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<title>Почему в Python возникает ошибка “attempted relative import with no known parent package”? — Q&A Хекслет</title>
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<div id="app" data-page="{"component":"web/qna/questions/show","props":{"errors":{},"locale":"ru","language":"ru","httpsHost":"https://ru.hexlet.io","host":"ru.hexlet.io","colorScheme":"light","auth":{"user":{"id":null,"last_viewed_notification_id":null,"email":null,"state":null,"first_name":"","last_name":"","created_at":"2026-02-26T23:06:51.943Z","current_program":null,"current_team":null,"full_name":"","guest":true,"can_use_paid_features":false,"is_hexlet_employee":false,"sanitized_phone_number":"","can_subscribe":true,"can_renew_education":false}},"cloudflareTurnstileSiteKey":"0x4AAAAAAA15KmeFXzd2H0Xo","vkIdClientId":"51586979","yandexIdClientId":"88d071f1d3384eb4bd1deb37910235c7","formAuthToken":"BnIi-TJ9KXgOQqI91HcK3JDGbvJOrkkl8oPsxc_Z1Qzpo-nOwAOEGLgBhqXYePqrUM9DWEaZt4dPY3aRnd4yYg","category":{"id":5,"title":"Python","slug":"python","questions_count":451,"locale":"ru"},"mainStackCategory":null,"answerDto":{"id":null,"body":"","meta":{"model":"question_answer","relations":{}}},"question":{"creator":{"id":104929,"email":"feycot@gmail.com","first_name":"Nikolai","last_name":"Gagarinov","telegram":"","full_name":"Nikolai Gagarinov","removed":false},"category":{"id":5,"title":"Python","slug":"python","questions_count":451,"locale":"ru"},"tags":[],"id":6077,"answers_count":1,"slug":"pochemu-v-python-voznikaet-oshibka-attempted-relative-import-with-no-known-parent-package","state":"published","title":"Почему в Python возникает ошибка “attempted relative import with no known parent package”?","created_at":"2025-11-14T11:20:18.324Z","details":"При организации проекта с несколькими каталогами и модулями в Python не получается использовать относительные импорты. Пробовал через `sys.path`, но это не помогает, а при попытке относительного импорта возникает ошибка:\n\n```bash\nImportError: attempted relative import with no known parent package\n```\n\nили\n\n```bash\nModuleNotFoundError\n```\n\nЧто делать, чтобы модули из соседних папок корректно импортировались?","best_answer_id":null,"related_stacks_count":0},"answers":[{"user":{"id":104929,"email":"feycot@gmail.com","first_name":"Nikolai","last_name":"Gagarinov","telegram":"","full_name":"Nikolai Gagarinov","removed":false},"question":{"creator":{"id":104929,"email":"feycot@gmail.com","first_name":"Nikolai","last_name":"Gagarinov","telegram":"","full_name":"Nikolai Gagarinov","removed":false},"category":{"id":5,"title":"Python","slug":"python","questions_count":451,"locale":"ru"},"tags":[],"id":6077,"answers_count":1,"slug":"pochemu-v-python-voznikaet-oshibka-attempted-relative-import-with-no-known-parent-package","state":"published","title":"Почему в Python возникает ошибка “attempted relative import with no known parent package”?","created_at":"2025-11-14T11:20:18.324Z","details":"При организации проекта с несколькими каталогами и модулями в Python не получается использовать относительные импорты. Пробовал через `sys.path`, но это не помогает, а при попытке относительного импорта возникает ошибка:\n\n```bash\nImportError: attempted relative import with no known parent package\n```\n\nили\n\n```bash\nModuleNotFoundError\n```\n\nЧто делать, чтобы модули из соседних папок корректно импортировались?","best_answer_id":null,"related_stacks_count":0},"id":5116,"state":"active","body":"В Python относительные импорты работают только внутри **пакетов**, то есть директорий с файлом `__init__.py`, и когда модуль запускается как часть пакета. Если запустить отдельный скрипт напрямую (`python module.py`), относительные импорты не сработают.