mulitilateral adalah kerja sama lebih dari dua negara. Contohnya, NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement), OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries).
Baca Juga: Mengenal Organisasi Ekonomi Regional dan Global
C. Berdasarkan Tujuan dan Lapangan Usaha
Menentukan tujuan yang sama (Sumber: kompasiana.com)
1. Berdasarkan Tujuan yang Sama
Kerja sama ekonomi ini dilatarbelakangi oleh tujuan yang sama. Contohnya, sejarah para buruh atau tenaga kerja yang memperjuangkan hak-haknya melahirkan organisasi ILO (International Labour Organization).
2. Berdasarkan Lapangan Usaha yang Sama
Kerjasama ekonomi ini dilatarbelakangi oleh kesamaan bidang usaha. Contohnya, negara-negara yang memiliki lapangan usaha yang sama pada sumber minyak bumi membentuk OPEC.
Wah, ternyata banyak ya bentuk-bentuk serta contoh lembaga-lembaga kerjasama ekonomi internasional yang mana Indonesia menjadi salah satu negara anggotanya. Nah, supaya lebih mengerti dan memahami materi pelajaran di atas secara lebih mendalam, yuk belajar bersama di ruanguji! Download sekarang juga, ya!
Referensi:
Alam S. 2014. Ekonomi untuk SMA dan MA Kelas XI. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Sumber Foto:
Foto ‘Peta dunia'[Daring], Tautan: https://www.worldwalkerministries.org/where-we-work/ (Diakses: 28 Desember 2020)
Foto ‘World Bank’ [Daring]. Tautan:https://www.worldbank.org/ (Diakses: 28 Desember 2020)
Foto ‘World Trade Organization’ [Daring]. Tautan: https://www.wto.org/ (Diakses: 28 Desember 2020)
Foto ‘Asean’ [Daring].Tautan: https://asean.org/ (Diakses: 28 Desember 2020)
Foto ‘AFTA’ [Daring]. Tautan: https://asean.org/?static_post=the-afta-logo (Diakses: 28 Desember 2020)
Foto ‘Asian-European Meeting’ [Daring]. Tautan: https://kemlu.go.id/portal/id/read/154/halaman_list_lainnya/asia-europe-meeting-asem (Diakses: 28 Desember 2020)
Foto ‘Asia-Pasific Economic Coorporation’ [Daring]. Tautan:https://www.apec.org/About-Us/About-APEC/APEC-Logo-Use (Diakses: 28 Desember 2020)
Foto ‘Menentukan tujuan’ [Daring]. Tautan: https://www.kompasiana.com/ulfah93066/5b68097acaf7db2b48693a42/pentingnya-strategi-dan-teknik-implementasi-yang-mumpuni-dalam-mencapai-tujuan (Diakses: 28 Desember 2020)
Artikel ini terakhir diperbarui pada 14 Mei 2024.
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<h1 class="content-title">
Bentuk dan Lembaga Kerja Sama Ekonomi Internasional | Ekonomi Kelas 11 </h1>
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<p class="content-author"><a href="https://www.ruangguru.com/blog/author/aulia-annaisabiru-e" class="">Aulia Annaisabiru E</a> </p>
<p class="content-info"><span>May 14, 2024 • </span> <span>5 minutes read</span></p>
<br />
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<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #000000;"><img decoding="async" style="width: 820px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; display: block;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/EKO11%20-%20Bentuk%20dan%20Lembaga%20Kerjasama%20Ekonomi%20Internasional-01.jpg" alt="Bentuk dan Lembaga Kerjasama Ekonomi Internasional" /></span></p>
<blockquote>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em><span style="color: #000000;">Apa saja sih bentuk dan lembaga kerja sama ekonomi internasional? Yuk, kita cari tau sama-sama lewat <strong><a href="https://www.ruangguru.com/blog/c/ekonomi/ekonomi-sma-kelas-11">artikel Ekonomi kelas 11</a></strong> berikut ini!</span></em></p>
</blockquote>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #000000;">—</span></p>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #000000;">Halo, teman-teman! Setelah kamu belajar mengenai <a href="/blog/pengertian-dan-manfaat-kerjasama-ekonomi-internasional" rel="noopener"><strong>Pengertian dan Manfaat Kerjasama Ekonomi Internasional, </strong></a></span>sekarang, lanjut <em>yuk </em>kita belajar tentang bentuk dan lembaga-lembaga kerja sama ekonomi internasional.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Kamu pernah dengar nggak, istilah ASEAN?</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><a style="font-weight: bold;" href="/blog/mengenal-asean" rel="noopener">ASEAN adalah</a> lembaga perhimpunan negara-negara di kawasan Asia Tenggara, dan Indonesia menjadi salah satu negara pemrakarsanya, <em>lho!</em> ASEAN itu termasuk salah satu bentuk kerja sama ekonomi internasional<em>. Nah, </em>nggak cuma ASEAN, masih banyak lagi bentuk dan lembaga lainnya. <em>Yuk</em>, kita bahas bersama-sama!</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Bentuk-bentuk kerja sama ekonomi internasional dibagi menjadi beberapa bagian, di antaranya:</p>
