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Добавил","topic_id":91039}],"communitable":{"parent_entity_name":null,"parent_entity_url":null,"entity_name":"Тип Unknown","entity_url":null,"active":true}},{"id":94053,"title":"В решении учителя должна быть ещё проверка на null:\n\n`return value instanceof Object && !Array.isArray(value) && value !== null;`","plain_title":"В решении учителя должна быть ещё проверка на null: return value instanceof Object && !Array.isArray(value) && value !== null; ","creator":{"public_name":"Омак","id":430900,"is_tutor":false},"comments":[{"creator":{"public_name":"Омак","id":430900,"is_tutor":false},"id":184461,"body":"**Olga Pejenkova**, да, спутал `typeof` с `instanceof`","topic_id":94053},{"creator":{"public_name":"Омак","id":430900,"is_tutor":false},"id":184422,"body":"**Olga Pejenkova**, `null` не является объектом, но результатом вызова `typeof null` является `\"object\"`. Это официально признанная ошибка в `typeof`, ведущая начало с времён создания JavaScript и сохранённая для совместимости. Поэтому имеет смысл проверка `value !== null`","topic_id":94053},{"creator":{"public_name":"Olga Pejenkova","id":364375,"is_tutor":true},"id":184432,"body":"**Омак**, \n\n> результатом вызова typeof null является \"object\". \n\nверно, только в решении используется оператор `instanceof`, который возвращает `false` для значения `null`. ","topic_id":94053},{"creator":{"public_name":"Olga Pejenkova","id":364375,"is_tutor":true},"id":184403,"body":"**Омак**, \n\nФункция, которую нужно реализовать, предназначена для проверки, является ли переданное значение объектом. Добавление проверки `value !== null `в данном случае не имеет смысла, потому что `null` не является объектом. ","topic_id":94053}],"communitable":{"parent_entity_name":null,"parent_entity_url":null,"entity_name":"Тип Unknown","entity_url":null,"active":true}},{"id":101101,"title":"Я правильно понимаю, что кейсы явного использования unknow - это, например, когда ты не понимаешь какой тип данных приходит, а ты через тайпгарды должен удостовериться, что это конкретный тип определенный?","plain_title":"Я правильно понимаю, что кейсы явного использования unknow - это, например, когда ты не понимаешь какой тип данных приходит, а ты через тайпгарды должен удостовериться, что это конкретный тип определенный? ","creator":{"public_name":"Александр Иванов","id":840602,"is_tutor":false},"comments":[{"creator":{"public_name":"Olga Pejenkova","id":364375,"is_tutor":true},"id":193053,"body":"**Catthepotato**, \n\nвсе верно, если используется `unknown`, то придётся явно проверять тип данных перед их использованием, в отличие, например, от `any`, который её просто отключает.","topic_id":101101}],"communitable":{"parent_entity_name":null,"parent_entity_url":null,"entity_name":"Тип Unknown","entity_url":null,"active":true}},{"id":101102,"title":"> Можно ли использовать тип unknown для описания типа возвращаемого значения?\n\n\nА можно пример, где и когда такое может понадобится? для чего нам вообще возвращать unknow из функции, чет не могу представить себе такое, какой-то оторванный от реальности вопрос, имхо","plain_title":"Можно ли использовать тип unknown для описания типа возвращаемого значения? А можно пример, где и когда такое может понадобится? для чего нам вообще возвращать unknow из функции, чет не могу представить себе такое, какой-то оторванный от реальности вопрос, имхо ","creator":{"public_name":"Александр Иванов","id":840602,"is_tutor":false},"comments":[{"creator":{"public_name":"Olga Pejenkova","id":364375,"is_tutor":true},"id":193054,"body":"**Catthepotato**, \n\nспасибо, что обратили внимание, согласна. Создала тикет, заменим этот вопрос в тесте.","topic_id":101102}],"communitable":{"parent_entity_name":null,"parent_entity_url":null,"entity_name":"Тип Unknown","entity_url":null,"active":true}},{"id":100856,"title":"Здравствуйте! Непонятен момент из теории \n\n> Лучше использовать unknown, тогда TypeScript защитит от потенциальных ошибок типов:\n\n> `function isError(value: unknown)`\n\nКак здесь будет осуществляться защита от ошибок типов по сравнению с типом any?","plain_title":"Здравствуйте! Непонятен момент из теории Лучше использовать unknown, тогда TypeScript защитит от потенциальных ошибок типов: function isError(value: unknown) Как здесь будет осуществляться защита от ошибок типов по сравнению с типом any? ","creator":{"public_name":"Динара Ибрагимова","id":52187,"is_tutor":false},"comments":[{"creator":{"public_name":"Elena Gromova","id":548102,"is_tutor":true},"id":192716,"body":"**Динара Ибрагимова**, здравствуйте! Когда переменной присваивается тип `any`, TypeScript полностью отключает проверку типов для этой переменной. Это означает, что вы можете выполнять любые операции с этой переменной, и компилятор TypeScript не будет выдавать ошибки, даже если эти операции потенциально неверны. Тип `unknown` при этом тоже позволяет присваивать переменной значения любого типа, но перед выполнением операций над этой переменной потребуется выполнить явную проверку типа. Это принуждает разработчика убедиться, что переменная имеет правильный тип перед использованием, что и помогает избежать ошибок типов.","topic_id":100856}],"communitable":{"parent_entity_name":null,"parent_entity_url":null,"entity_name":"Тип Unknown","entity_url":null,"active":true}},{"id":102015,"title":"1) Если передать функцию в решение учителя то... ?!