\n\n1. **Структура проекта** должна быть пакетной:\n\n```bash\nproject/\n├── package1/\n│ ├── **init**.py\n│ └── module1.py\n├── package2/\n│ ├── **init**.py\n│ └── module2.py\n└── main.py\n```\n\n2. **Относительные импорты** пишутся внутри пакетов:\n\n```python\n# внутри package2/module2.py\nfrom ..package1.module1 import func\n````\n\n3. **Запуск через пакет**:\n\n```bash\npython -m package2.module2\n```\n\nили запускать скрипт из корня проекта (`project/`) так, чтобы Python видел пакеты.\n\n4. **Избегать изменения `sys.path`** — это считается плохой практикой и может привести к непредсказуемым ошибкам.\n\nЗамечание: иногда IDE вроде PyCharm корректно подхватывают пути пакетов, а VS Code нет. Всегда проверяйте запуск из командной строки с правильным рабочим каталогом.","votes_up_count":0,"votes_down_count":0,"created_at":"2025-11-14T11:20:45.210Z","user_id":104929,"category_slug":"python"}],"relatedQuestions":[{"creator":{"id":104929,"email":"feycot@gmail.com","first_name":"Nikolai","last_name":"Gagarinov","telegram":"","full_name":"Nikolai Gagarinov","removed":false},"category":{"id":5,"title":"Python","slug":"python","questions_count":451,"locale":"ru"},"tags":[],"id":6075,"answers_count":1,"slug":"kakie-imena-peremennyh-korrektny-v-python","state":"published","title":"Какие имена переменных корректны в Python?","created_at":"2025-11-14T11:04:05.283Z","details":"В Python нужно выбрать все корректные имена переменных из следующего списка:\n\n```bash\n_hello\npassword$\nmother\n1first\nuser_name1\n```\n\nПочему некоторые из них считаются некорректными?","best_answer_id":5114,"related_stacks_count":0},{"creator":{"id":104929,"email":"feycot@gmail.com","first_name":"Nikolai","last_name":"Gagarinov","telegram":"","full_name":"Nikolai Gagarinov","removed":false},"category":{"id":5,"title":"Python","slug":"python","questions_count":451,"locale":"ru"},"tags":[],"id":6073,"answers_count":1,"slug":"pochemu-komanda-dogesay-ne-nahoditsya-posle-ustanovki-cherez-pip-na-ubuntu","state":"published","title":"Почему команда dogesay не находится после установки через pip на Ubuntu?","created_at":"2025-11-14T10:42:50.236Z","details":"После установки пакета `dogesay` через pip появляется предупреждение:\n\n```bash\nWARNING: The script dogesay is installed in '/home/name/.local/bin' which is not on PATH.\nConsider adding this directory to PATH or, if you prefer to suppress this warning, use --no-warn-script-location.\n```\n\nПопытка вызвать `dogesay` возвращает ошибку `Command 'dogesay' not found`. Как правильно сделать так, чтобы команда работала?\n","best_answer_id":5112,"related_stacks_count":0},{"creator":{"id":104929,"email":"feycot@gmail.com","first_name":"Nikolai","last_name":"Gagarinov","telegram":"","full_name":"Nikolai Gagarinov","removed":false},"category":{"id":5,"title":"Python","slug":"python","questions_count":451,"locale":"ru"},"tags":[],"id":6070,"answers_count":1,"slug":"pochemu-voznikaet-oshibka-int-can-t-convert-non-string-with-explicit-base","state":"published","title":"Почему возникает ошибка “int() can't convert non-string with explicit base”?","created_at":"2025-11-14T10:10:53.887Z","details":"При попытке использовать функцию `int()` с указанием системы счисления возникает ошибка: \n`int() can't convert non-string with explicit base`. \nПочему это происходит, и почему проблема исчезает, если предварительно преобразовать аргументы в строки?\n","best_answer_id":5109,"related_stacks_count":0},{"creator":{"id":104929,"email":"feycot@gmail.com","first_name":"Nikolai","last_name":"Gagarinov","telegram":"","full_name":"Nikolai Gagarinov","removed":false},"category":{"id":5,"title":"Python","slug":"python","questions_count":451,"locale":"ru"},"tags":[],"id":6069,"answers_count":1,"slug":"kak-udalit-virtualnoe-okruzhenie-python","state":"published","title":"Как удалить виртуальное окружение Python?","created_at":"2025-11-14T10:07:11.475Z","details":"Как правильно удалить виртуальное окружение Python? Нужно ли выполнять специальные команды, или достаточно просто удалить директорию `.venv`?