<p> </p>
<h2><span style="font-size: 18pt;">A. Berdasarkan Letak Geografisnya</span></h2>
<p><span style="color: #3574e3; background-color: #ffffff;"><strong><img decoding="async" style="width: 600px; display: block; margin: 0px auto;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/Flags%20Of%20the%20world%203d%20wallpapers%202.png" alt="peta dunia" width="600" height="297.4468085106383" /></strong></span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em>Peta dunia (Sumber: worldwalkerministries.org)</em></p>
<p> </p>
<h3><span style="font-size: 14pt;">1. Kerjasama Ekonomi Regional</span></h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Kerja sama ekonomi yang <span style="font-weight: bold;">dilakukan oleh negara-negara yang berada dalam satu kawasan tertentu</span>. Contohnya:</p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;">
<h4><strong><span style="color: #000000;">ASEAN (<em>Association of South East Asian Nation</em>)</span></strong></h4>
</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #000000;"><img decoding="async" style="width: 400px; margin: 0px auto; display: block;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/www.asean.org-2.png" alt="logo asean" width="400" /></span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="text-align: justify;">Lambang ASEAN (Sumber <span style="font-weight: 400;">: asean.org)</span></span></span></em></p>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><strong>ASEAN merupakan lembaga</strong><strong> kerja sama regional negara-negara Asia Tenggara di bidang ekonomi, sosial, budaya, dan politik</strong> yang didirikan pada tanggal 8 agustus 1967 di Bangkok, Thailand. </span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="text-align: justify;">ASEAN terdiri dari 10 negara, yakni Indonesia, Thailand, Filipina, Malaysia, Filipina, Brunei Darussalam, Vietnam, Kamboja, Laos, dan Myanmar.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="text-align: justify;">Baca Juga: <a href="/blog/mea" rel="noopener">Dampak Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN (MEA) Bagi Indonesia</a></span></span></p>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;">
<h4><strong><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="text-align: justify;">AFTA (<i>ASEAN Free Trade Area)</i></span></span></strong></h4>
</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" style="width: 400px; display: block; margin: 0px auto;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/afta.gif" alt="logo afta" width="400" height="313" /></span></i></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Lambang AFTA (Sumber: asean.org)</span></em></p>
<p> </p>
<p>AFTA adalah <span style="font-weight: bold;">kesepakatan perdagangan bebas antar <a href="/blog/potensi-sumber-daya-alam-negara-asean" rel="noopener">negara-negara yang tergabung di dalam ASEAN</a></span>. Tujuan berdirinya AFTA adalah sebagai berikut:</p>
<ul>
<li aria-level="1">Meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi yang merata dan berkesinambungan.</li>
<li aria-level="1">Meningkatkan ekspor dan impor.</li>
<li aria-level="1">Meningkatkan investasi bagi negara ASEAN.</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<h3><span style="font-size: 14pt;">2. Kerjasama Ekonomi Antarregional</span></h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #000000;">Kerjasama ekonomi ini <span style="font-weight: bold;">dijalankan oleh dua lembaga ekonomi atau lebih antar wilayah regional</span>. </span>Contohnya adalah:</p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;">