\n2) Задание не раскрывает суть **unknow** так как в нутри задания **value:unknow** используется поверхносто...","plain_title":"1) Если передать функцию в решение учителя то... ?! 2) Задание не раскрывает суть unknow так как в нутри задания value:unknow используется поверхносто... ","creator":{"public_name":"Vova","id":150672,"is_tutor":false},"comments":[{"creator":{"public_name":"Ivan Gagarinov","id":75907,"is_tutor":true},"id":194142,"body":"**Vova**, здравствуйте. Функция является объектом, поэтому функция вернет true. Можете уточнить, почему считаете, что unknown используется поверхностно? Чего именно не хватило по вашему мнению?","topic_id":102015}],"communitable":{"parent_entity_name":null,"parent_entity_url":null,"entity_name":"Тип Unknown","entity_url":null,"active":true}}],"lesson":{"exercise":{"id":2568,"slug":"typescript_basics_unknown","name":null,"state":"active","kind":"exercise","language":"javascript","locale":"ru","has_web_view":false,"has_test_view":false,"reviewable":true,"readme":"## solution.ts\n\nРеализуйте функцию `isPlainObject()`, которая проверяет, является ли переданное значение объектом. Эта функция считает, что массив не объект:\n\n```typescript\nisPlainObject(1); // false\nisPlainObject('hexlet'); // false\nisPlainObject({}); // true\nisPlainObject({ name: 'code-basics' }); // true\nisPlainObject([1, 8]); // false\nisPlainObject(null); // false\n```\n","prepared_readme":"## solution.ts\n\nРеализуйте функцию `isPlainObject()`, которая проверяет, является ли переданное значение объектом. Эта функция считает, что массив не объект:\n\n```typescript\nisPlainObject(1); // false\nisPlainObject('hexlet'); // false\nisPlainObject({}); // true\nisPlainObject({ name: 'code-basics' }); // true\nisPlainObject([1, 8]); // false\nisPlainObject(null); // false\n```\n","has_solution":true,"entity_name":"Тип Unknown"},"units":[{"id":8567,"name":"theory","url":"/courses/typescript-basics/lessons/unknown/theory_unit"},{"id":8819,"name":"quiz","url":"/courses/typescript-basics/lessons/unknown/quiz_unit"},{"id":8637,"name":"exercise","url":"/courses/typescript-basics/lessons/unknown/exercise_unit"}],"links":[],"ordered_units":[{"id":8567,"name":"theory","url":"/courses/typescript-basics/lessons/unknown/theory_unit"},{"id":8819,"name":"quiz","url":"/courses/typescript-basics/lessons/unknown/quiz_unit"},{"id":8637,"name":"exercise","url":"/courses/typescript-basics/lessons/unknown/exercise_unit"}],"id":3795,"slug":"unknown","state":"approved","name":"Тип Unknown","course_order":260,"goal":"Учимся использовать тип Unknown","self_study":null,"theory_video_provider":null,"theory_video_uid":null,"theory":"Использование типа `any` в TypeScript отключает проверки типов, что не желательно. Также в наиболее строгом режиме с помощью `\"strict\": true` в `tsconfig.json` использование `any` невозможно. А это значительно повышает безопасность кода.\n\nПри этом бывают ситуации, когда тип неизвестен, но работа с ним должна быть безопасна с точки зрения типов. Для этого в TypeScript существует дополнение к `any` — `unknown`, которое разберем в этом уроке.\n\n## Использование типа `unknown`\n\nГлавное отличие `unknown` от `any` связано с проверкой типов. Тип `unknown` запрещает выполнять любые операции:\n\n```typescript\nconst value: unknown = 'code-basics'\n\nvalue.toUpperCase() // Error!\nvalue.trim() // Error!\n```\n\nМожет показаться странным, что перед нами строка, но над ней нельзя выполнять строковые операции. К этому надо привыкнуть. Тип в статически типизированных языках определяется не тем, что мы видим своими глазами, а тем, как тип выводится — автоматически или через явное указание.\n\nПеременная `unknown` типа нужна редко — когда нужно дальше уточнить тип. Но все меняется, когда нам нужно создать функцию, которая может работать с любым входящим типом. В JavaScript распространена подобная практика:\n\n```typescript\n// Пример из lodash\n_.isError(new Error()) // true\n_.isError(Error) // false\n_.isError('code-basics') // false\n```\n\nТакую функцию можно реализовать с помощью `any`, но тогда мы отключим проверку типов:\n\n```typescript\nfunction isError(value: any)\n```\n\nЛучше использовать `unknown`, тогда TypeScript защитит от потенциальных ошибок типов:\n\n```typescript\nfunction isError(value: unknown)\n```\n\nЗатем внутри тела можно выполнить нужную проверку, чтобы узнать, с чем мы работаем:\n\n```typescript\nfunction isError(value: unknown): boolean {\n return value instanceof Error\n}\n```\n\nВ итоге `instanceof` работает только с конструкторами, поэтому в примере выше мы проверяем, является ли значение экземпляром класса `Error`.