\n","best_answer_id":5108,"related_stacks_count":0},{"creator":{"id":113557,"email":"fakesupp@gmail.com","first_name":"Andrey","last_name":"Moshkov","telegram":"amshk","full_name":"Andrey Moshkov","removed":false},"category":{"id":5,"title":"Python","slug":"python","questions_count":451,"locale":"ru"},"tags":[{"id":884,"slug":"funktsii-python","name":"функции Python"}],"id":2050,"answers_count":1,"slug":"matematicheskie-funktsii-v-python","state":"published","title":"Математические функции в Python?\r","created_at":"2022-10-04T06:53:56.538Z","details":null,"best_answer_id":4425,"related_stacks_count":5}],"relatedLandings":[]},"url":"/qna/python/questions/pochemu-v-python-voznikaet-oshibka-attempted-relative-import-with-no-known-parent-package","version":"8f286f6358a90a7bef2263b3a6edf5a90a94fa42","encryptHistory":false,"clearHistory":false}"><style data-mantine-styles="true">:root, 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Пробовал через `sys.path`, но это не помогает, а при попытке относительного импорта возникает ошибка:\n\n```bash\nImportError: attempted relative import with no known parent package\n```\n\nили\n\n```bash\nModuleNotFoundError\n```\n\nЧто делать, чтобы модули из соседних папок корректно импортировались?","answerCount":1,"datePublished":"2025-11-14T11:20:18.324Z","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Nikolai Gagarinov"},"suggestedAnswer":[{"@type":"Answer","text":"В Python относительные импорты работают только внутри **пакетов**, то есть директорий с файлом `__init__.py`, и когда модуль запускается как часть пакета. Если запустить отдельный скрипт напрямую (`python module.py`), относительные импорты не сработают.\n\n1. **Структура проекта** должна быть пакетной:\n\n```bash\nproject/\n├── package1/\n│ ├── **init**.py\n│ └── module1.py\n├── package2/\n│ ├── **init**.py\n│ └── module2.py\n└── main.py\n```\n\n2. **Относительные импорты** пишутся внутри пакетов:\n\n```python\n# внутри package2/module2.py\nfrom ..package1.module1 import func\n````\n\n3. **Запуск через пакет**:\n\n```bash\npython -m package2.module2\n```\n\nили запускать скрипт из корня проекта (`project/`) так, чтобы Python видел пакеты.\n\n4. **Избегать изменения `sys.path`** — это считается плохой практикой и может привести к непредсказуемым ошибкам.\n\nЗамечание: иногда IDE вроде PyCharm корректно подхватывают пути пакетов, а VS Code нет. Всегда проверяйте запуск из командной строки с правильным рабочим каталогом.","datePublished":"2025-11-14T11:20:45.210Z","upvoteCount":0,"author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Nikolai Gagarinov"},"url":"https://ru.hexlet.io/qna/python/questions/pochemu-v-python-voznikaet-oshibka-attempted-relative-import-with-no-known-parent-package#answer-5116"}]}}</script><div style="--container-size:var(--container-size-lg);margin-top:var(--mantine-spacing-xl);height:100%" class="m_7485cace mantine-Container-root" data-size="lg" data-strategy="block"><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"position":1,"@type":"ListItem","item":{"@id":"/qna","name":"Вопросы и ответы"}},{"position":2,"@type":"ListItem","item":{"@id":"/qna/python/questions","name":"Python"}},{"position":3,"@type":"ListItem","item":{"@id":"/qna/python/questions/pochemu-v-python-voznikaet-oshibka-attempted-relative-import-with-no-known-parent-package","name":"Почему в 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style="--text-fz:var(--mantine-font-size-sm);--text-lh:var(--mantine-line-height-sm);white-space:normal;color:var(--mantine-color-dimmed)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_f678d540 mantine-Breadcrumbs-breadcrumb m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root" data-size="sm">Почему в Python возникает ошибка “attempted relative import with no known parent package”?</p></div><style data-mantine-styles="inline">.