<h4><strong><span style="color: #000000;">ASEM (<i>Asian-European Meeting)</i></span></strong></h4>
</li>
</ul>
<p><img decoding="async" style="width: 400px; display: block; margin: 0px auto;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/ASEM1.jpg" alt="logo asem" width="400" height="254" /></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em>Lambang ASEM (Sumber: kemlu.go.id)</em></p>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">ASEM dibentuk untuk <strong>membicarakan permasalahan-permasalahan yang melibatkan negara-negara Eropa dan Asia</strong>. Forum ini membahas berbagai hal, seperti aspek ekonomi, politik, strategi pertahanan, pendidikan, kebudayaan dan lingkungan hidup.</p>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;">
<h4><strong>APEC (<em>A</em><i>sia-Pasific Economic Coorporation</i>)</strong></h4>
</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;"><img decoding="async" style="width: 500px; margin: 0px auto; display: block;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/en.wikipedia.org.png" alt="lambang apec" width="500" /></span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Lambang APEC (Sumber: <span style="color: #000000;">apec.org</span>)</span></em></p>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: center;">APEC adalah organisasi perekonomian di sekitar wilayah Asia-Pasifik, meliputi negara Asia Tenggara, pesisir Asia Timur, Australia yang dekat sama Samudra Pasifik, dan negara-negara di Samudra Pasifik (Oseania). </span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: center;">Pertama kali, APEC dibentuk pada tahun 1989, saat pertemuan para menteri dari negara Asia Pasifik yang diadakan di Canberra, Australia. Tujuannya, untuk <strong>meningkatkan kerja sama dan liberalisasi perdagangan</strong>.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"><span style="text-align: center;">Baca Juga: <a href="/blog/kebijakan-perdagangan-internasional" rel="noopener">Macam-Macam Kebijakan Perdagangan Internasional</a></span></p>
<p> </p>
<h3><span style="font-size: 14pt;">3. Kerjasama Ekonomi Internasional</span></h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Kerja sama ekonomi antarnegara yang diikuti oleh negara dari berbagai belahan dunia. Contohnya adalah:</p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;">
<h4><strong><em>World Bank </em>(Bank Dunia)</strong></h4>
</li>
</ul>
<p><img decoding="async" style="width: 600px; display: block; margin: 0px auto;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/www.worldbank.org.png" alt="logo world bank group" width="600" height="117.4468085106383" /></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em>Logo World Bank Group (Sumber:<span style="font-weight: 400;"> worldbank.org)</span></em></p>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Bank Dunia (<em>World Bank</em>) didirikan pada tahun 1944 yang berkedudukan di Washington, DC, Amerika Serikat. Lembaga ini bertugas<strong> memberikan bantuan ekonomi untuk perbaikan usaha-usaha dalam bidang pertanian, industri, jalan raya, dan pembangunan negara-negara di dunia</strong>. Biasanya, <em>World Bank</em> memberikan bantuan kredit jangka panjang untuk negara-negara berkembang dengan bunga yang rendah.</p>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;">
<h4><strong>WTO (<i>World Trade Organization)</i></strong></h4>
</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;"><img decoding="async" style="width: 600px; display: block; margin: 0px auto;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/wtoorg.gif" alt="logo world trade organization" width="600" height="178" /></span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Logo WTO (Sumber: wto.org)</span></em></p>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">WTO adalah organisasi yang dibentuk di Genewa, Swiss, pada tahun 1947 yang bergerak di bidang perdagangan internasional untuk <strong>mempertahankan tata niaga internasional dan mengatur perdagangan secara umum</strong>. Tujuan pembentukan WTO adalah menghilangkan atau mengurangi tarif bea yang menghambat perdagangan antarnegara dan menyelesaikan sengketa dagang di antara anggotanya.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;">Baca Juga:<a href="/blog/apa-itu-pertumbuhan-ekonomi-dan-teori-teori-pendukungnya" rel="noopener"> Pertumbuhan Ekonomi dan Teori-Teori Pendukungnya</a></p>