\n"},"lessonMember":null,"courseMember":null,"course":{"start_lesson":{"exercise":null,"units":[{"id":6484,"name":"theory","url":"/courses/typescript-basics/lessons/intro/theory_unit"}],"links":[{"id":423014,"name":"Профессия Фронтенд-разработчик","url":"https://ru.hexlet.io/programs/frontend"},{"id":423015,"name":"Профессия Node.js-разработчик","url":"https://ru.hexlet.io/programs/backend"},{"id":423016,"name":"Как устроен TypeScript и зачем его используют","url":"https://ru.hexlet.io/blog/posts/vse-chto-nuzhno-znat-novichku-o-typescript-ischerpyvayuschiy-gayd"}],"ordered_units":[{"id":6484,"name":"theory","url":"/courses/typescript-basics/lessons/intro/theory_unit"}],"id":2839,"slug":"intro","state":"approved","name":"Введение","course_order":100,"goal":"Знакомимся с темой и задачами курса","self_study":null,"theory_video_provider":null,"theory_video_uid":null,"theory":"Этот курс поможет вам познакомиться с основами TypeScript — языка программирования, который является надстройкой над JavaScript и позволяет писать более структурированный и надежный код.\n\nКурс включает в себя основные понятия в TypeScript: типизацию, объявление переменных и функций, интерфейсы, классы, наследование и множество других тем. Также в курсе есть практические задания, которые помогут вам применить полученные знания на практике. После окончания курса вы сможете использовать TypeScript для разработки простых приложений и поймете, какие преимущества дает этот язык программирования в сравнении с JavaScript.\n"},"id":275,"slug":"typescript-basics","challenges_count":5,"name":"Основы Typescript","allow_indexing":true,"state":"approved","course_state":"finished","pricing_type":"paid","description":"На этом курсе вы изучите основы языка Typescript. Вы узнаете о работе с ошибками, отладке и импорте модулей. В итоге вы научитесь писать простые программы на Typescript. Знания из этого курса помогут программистам писать более надежный и понятный код. Этот курс подойдет тем, кто хочет изучить новый язык программирования или улучшить свои навыки в Typescript.","kind":"basic","updated_at":"2026-01-20T11:39:47.190Z","language":"javascript","duration_cache":155460,"skills":["Создавать программы, используя основные конструкции языка (условия, циклы, функции и другие)","Составлять программы, состоящие из нескольких модулей","Правильно анализировать ошибки в коде и пользоваться отладочной печатью при их 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{.mantine-hidden-from-lg {display: none !important;}}@media (max-width: 87.99375em) {.mantine-visible-from-xl {display: none !important;}}@media (min-width: 88em) {.mantine-hidden-from-xl {display: none !important;}}</style><div style="position:absolute;top:0rem" class=""></div><div style="max-width:var(--container-size-xl);height:100%;min-height:0rem" class=""><style data-mantine-styles="inline">.__m__-_R_5ub_{--grid-gutter:0rem;}</style><div style="height:100%;min-height:0rem" class="m_410352e9 mantine-Grid-root __m__-_R_5ub_"><div class="m_dee7bd2f mantine-Grid-inner" style="height:100%"><style data-mantine-styles="inline">.__m__-_R_rdub_{--col-flex-grow:auto;--col-flex-basis:91.66666666666667%;--col-max-width:91.66666666666667%;}@media(min-width: 48em){.__m__-_R_rdub_{--col-flex-grow:auto;--col-flex-basis:83.33333333333334%;--col-max-width:83.33333333333334%;}}</style><div style="min-width:0rem;height:100%;min-height:0rem;display:flex" class="m_96bdd299 mantine-Grid-col __m__-_R_rdub_"><style data-mantine-styles="inline">.__m__-_R_6qrdub_{margin-top:0rem;padding-inline:var(--mantine-spacing-xs);width:100%;}@media(min-width: 48em){.__m__-_R_6qrdub_{margin-top:var(--mantine-spacing-xl);width:80%;}}@media(min-width: 62em){.__m__-_R_6qrdub_{padding-inline:var(--mantine-spacing-xl);}}</style><div style="margin-inline:auto;max-width:var(--mantine-breakpoint-xl)" class="__m__-_R_6qrdub_"><div style="color:var(--mantine-color-dimmed)" class="m_4451eb3a mantine-Center-root" data-inline="true"><div style="--ti-size:var(--ti-size-xs);--ti-bg:transparent;--ti-color:var(--mantine-color-indigo-light-color);--ti-bd:calc(0.0625rem * var(--mantine-scale)) solid transparent;margin-inline-end:calc(0.125rem * var(--mantine-scale));color:inherit" class="m_7341320d mantine-ThemeIcon-root" data-variant="transparent" data-size="xs"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="tabler-icon tabler-icon-lock "><path d="M5 13a2 2 0 0 1 2 -2h10a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v6a2 2 0 0 1 -2 2h-10a2 2 0 0 1 -2 -2v-6"></path><path d="M11 16a1 1 0 1 0 2 0a1 1 0 0 0 -2 0"></path><path d="M8 11v-4a4 4 0 1 1 8 0v4"></path></svg></div><p style="font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-sm)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">Основы Typescript</p></div><h1 style="--title-fw:var(--mantine-h1-font-weight);--title-lh:var(--mantine-h1-line-height);--title-fz:var(--mantine-h1-font-size);margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-xl)" class="m_8a5d1357 mantine-Title-root" data-order="1">Теория: Тип Unknown</h1><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"LearningResource","name":"Тип Unknown","inLanguage":"ru","isPartOf":{"@type":"LearningResource","name":"Основы Typescript"},"isAccessibleForFree":"False","hasPart":{"@type":"WebPageElement","isAccessibleForFree":"False","cssSelector":".paywalled"}}</script><div