__m__-_R_eub_{margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-xs);}@media(min-width: 36em){.__m__-_R_eub_{margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-xs);}}</style><div style="--group-gap:var(--mantine-spacing-md);--group-align:center;--group-justify:space-between;--group-wrap:wrap" class="m_4081bf90 mantine-Group-root __m__-_R_eub_"><style data-mantine-styles="inline">.__m__-_R_deub_{width:100%;}@media(min-width: 36em){.__m__-_R_deub_{width:70%;}}@media(min-width: 75em){.__m__-_R_deub_{width:75%;}}</style><div class="__m__-_R_deub_"><div style="--group-gap:var(--mantine-spacing-md);--group-align:center;--group-justify:start;--group-wrap:nowrap" class="m_4081bf90 mantine-Group-root"><h1 style="--title-fw:var(--mantine-h1-font-weight);--title-lh:var(--mantine-h1-line-height);--title-fz:var(--mantine-h1-font-size)" class="m_8a5d1357 mantine-Title-root" data-order="1">Почему в Python возникает ошибка “attempted relative import with no known parent package”?</h1></div></div></div><style data-mantine-styles="inline">.__m__-_R_iub_{--grid-gutter:var(--mantine-spacing-md);}</style><div class="m_410352e9 mantine-Grid-root __m__-_R_iub_"><div class="m_dee7bd2f mantine-Grid-inner"><style data-mantine-styles="inline">.__m__-_R_3diub_{--col-flex-grow:auto;--col-flex-basis:100%;--col-max-width:100%;}@media(min-width: 48em){.__m__-_R_3diub_{--col-flex-grow:auto;--col-flex-basis:83.33333333333334%;--col-max-width:83.33333333333334%;}}@media(min-width: 62em){.__m__-_R_3diub_{--col-flex-grow:auto;--col-flex-basis:66.66666666666667%;--col-max-width:66.66666666666667%;}}</style><div class="m_96bdd299 mantine-Grid-col __m__-_R_3diub_"><div style="--group-gap:var(--mantine-spacing-md);--group-align:center;--group-justify:flex-start;--group-wrap:wrap;margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_4081bf90 mantine-Group-root"></div><div style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-xs)" class="m_d08caa0 mantine-Typography-root"><p>При организации проекта с несколькими каталогами и модулями в Python не получается использовать относительные импорты. Пробовал через <code style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight">sys.path</code>, но это не помогает, а при попытке относительного импорта возникает ошибка:</p>
<div style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight" dir="ltr"><div class="m_be7e9c9c mantine-CodeHighlight-controls"><button style="--ai-bg:transparent;--ai-hover:transparent;--ai-color:inherit;--ai-bd:none" class="mantine-focus-auto mantine-active m_d498bab7 mantine-CodeHighlight-control m_8d3f4000 mantine-ActionIcon-root m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-variant="none" type="button" aria-label="Copy code"><span class="m_8d3afb97 mantine-ActionIcon-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="2" stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path stroke="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path><path d="M8 8m0 2a2 2 0 0 1 2 -2h8a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v8a2 2 0 0 1 -2 2h-8a2 2 0 0 1 -2 -2z"></path><path d="M16 8v-2a2 2 0 0 0 -2 -2h-8a2 2 0 0 0 -2 2v8a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2"></path></svg></span></button></div><div style="--scrollarea-scrollbar-size:calc(0.25rem * var(--mantine-scale));--sa-corner-width:0px;--sa-corner-height:0px" class="m_f744fd40 mantine-CodeHighlight-scrollarea m_d57069b5 mantine-ScrollArea-root" dir="ltr"><div style="overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:hidden;overscroll-behavior-inline:none" class="m_c0783ff9 mantine-ScrollArea-viewport" data-scrollbars="xy"><div class="m_b1336c6 mantine-ScrollArea-content"><pre class="m_2c47c4fd mantine-CodeHighlight-pre" style="padding:0"><code class="m_5caae6d3 mantine-CodeHighlight-code">ImportError: attempted relative import with no known parent package</code></pre></div></div></div><button class="mantine-focus-auto m_c9378bc2 mantine-CodeHighlight-showCodeButton m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-hidden="true" type="button">Expand code</button></div>