<p> </p>
<h2><span style="font-size: 18pt;">B. Berdasarkan Banyaknya Negara Peserta</span></h2>
<p><span style="color: #000000; background-color: #ffff00;"><strong><img decoding="async" style="width: 600px; display: block; margin: 0px auto;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/thumbiyaa.jpg" alt="gambar bendera-bendera di dunia" width="600" height="384.61538461538464" /></strong></span></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em><span style="color: #000000;">Macam-macam bendera di dunia (Sumber: media.iyaa.com)</span></em></p>
<p> </p>
<h3><span style="font-size: 14pt;">1. Kerjasama Ekonomi Bilateral</span></h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Kerja sama bilateral adalah <span style="font-weight: normal;">bentuk <span style="font-weight: bold;">kerja sama ekonomi yang dilakukan</span> </span><strong>dua negara</strong>. Kerjasama ini terjadi karena kedua negara saling mendapat keuntungan atau memiliki hubungan yang sangat baik. Contohnya, hubungan yang dilakukan oleh <strong>Arab Saudi dengan Indonesia tentang ibadah haji</strong>.</p>
<p> </p>
<h3><span style="font-size: 14pt;">2. Kerjasama Ekonomi Multilateral</span></h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Kerja sama mulitilateral adalah <span style="font-weight: bold;">kerja sama lebih dari d</span><strong>ua negara</strong>. Contohnya, <strong>NAFTA</strong> (<em>North American Free Trade Agreement</em>), <strong>OPEC</strong> (<em>Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)</em>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;">Baca Juga: <a href="/blog/sejarah-kelas-12-mengenal-organisasi-ekonomi-regional-dan-global" rel="noopener">Mengenal Organisasi Ekonomi Regional dan Global</a></p>
<p> </p>
<h2><span style="font-size: 18pt;">C. Berdasarkan Tujuan dan Lapangan Usaha</span></h2>
<p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #000000; background-color: #00ff00;"><strong><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" style="width: 600px; display: block; margin: 0px auto;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/Penjelasan-Manajemen-Beserta-Tujuan-Dan-Unsur.png" alt="bentuk kerjasama ekonomi internasional" width="600" height="392" /></strong><em><span style="background-color: #ffffff;">Menentukan tujuan yang sama (Sumber: <span style="color: #000000;">kompasiana.com</span>)</span></em></span></p>
<p> </p>
<h3><span style="font-size: 14pt;">1. Berdasarkan Tujuan yang Sama</span></h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Kerja sama ekonomi ini dilatarbelakangi oleh tujuan yang sama. Contohnya, sejarah para buruh atau tenaga kerja yang memperjuangkan hak-haknya melahirkan organisasi <strong>ILO </strong>(<em>International Labour Organization</em>).</p>
<p> </p>
<h3><span style="font-size: 14pt;">2. Berdasarkan Lapangan Usaha yang Sama</span></h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Kerjasama ekonomi ini <span style="font-weight: normal;">dilatarbelakangi oleh kesamaan bidang usaha</span>. Contohnya, negara-negara yang memiliki lapangan usaha yang sama pada sumber minyak bumi membentuk <strong>OPEC</strong>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><img decoding="async" style="width: 820px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; display: block;" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/hs/EKO11%20-%20Bentuk%20dan%20Lembaga%20Kerjasama%20Ekonomi%20Internasional-03.jpg" alt="Bentuk Kerja Sama Ekonomi Internasional" width="820" /></p>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #000000;"><em>Wah</em>, ternyata banyak <em>ya </em>bentuk-bentuk serta contoh lembaga-lembaga kerjasama ekonomi internasional yang mana Indonesia menjadi salah satu negara anggotanya.<em> Nah</em>, supaya lebih mengerti dan memahami materi pelajaran di atas secara lebih mendalam, <em>yuk</em> belajar bersama di <a href="https://www.ruangguru.com/ruanguji"><strong>ruanguji</strong></a>! <em>Download </em>sekarang juga, ya!</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #000000;"><a class="rg-cta" style="text-align: center;" href="https://www.ruangguru.com/ruanguji" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="aligncenter" src="https://cdn-web.ruangguru.com/landing-pages/assets/cta/4d67385e-8dfc-4cd3-8931-2ec9d1ca1c6d.jpeg" alt="IDN CTA Blog ruanguji Ruangguru" width="820" height="200" /></a></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #000000;"><strong>Referensi:</strong><br />