class=""><div style="--alert-color:var(--mantine-color-indigo-light-color);margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg);font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-lg)" class="m_66836ed3 mantine-Alert-root" id="mantine-_R_remqrdub_" role="alert" aria-describedby="mantine-_R_remqrdub_-body" aria-labelledby="mantine-_R_remqrdub_-title"><div class="m_a5d60502 mantine-Alert-wrapper"><div class="m_667f2a6a mantine-Alert-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="tabler-icon tabler-icon-rocket "><path d="M4 13a8 8 0 0 1 7 7a6 6 0 0 0 3 -5a9 9 0 0 0 6 -8a3 3 0 0 0 -3 -3a9 9 0 0 0 -8 6a6 6 0 0 0 -5 3"></path><path d="M7 14a6 6 0 0 0 -3 6a6 6 0 0 0 6 -3"></path><path d="M14 9a1 1 0 1 0 2 0a1 1 0 1 0 -2 0"></path></svg></div><div class="m_667c2793 mantine-Alert-body"><div class="m_6a03f287 mantine-Alert-title"><span id="mantine-_R_remqrdub_-title" class="m_698f4f23 mantine-Alert-label">Полный доступ к материалам</span></div><div id="mantine-_R_remqrdub_-body" class="m_7fa78076 mantine-Alert-message"><div style="--group-gap:var(--mantine-spacing-md);--group-align:center;--group-justify:space-between;--group-wrap:wrap" class="m_4081bf90 mantine-Group-root"><p class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">Зарегистрируйтесь и получите доступ к этому и десяткам других курсов</p><a style="--button-height:var(--button-height-xs);--button-padding-x:var(--button-padding-x-xs);--button-fz:var(--mantine-font-size-xs);--button-bg:linear-gradient(45deg, var(--mantine-color-blue-filled) 0%, var(--mantine-color-cyan-filled) 100%);--button-hover:linear-gradient(45deg, var(--mantine-color-blue-filled) 0%, var(--mantine-color-cyan-filled) 100%);--button-color:var(--mantine-color-white);--button-bd:none" class="mantine-focus-auto mantine-active m_77c9d27d mantine-Button-root m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-variant="gradient" data-size="xs" href="/u/new"><span class="m_80f1301b mantine-Button-inner"><span class="m_811560b9 mantine-Button-label">Зарегистрироваться</span></span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="paywalled m_d08caa0 mantine-Typography-root"><p>Использование типа <code style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight">any</code> в TypeScript отключает проверки типов, что не желательно. Также в наиболее строгом режиме с помощью <code style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight">"strict": true</code> в <code style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight">tsconfig.json</code> использование <code style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight">any</code> невозможно. А это значительно повышает безопасность кода.</p>
<p>При этом бывают ситуации, когда тип неизвестен, но работа с ним должна быть безопасна с точки зрения типов. Для этого в TypeScript существует дополнение к <code style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight">any</code> — <code style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight">unknown</code>, которое разберем в этом уроке.</p>
<h2 id="heading-2-1">Использование типа <code style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight">unknown</code></h2>
<p>Главное отличие <code style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight">unknown</code> от <code style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight">any</code> связано с проверкой типов. Тип <code style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight">unknown</code> запрещает выполнять любые операции:</p>
<div style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight" dir="ltr"><div class="m_be7e9c9c mantine-CodeHighlight-controls"><button style="--ai-bg:transparent;--ai-hover:transparent;--ai-color:inherit;--ai-bd:none" class="mantine-focus-auto mantine-active m_d498bab7 mantine-CodeHighlight-control m_8d3f4000 mantine-ActionIcon-root m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-variant="none" type="button" aria-label="Copy code"><span class="m_8d3afb97 mantine-ActionIcon-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="2" stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path stroke="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path><path d="M8 8m0 2a2 2 0 0 1 2 -2h8a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v8a2 2 0 0 1 -2 2h-8a2 2 0 0 1 -2 -2z"></path><path d="M16 8v-2a2 2 0 0 0 -2 -2h-8a2 2 0 0 0 -2 2v8a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2"></path></svg></span></button></div><div style="--scrollarea-scrollbar-size:calc(0.25rem * var(--mantine-scale));--sa-corner-width:0px;--sa-corner-height:0px" class="m_f744fd40 mantine-CodeHighlight-scrollarea m_d57069b5 mantine-ScrollArea-root" dir="ltr"><div style="overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:hidden;overscroll-behavior-inline:none" class="m_c0783ff9 mantine-ScrollArea-viewport" data-scrollbars="xy"><div class="m_b1336c6 mantine-ScrollArea-content"><pre class="m_2c47c4fd mantine-CodeHighlight-pre" style="padding:0"><code class="m_5caae6d3 mantine-CodeHighlight-code">const value: unknown = 'code-basics'
value.toUpperCase() // Error!