</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #000000;">Alam S. 2014. Ekonomi untuk SMA dan MA Kelas XI. Jakarta: Erlangga.</span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span style="color: #000000;">Sumber Foto: </span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Foto ‘Peta dunia'[Daring], Tautan: https://www.worldwalkerministries.org/where-we-work/ (Diakses: 28 Desember 2020)</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Foto ‘World Bank’ [Daring]. Tautan:https://www.worldbank.org/ (Diakses: 28 Desember 2020)</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Foto ‘World Trade Organization’ [Daring]. Tautan: https://www.wto.org/ (Diakses: 28 Desember 2020)</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Foto ‘Asean’ [Daring].Tautan: https://asean.org/ (Diakses: 28 Desember 2020)</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Foto ‘AFTA’ [Daring]. Tautan: https://asean.org/?static_post=the-afta-logo (Diakses: 28 Desember 2020)</p>
<p style="text-align: left;">Foto ‘<span style="color: #000000;">Asian-European Meeting’ [Daring]. Tautan: https://kemlu.go.id/portal/id/read/154/halaman_list_lainnya/asia-europe-meeting-asem (Diakses: 28 Desember 2020)</span></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #000000;">Foto ‘Asia-Pasific Economic Coorporation’ [Daring]. Tautan:https://www.apec.org/About-Us/About-APEC/APEC-Logo-Use (Diakses: 28 Desember 2020)</span></p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #000000;">Foto ‘Menentukan tujuan’ [Daring]. Tautan: https://www.kompasiana.com/ulfah93066/5b68097acaf7db2b48693a42/pentingnya-strategi-dan-teknik-implementasi-yang-mumpuni-dalam-mencapai-tujuan (Diakses: 28 Desember 2020) </span></p>
<p> </p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><strong><em><span style="color: #000000;">Artikel ini terakhir diperbarui pada 14 Mei 2024.</span></em></strong></p>
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<div class="d-lg-none text-center">
<nav class="footer-menu social">
<p class="title">Ikuti Kami</p>
<a target="_blank" href="https://www.instagram.com/ruangguru/">
<picture>
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/instagram.png?height=60&convert=webp" type="image/webp">
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/instagram.png?height=60" type="image/png">
<img src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/instagram.png" loading="lazy" alt="Logo Instagram Footer" width="32px" height="32px" />
</picture>
</a>
<a target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/ruanggurucom/">
<picture>
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/facebook.png?height=60&convert=webp" type="image/webp">
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/facebook.png?height=60" type="image/png">
<img src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/facebook.png" loading="lazy" alt="Logo Facebook Footer" width="32px" height="32px" />
</picture>
</a>
<a target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/ruangguru/">
<picture>
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/twitter.png?height=60&convert=webp" type="image/webp">
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/twitter.png?height=60" type="image/png">
<img src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/twitter.png" loading=" lazy" alt="Logo Twitter Footer" width="32px" height="32px" />
</picture>
</a>
<a target="_blank" href="https://www.youtube.com/ruangguru">
<picture>
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/youtube.png?height=60&convert=webp" type="image/webp">
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<img src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/youtube.png" loading=" lazy" alt="Logo Youtube Footer" width="32px" height="32px" />
</picture>
</a>
<a target="_blank" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/ruangguru-com">
<picture>
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/linkedin.png?height=60&convert=webp" type="image/webp">
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/linkedin.png?height=60" type="image/png">
<img src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/linkedin.png" loading=" lazy" alt="Logo LinkedIn Footer" width="32px" height="32px" />
</picture>
</a>
<a target="_blank" href="https://www.tiktok.com/@ruangguru">
<picture>
<source srcset="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/tiktok.png?height=60&convert=webp" type="image/webp">
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<img src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/static/tiktok.png" loading=" lazy" alt="Logo TikTok Footer" width="32px" height="32px" />
</picture>
</a>
</nav>
</div>
<p class="footer-copyright">
© 2026 All Rights Reserved PT. Ruang Raya Indonesia
</p>
</div>
<style>
.bantuan-container {
position: relative;
}
.bantuan-element {
position: fixed;
z-index: 999;
display: flex;
align-items: flex-end;
justify-content: flex-end;
cursor: pointer;
transition: all 0.6s ease;
}
.bantuan-top {
bottom: 11rem;
right: 2rem;
}
.bantuan-bottom {
bottom: 2rem;
right: 2rem;
}
.bantuan-top-2 {
bottom: 15rem;
right: 2rem;
}
.bantuan-top-3 {
bottom: 19rem;
right: 2rem;
}
.bantuan-bottom-2 {
bottom: 5rem;
right: 2rem;
}
.bantuan-bottom-3 {
bottom: 8rem;
right: 2rem;
}
@media (min-width: 768px) {
.bantuan-element img {
width: auto;
transition: all 0.4s ease;
}
.bantuan-top img {
width: 140px;
}
.bantuan-bottom img {
width: 140px;
}
.bantuan-top-2 img,
.bantuan-top-3 img {
width: 140px;
}
.bantuan-bottom-2 img,
.bantuan-bottom-3 img {
width: 140px;
}
.bantuan-element.clicked {
bottom: 9rem;
right: 2.5rem;
}
.bantuan-element.clicked img {
width: auto;
height: 64px;
}
}
@media (max-width: 767px) {
.bantuan-top {
bottom: 8rem;
right: 1rem;
align-items: center;
}
.bantuan-bottom {
bottom: 2rem;
right: 1.25rem;
align-items: center;
}
.bantuan-top-2 {
bottom: 12rem;
right: 1rem;
align-items: center;
}
.bantuan-top-3 {
bottom: 16rem;
right: 1rem;
align-items: center;
}
.bantuan-bottom-2 {
bottom: 5rem;
right: 1.25rem;
align-items: center;
}
.bantuan-bottom-3 {
bottom: 8rem;
right: 1.25rem;
align-items: center;
}
.bantuan-element img {
width: auto;
}
.bantuan-top img,
.bantuan-top-2 img,
.bantuan-top-3 img {
width: 96px;
}
.bantuan-bottom img,
.bantuan-bottom-2 img,
.bantuan-bottom-3 img {
width: 96px;
}
}
.bantuan-element:hover {
transform: scale(1.05);
}
.bantuan-element img {
max-width: 100%;
height: auto;
}
</style>
<div id="bantuan-divs-container" style="position: relative" data-product="ruangguru" data-table="rg_floating_icon"></div>
<script>
class FloatingDivsComponent {
constructor(product = 'ruangguru', table = 'rg_floating_icon') {
this.container = document.getElementById('bantuan-divs-container');
this.floatingElements = [];
this.product = product;
this.table = table;
// Configuration
this.config = {
baseApiUrl: 'https://gw.ruangguru.com/api/v3/rdb/p_ddgy8hjx5dxsqx/rg_banner/views/',
apiKey: 'vLyK3dJrDBRmOwueX2OJXibMkgsUbBk0WS4ua2p1',
maxElements: 2,
zIndexBase: 100,
};
// Build dynamic API URL based on table parameter
this.config.apiUrl = this.buildApiUrl();
this.init();
}
buildApiUrl() {
const baseUrl = this.config.baseApiUrl;
const tableName = this.table || 'rg_floating_icon';
const queryParams =
'offset=0&limit=99999&sort=rankPosition&where=(type,eq,floating)~and(showIn,anyof,blog)~and(hide,is,false)~and(product,eq,' +
this.product +
')&nested%5Bcta%5D%5Bfields%5D=Id,name,ctaId,imageUrl,ctaLink,targetUrl';
return `${baseUrl}${tableName}?${queryParams}`;
}
async init() {
try {
await this.fetchFloatingElements();
this.renderFloatingElements();
} catch (error) {
console.error('Failed to initialize floating divs component:', error);
}