value.trim() // Error!</code></pre></div></div></div><button class="mantine-focus-auto m_c9378bc2 mantine-CodeHighlight-showCodeButton m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-hidden="true" type="button">Expand code</button></div>
<p>Может показаться странным, что перед нами строка, но над ней нельзя выполнять строковые операции. К этому надо привыкнуть. Тип в статически типизированных языках определяется не тем, что мы видим своими глазами, а тем, как тип выводится — автоматически или через явное указание.</p>
<p>Переменная <code style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight">unknown</code> типа нужна редко — когда нужно дальше уточнить тип. Но все меняется, когда нам нужно создать функцию, которая может работать с любым входящим типом. В JavaScript распространена подобная практика:</p>
<div style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight" dir="ltr"><div class="m_be7e9c9c mantine-CodeHighlight-controls"><button style="--ai-bg:transparent;--ai-hover:transparent;--ai-color:inherit;--ai-bd:none" class="mantine-focus-auto mantine-active m_d498bab7 mantine-CodeHighlight-control m_8d3f4000 mantine-ActionIcon-root m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-variant="none" type="button" aria-label="Copy code"><span class="m_8d3afb97 mantine-ActionIcon-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="2" stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path stroke="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path><path d="M8 8m0 2a2 2 0 0 1 2 -2h8a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v8a2 2 0 0 1 -2 2h-8a2 2 0 0 1 -2 -2z"></path><path d="M16 8v-2a2 2 0 0 0 -2 -2h-8a2 2 0 0 0 -2 2v8a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2"></path></svg></span></button></div><div style="--scrollarea-scrollbar-size:calc(0.25rem * var(--mantine-scale));--sa-corner-width:0px;--sa-corner-height:0px" class="m_f744fd40 mantine-CodeHighlight-scrollarea m_d57069b5 mantine-ScrollArea-root" dir="ltr"><div style="overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:hidden;overscroll-behavior-inline:none" class="m_c0783ff9 mantine-ScrollArea-viewport" data-scrollbars="xy"><div class="m_b1336c6 mantine-ScrollArea-content"><pre class="m_2c47c4fd mantine-CodeHighlight-pre" style="padding:0"><code class="m_5caae6d3 mantine-CodeHighlight-code">// Пример из lodash
_.isError(new Error()) // true
_.isError(Error) // false
_.isError('code-basics') // false</code></pre></div></div></div><button class="mantine-focus-auto m_c9378bc2 mantine-CodeHighlight-showCodeButton m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-hidden="true" type="button">Expand code</button></div>
<p>Такую функцию можно реализовать с помощью <code style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight">any</code>, но тогда мы отключим проверку типов:</p>
<div style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight" dir="ltr"><div class="m_be7e9c9c mantine-CodeHighlight-controls"><button style="--ai-bg:transparent;--ai-hover:transparent;--ai-color:inherit;--ai-bd:none" class="mantine-focus-auto mantine-active m_d498bab7 mantine-CodeHighlight-control m_8d3f4000 mantine-ActionIcon-root m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-variant="none" type="button" aria-label="Copy code"><span class="m_8d3afb97 mantine-ActionIcon-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="2" stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path stroke="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path><path d="M8 8m0 2a2 2 0 0 1 2 -2h8a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v8a2 2 0 0 1 -2 2h-8a2 2 0 0 1 -2 -2z"></path><path d="M16 8v-2a2 2 0 0 0 -2 -2h-8a2 2 0 0 0 -2 2v8a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2"></path></svg></span></button></div><div style="--scrollarea-scrollbar-size:calc(0.25rem * var(--mantine-scale));--sa-corner-width:0px;--sa-corner-height:0px" class="m_f744fd40 mantine-CodeHighlight-scrollarea m_d57069b5 mantine-ScrollArea-root" dir="ltr"><div style="overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:hidden;overscroll-behavior-inline:none" class="m_c0783ff9 mantine-ScrollArea-viewport" data-scrollbars="xy"><div class="m_b1336c6 mantine-ScrollArea-content"><pre class="m_2c47c4fd mantine-CodeHighlight-pre" style="padding:0"><code class="m_5caae6d3 mantine-CodeHighlight-code">function isError(value: any)</code></pre></div></div></div><button class="mantine-focus-auto m_c9378bc2 mantine-CodeHighlight-showCodeButton m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-hidden="true" type="button">Expand code</button></div>
<p>Лучше использовать <code style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight">unknown</code>, тогда TypeScript защитит от потенциальных ошибок типов:</p>