}
async fetchFloatingElements() {
try {
const options = {
method: 'GET',
headers: {
'xc-token': this.config.apiKey || 'vLyK3dJrDBRmOwueX2OJXibMkgsUbBk0WS4ua2p1',
},
};
const urlNoco = this.config.apiUrl;
const response = await fetch(urlNoco, options);
if (!response.ok) {
throw new Error(`HTTP error! status: ${response.status}`);
}
const data = await response.json();
this.floatingElements = this.processApiResponse(data);
} catch (error) {
console.error('Error fetching floating elements:', error);
throw error;
}
}
processApiResponse(data) {
if (!data || !data.list || !Array.isArray(data.list)) {
return [];
}
console.log(data.list);
// Ensure we only get maximum 2 elements
const limitedElements = data.list.slice(0, this.config.maxElements);
return limitedElements;
}
renderFloatingElements() {
if (!this.container || this.floatingElements.length === 0) {
return;
}
// Additional safeguard: ensure we never render more than maxElements
const elementsToRender = this.floatingElements.slice(0, this.config.maxElements);
// Clean up existing elements and their event listeners
this.cleanupExistingElements();
// Clear existing content
this.container.innerHTML = '';
elementsToRender.forEach((element, index) => {
const floatingDiv = this.createFloatingDiv(element, index);
this.container.appendChild(floatingDiv);
});
}
cleanupExistingElements() {
// Clear existing elements (no need for event listener cleanup with CSS approach)
const existingElements = this.container.querySelectorAll('[data-floating-element]');
existingElements.forEach(element => {
element.remove();
});
}
createFloatingDiv(element, index) {
const div = document.createElement('div');
const cta = element.cta[0]; // Use the first CTA
// Add data attribute for cleanup tracking
div.setAttribute('data-floating-element', 'true');
// Apply CSS classes based on rankPosition
const positionClass = this.getPositionClass(element.rankPosition, index);
div.className = `bantuan-element ${positionClass}`;
div.style.zIndex = this.config.zIndexBase + index;
// Create the link and image
const link = document.createElement('a');
link.href = 'https://cta.ruangguru.com/' + cta.ctaId || '#';
link.target = '_blank';
// Add tracking attributes
link.setAttribute('data-tracking-event-type', 'landing_page__core__item_click');
link.setAttribute(
'data-tracking-context',
JSON.stringify({
product_name: this.product,
cta_action: 'redirection',
cta_action_detail: link.href,
item_type: 'floating',
item_name: element.name || 'Floating element',
item_category: 'payment',
item_position: index,
item_serial: null,
section_type: 'floating_item',
section_position: 'body',
section_name: 'floating_item',
})
);
const img = document.createElement('img');
img.src = element.imageUrl + '?h=200&convert=webp';
img.alt = element.name || 'Floating element';
img.loading = 'lazy';
// Add click tracking
link.addEventListener('click', () => {
this.trackClick(element, cta);
});
link.appendChild(img);
div.appendChild(link);
return div;
}
getPositionClass(rankPosition, index) {
// Define positioning classes based on rankPosition
if (rankPosition === 1) {
return 'bantuan-top'; // Top position
} else if (rankPosition === 2) {
return 'bantuan-bottom'; // Bottom position
} else {
// For additional elements, distribute them evenly
return `bantuan-${index % 2 === 0 ? 'top' : 'bottom'}-${Math.floor(index / 2) + 1}`;
}
}
trackClick(element, cta) {
// Implement click tracking logic here
console.log('Floating element clicked:', {
elementId: element.Id,
elementName: cta.name,
ctaId: cta.ctaId,
targetUrl: cta.targetUrl,
});
}
// Public method to manually refresh
async refresh() {
try {
await this.fetchFloatingElements();
this.renderFloatingElements();
} catch (error) {
console.error('Failed to refresh floating elements:', error);
throw error;
}
}
// Public method to get current floating elements
getFloatingElements() {
return [...this.floatingElements];
}
}
// Initialize the component when DOM is ready
document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => {
// Get product and table parameters from data attributes
const container = document.getElementById('bantuan-divs-container');