<div style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight" dir="ltr"><div class="m_be7e9c9c mantine-CodeHighlight-controls"><button style="--ai-bg:transparent;--ai-hover:transparent;--ai-color:inherit;--ai-bd:none" class="mantine-focus-auto mantine-active m_d498bab7 mantine-CodeHighlight-control m_8d3f4000 mantine-ActionIcon-root m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-variant="none" type="button" aria-label="Copy code"><span class="m_8d3afb97 mantine-ActionIcon-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="2" stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path stroke="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path><path d="M8 8m0 2a2 2 0 0 1 2 -2h8a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v8a2 2 0 0 1 -2 2h-8a2 2 0 0 1 -2 -2z"></path><path d="M16 8v-2a2 2 0 0 0 -2 -2h-8a2 2 0 0 0 -2 2v8a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2"></path></svg></span></button></div><div style="--scrollarea-scrollbar-size:calc(0.25rem * var(--mantine-scale));--sa-corner-width:0px;--sa-corner-height:0px" class="m_f744fd40 mantine-CodeHighlight-scrollarea m_d57069b5 mantine-ScrollArea-root" dir="ltr"><div style="overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:hidden;overscroll-behavior-inline:none" class="m_c0783ff9 mantine-ScrollArea-viewport" data-scrollbars="xy"><div class="m_b1336c6 mantine-ScrollArea-content"><pre class="m_2c47c4fd mantine-CodeHighlight-pre" style="padding:0"><code class="m_5caae6d3 mantine-CodeHighlight-code">function isError(value: unknown)</code></pre></div></div></div><button class="mantine-focus-auto m_c9378bc2 mantine-CodeHighlight-showCodeButton m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-hidden="true" type="button">Expand code</button></div>
<p>Затем внутри тела можно выполнить нужную проверку, чтобы узнать, с чем мы работаем:</p>
<div style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight" dir="ltr"><div class="m_be7e9c9c mantine-CodeHighlight-controls"><button style="--ai-bg:transparent;--ai-hover:transparent;--ai-color:inherit;--ai-bd:none" class="mantine-focus-auto mantine-active m_d498bab7 mantine-CodeHighlight-control m_8d3f4000 mantine-ActionIcon-root m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-variant="none" type="button" aria-label="Copy code"><span class="m_8d3afb97 mantine-ActionIcon-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="2" stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path stroke="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path><path d="M8 8m0 2a2 2 0 0 1 2 -2h8a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v8a2 2 0 0 1 -2 2h-8a2 2 0 0 1 -2 -2z"></path><path d="M16 8v-2a2 2 0 0 0 -2 -2h-8a2 2 0 0 0 -2 2v8a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2"></path></svg></span></button></div><div style="--scrollarea-scrollbar-size:calc(0.25rem * var(--mantine-scale));--sa-corner-width:0px;--sa-corner-height:0px" class="m_f744fd40 mantine-CodeHighlight-scrollarea m_d57069b5 mantine-ScrollArea-root" dir="ltr"><div style="overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:hidden;overscroll-behavior-inline:none" class="m_c0783ff9 mantine-ScrollArea-viewport" data-scrollbars="xy"><div class="m_b1336c6 mantine-ScrollArea-content"><pre class="m_2c47c4fd mantine-CodeHighlight-pre" style="padding:0"><code class="m_5caae6d3 mantine-CodeHighlight-code">function isError(value: unknown): boolean {
return value instanceof Error
}</code></pre></div></div></div><button class="mantine-focus-auto m_c9378bc2 mantine-CodeHighlight-showCodeButton m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-hidden="true" type="button">Expand code</button></div>
<p>В итоге <code style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight">instanceof</code> работает только с конструкторами, поэтому в примере выше мы проверяем, является ли значение экземпляром класса <code style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight">Error</code>.</p></div><div style="margin-block:var(--mantine-spacing-xl)" class=""><h2 style="--title-fw:var(--mantine-h2-font-weight);--title-lh:var(--mantine-h2-line-height);--title-fz:var(--mantine-h2-font-size);margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-md)" class="m_8a5d1357 mantine-Title-root" data-order="2">Рекомендуемые программы</h2><style data-mantine-styles="inline">.__m__-_R_2mremqrdub_{--carousel-slide-gap:var(--mantine-spacing-xs);--carousel-slide-size:70%;}@media(min-width: 36em){.