const product = container.getAttribute('data-product') || 'ruangguru';
const table = container.getAttribute('data-table') || 'rg_floating_icon';
new FloatingDivsComponent(product, table);
});
// Export for use in other modules if needed
if (typeof module !== 'undefined' && module.exports) {
module.exports = FloatingDivsComponent;
}
</script> <div id="wp-install-nudge" style="
position: fixed;
bottom: 0rem;
right: 0;
z-index: 999;
cursor: pointer;
"></div>
<script>
(function (w, d, s, o, f, js, fjs) {
w['Sales-Nudge-Widget'] = o; w[o] = w[o] || function () { (w[o].q = w[o].q || []).push(arguments) };
js = d.createElement(s), fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];
js.id = o; js.src = f; js.async = 1; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs);
}(window, document, 'script', 'wpInstallNudge', 'https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/sales-nudge/6198a95130/dist/widget.js'));
wpInstallNudge('init', { targetElementId: 'wp-install-nudge', clientTarget: 'ruangguru_blog' });
</script>
<script>
// note: disabled due to auto reload page
// var lastScrollTop = 0;
// $(window).scroll(function(event){
// var st = $(this).scrollTop();
// if (st > lastScrollTop){
// $('#wp-install-nudge').slideDown( "slow", function() {});
// } else {
// $('#wp-install-nudge').slideUp( "slow", function() {});
// }
// lastScrollTop = st;
// });
// $(document).ready(function () {
// $("#wp-install-nudge").hide();
// });
$('#wp-install-nudge').click(function(){
Analytics.track("promotion__install_nudge__click",
{
user_email: "ruangguru@blog.com",
cta_link: widgetData.dataConfig.target_link
}).catch((err) => {
console.log("tracker error", err);
});
});
</script>
</footer>
<div id="__next"></div>
<script type="speculationrules">
{"prefetch":[{"source":"document","where":{"and":[{"href_matches":"\/blog\/*"},{"not":{"href_matches":["\/blog\/wp-*.php","\/blog\/wp-admin\/*","\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/*","\/blog\/wp-content\/*","\/blog\/wp-content\/plugins\/*","\/blog\/wp-content\/themes\/ruangguru\/*","\/blog\/*\\?(.+)"]}},{"not":{"selector_matches":"a[rel~=\"nofollow\"]"}},{"not":{"selector_matches":".no-prefetch, .no-prefetch a"}}]},"eagerness":"conservative"}]}
</script>
<script>
async function getCtaDetails(ctaIds) {
const endpoint =
" https://gw.ruangguru.com/api/v3/rdb/p_ddgy8hjx5dxsqx/CTA/views/CTA?offset=0&limit=10&where=(ctaId,in," + ctaIds.toString() + ")";
try {
const response = await fetch(endpoint, {
headers: {
"xc-token": "-hG2nBDJzSj0agSgNtcJx97M4F02y54nUMoY6plJ",
},
});
const data = await response.json();
const ctaList = data?.list || [];
const ctaMap = new Map();
for (const ctaData of ctaList) {
ctaMap.set(ctaData.ctaId, ctaData);
}
return ctaMap;
} catch (error) {
console.error("Error fetching CTA details:", error);
return new Map();
}
}
async function replaceCTA() {
const regex = /{{cta\((‘(.*?)’|“(.*?)”)\)}}/g;
const bodyHTML = document.body.innerHTML;
const matches = Array.from(bodyHTML.matchAll(regex));
const ctaIds = matches.map((match) => {
let ctaId = match[2] ?? match[3];
return ctaId;
});
const ctaMap = await getCtaDetails(ctaIds);
const replacedHTML = bodyHTML.replace(regex, (match, _inner, ctaId1, ctaId2) => {
const ctaId = ctaId1 ?? ctaId2;
const ctaData = ctaMap.get(ctaId);
if (ctaData) {
return `<a href="https://cta.ruangguru.com/${ctaData.ctaId}" target="_${ctaData.targetType}" style="position:relative;display:inline-block;">
<img src="${ctaData.imageUrl}" loading="lazy" alt="${ctaData.altText}" />
</a>`;
} else {
return match;
}
});
document.body.innerHTML = replacedHTML;
}
</script>
<meta name="author" content="Ruangguru Tech Team">
<!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) -->
<noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-PVNLZFT" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>
<!-- Tracker -->
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn-web-2.ruangguru.com/landing-page-web/public/staticpages/global-assets/js/cta.js"></script>
<script src="https://unpkg.com/@dotlottie/player-component@latest/dist/dotlottie-player.mjs" type="module"></script>
</body>
</html>