__m__-_R_2mremqrdub_{--carousel-slide-gap:var(--mantine-spacing-xl);--carousel-slide-size:50%;}}</style><div style="--carousel-control-size:calc(2.5rem * var(--mantine-scale));--carousel-controls-offset:var(--mantine-spacing-sm);margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg);padding-block:var(--mantine-spacing-sm);background:var(--app-color-surface)" class="m_17884d0f mantine-Carousel-root responsiveClassName" data-orientation="horizontal" data-include-gap-in-size="true"><div class="m_39bc3463 mantine-Carousel-controls" data-orientation="horizontal"><button class="mantine-focus-auto m_64f58e10 mantine-Carousel-control m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" type="button" data-inactive="true" data-type="previous" tabindex="-1"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 15" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="transform:rotate(90deg);width:calc(1rem * var(--mantine-scale));height:calc(1rem * var(--mantine-scale));display:block"><path d="M3.13523 6.15803C3.3241 5.95657 3.64052 5.94637 3.84197 6.13523L7.5 9.56464L11.158 6.13523C11.3595 5.94637 11.6759 5.95657 11.8648 6.15803C12.0536 6.35949 12.0434 6.67591 11.842 6.86477L7.84197 10.6148C7.64964 10.7951 7.35036 10.7951 7.15803 10.6148L3.15803 6.86477C2.95657 6.67591 2.94637 6.35949 3.13523 6.15803Z" fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></button><button class="mantine-focus-auto m_64f58e10 mantine-Carousel-control m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" type="button" data-inactive="true" data-type="next" tabindex="-1"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 15" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="transform:rotate(-90deg);width:calc(1rem * var(--mantine-scale));height:calc(1rem * var(--mantine-scale));display:block"><path d="M3.13523 6.15803C3.3241 5.95657 3.64052 5.94637 3.84197 6.13523L7.5 9.56464L11.158 6.13523C11.3595 5.94637 11.6759 5.95657 11.8648 6.15803C12.0536 6.35949 12.0434 6.67591 11.842 6.86477L7.84197 10.6148C7.64964 10.7951 7.35036 10.7951 7.15803 10.6148L3.15803 6.86477C2.95657 6.67591 2.94637 6.35949 3.13523 6.15803Z" fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></button></div><div class="m_a2dae653 mantine-Carousel-viewport" data-type="media"><div class="m_fcd81474 mantine-Carousel-container __m__-_R_2mremqrdub_" data-orientation="horizontal"><div class="m_d98df724 mantine-Carousel-slide" data-orientation="horizontal"><div tabindex="0" style="cursor:pointer;height:100%"><a style="text-decoration:none" class="mantine-focus-auto m_849cf0da m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root mantine-Anchor-root" data-underline="hover" href="/programs/frontend?promo_name=programs_list&promo_position=course&promo_creative=catalog_card&promo_type=card" target="_blank"><div style="height:100%" class="m_e615b15f mantine-Card-root m_1b7284a3 mantine-Paper-root" data-with-border="true"><div style="--group-gap:calc(0.25rem * var(--mantine-scale));--group-align:center;--group-justify:flex-start;--group-wrap:nowrap" class="m_4081bf90 mantine-Group-root"><span style="font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-sm)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">10 месяцев</span><span class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">·</span><span style="font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-sm)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">С нуля</span></div><p style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-sm);font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-h5);font-weight:bold" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">Фронтенд-разработчик</p><p class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">Изучите HTML, CSS, JavaScript и React</p><div style="margin-top:auto" class=""><div class="m_4451eb3a mantine-Center-root"><img style="opacity:0.8;width:70%" class="m_9e117634 mantine-Image-root mantine-visible-from-xs" src="https://hexlet.io/rails/active_storage/representations/proxy/eyJfcmFpbHMiOnsiZGF0YSI6MzcyNywicHVyIjoiYmxvYl9pZCJ9fQ==--2d5cbbf5c3b4a73ae4b2c50632305d78f5872e4d/eyJfcmFpbHMiOnsiZGF0YSI6eyJmb3JtYXQiOiJ3ZWJwIiwicmVzaXplX3RvX2xpbWl0IjpbNDAwLDQwMF0sInNhdmVyIjp7InF1YWxpdHkiOjg1fX0sInB1ciI6InZhcmlhdGlvbiJ9fQ==--5b6f46dacd1af664f27558553a58076185091823/Programmer-rafiki.png" alt="Фронтенд-разработчик" loading="eager"/></div><div style="--group-gap:var(--mantine-spacing-md);--group-align:end;--group-justify:space-between;--group-wrap:wrap;margin-top:var(--mantine-spacing-xs)" class="m_4081bf90 mantine-Group-root"><p style="font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-xl)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">от 6 792 ₽</p><p style="font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-sm)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">Посмотреть →</p></div></div></div></a></div></div><div class="m_d98df724 mantine-Carousel-slide" data-orientation="horizontal"><div tabindex="0" style="cursor:pointer;height:100%"><a style="text-decoration:none" class="mantine-focus-auto m_849cf0da m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root mantine-Anchor-root" data-underline="hover" href="/programs/backend?promo_name=programs_list&promo_position=course&promo_creative=catalog_card&promo_type=card" target="_blank"><div style="height:100%" class="m_e615b15f mantine-Card-root m_1b7284a3 mantine-Paper-root" data-with-border="true"><div style="--group-gap:calc(0.25rem * var(--mantine-scale));--group-align:center;--group-justify:flex-start;--group-wrap:nowrap" class="m_4081bf90 mantine-Group-root"><span style="font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-sm)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">10 месяцев</span><span class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">·</span><span style="font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-sm)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">С нуля</span></div><p style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-sm);font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-h5);font-weight:bold" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">Node.js-разработчик</p><p class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">Изучите JavaScript, Node.js, Fastify и REST API</p><div style="margin-top:auto" class=""><div class="m_4451eb3a mantine-Center-root"><img style="opacity:0.8;width:70%" class="m_9e117634 mantine-Image-root mantine-visible-from-xs" src="https://hexlet.io/rails/active_storage/representations/proxy/eyJfcmFpbHMiOnsiZGF0YSI6MzcyNSwicHVyIjoiYmxvYl9pZCJ9fQ==--2e84f5f94140ee4e22019ac479c290ef48c3fac8/eyJfcmFpbHMiOnsiZGF0YSI6eyJmb3JtYXQiOiJ3ZWJwIiwicmVzaXplX3RvX2xpbWl0IjpbNDAwLDQwMF0sInNhdmVyIjp7InF1YWxpdHkiOjg1fX0sInB1ciI6InZhcmlhdGlvbiJ9fQ==--5b6f46dacd1af664f27558553a58076185091823/Static%20website-cuate.png" alt="Node.js-разработчик" loading="eager"/></div><div 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style="--group-gap:calc(0.25rem * var(--mantine-scale));--group-align:center;--group-justify:flex-start;--group-wrap:nowrap" class="m_4081bf90 mantine-Group-root"><span style="font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-sm)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">12 месяцев</span><span class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">·</span><span style="font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-sm)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">С нуля</span></div><p style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-sm);font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-h5);font-weight:bold" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">Fullstack-разработчик на Node.js</p><p class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">Освоите JavaScript, Node.js, Fastify и React для фронтенда и бэкенда.</p><div style="margin-top:auto" class=""><div class="m_4451eb3a mantine-Center-root"><img style="opacity:0.8;width:70%" class="m_9e117634 mantine-Image-root mantine-visible-from-xs" src="https://hexlet.io/rails/active_storage/representations/proxy/eyJfcmFpbHMiOnsiZGF0YSI6NDA0MywicHVyIjoiYmxvYl9pZCJ9fQ==--e2c6c0775e2308e42fbc5dc592ba2db0470632ca/eyJfcmFpbHMiOnsiZGF0YSI6eyJmb3JtYXQiOiJ3ZWJwIiwicmVzaXplX3RvX2xpbWl0IjpbNDAwLDQwMF0sInNhdmVyIjp7InF1YWxpdHkiOjg1fX0sInB1ciI6InZhcmlhdGlvbiJ9fQ==--5b6f46dacd1af664f27558553a58076185091823/Programmer-rafiki.png" alt="Fullstack-разработчик на Node.js" loading="eager"/></div><div style="--group-gap:var(--mantine-spacing-md);--group-align:end;--group-justify:space-between;--group-wrap:wrap;margin-top:var(--mantine-spacing-xs)" class="m_4081bf90 mantine-Group-root"><p style="font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-xl)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">от 7 934 ₽</p><p style="font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-sm)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">Посмотреть →</p></div></div></div></a></div></div><div class="m_d98df724 mantine-Carousel-slide" data-orientation="horizontal"><div tabindex="0" style="cursor:pointer;height:100%"><a style="text-decoration:none" class="mantine-focus-auto m_849cf0da m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root mantine-Anchor-root" data-underline="hover" href="/programs/typescript?promo_name=programs_list&promo_position=course&promo_creative=catalog_card&promo_type=card" target="_blank"><div style="height:100%" class="m_e615b15f mantine-Card-root m_1b7284a3 mantine-Paper-root" data-with-border="true"><div style="--group-gap:calc(0.25rem * var(--mantine-scale));--group-align:center;--group-justify:flex-start;--group-wrap:nowrap" class="m_4081bf90 mantine-Group-root"><span style="font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-sm)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">2 месяца</span><span class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">·</span><span style="font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-sm)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">Для продвинутых</span></div><p 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