<p>или</p>
<div style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight" dir="ltr"><div class="m_be7e9c9c mantine-CodeHighlight-controls"><button style="--ai-bg:transparent;--ai-hover:transparent;--ai-color:inherit;--ai-bd:none" class="mantine-focus-auto mantine-active m_d498bab7 mantine-CodeHighlight-control m_8d3f4000 mantine-ActionIcon-root m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-variant="none" type="button" aria-label="Copy code"><span class="m_8d3afb97 mantine-ActionIcon-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="2" stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path stroke="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path><path d="M8 8m0 2a2 2 0 0 1 2 -2h8a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v8a2 2 0 0 1 -2 2h-8a2 2 0 0 1 -2 -2z"></path><path d="M16 8v-2a2 2 0 0 0 -2 -2h-8a2 2 0 0 0 -2 2v8a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2"></path></svg></span></button></div><div style="--scrollarea-scrollbar-size:calc(0.25rem * var(--mantine-scale));--sa-corner-width:0px;--sa-corner-height:0px" class="m_f744fd40 mantine-CodeHighlight-scrollarea m_d57069b5 mantine-ScrollArea-root" dir="ltr"><div style="overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:hidden;overscroll-behavior-inline:none" class="m_c0783ff9 mantine-ScrollArea-viewport" data-scrollbars="xy"><div class="m_b1336c6 mantine-ScrollArea-content"><pre class="m_2c47c4fd mantine-CodeHighlight-pre" style="padding:0"><code class="m_5caae6d3 mantine-CodeHighlight-code">ModuleNotFoundError</code></pre></div></div></div><button class="mantine-focus-auto m_c9378bc2 mantine-CodeHighlight-showCodeButton m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-hidden="true" type="button">Expand code</button></div>
<p>Что делать, чтобы модули из соседних папок корректно импортировались?</p></div><div style="--group-gap:var(--mantine-spacing-md);--group-align:center;--group-justify:flex-start;--group-wrap:wrap;margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-xl);font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-sm)" class="m_4081bf90 mantine-Group-root"><div style="--group-gap:calc(0.25rem * var(--mantine-scale));--group-align:center;--group-justify:flex-start;--group-wrap:wrap;margin-inline-start:auto" class="m_4081bf90 mantine-Group-root"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="tabler-icon tabler-icon-calendar "><path d="M4 7a2 2 0 0 1 2 -2h12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v12a2 2 0 0 1 -2 2h-12a2 2 0 0 1 -2 -2v-12"></path><path d="M16 3v4"></path><path d="M8 3v4"></path><path d="M4 11h16"></path><path d="M11 15h1"></path><path d="M12 15v3"></path></svg><p class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root" data-inherit="true">3 месяца назад</p></div><div style="--group-gap:calc(0.25rem * var(--mantine-scale));--group-align:center;--group-justify:flex-start;--group-wrap:wrap" class="m_4081bf90 mantine-Group-root"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="tabler-icon tabler-icon-user "><path d="M8 7a4 4 0 1 0 8 0a4 4 0 0 0 -8 0"></path><path d="M6 21v-2a4 4 0 0 1 4 -4h4a4 4 0 0 1 4 4v2"></path></svg><p class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root" data-inherit="true">Nikolai Gagarinov</p></div></div><div role="link" tabindex="0" style="cursor:pointer"><button style="display:block;width:100%" class="mantine-focus-auto m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" type="button" aria-label="Присоединяйтесь к нашему Telegram-сообществу"><div style="background-color:light-dark(var(--mantine-color-gray-1), var(--mantine-color-dark-6));margin-block:var(--mantine-spacing-xs)" class="m_e615b15f mantine-Card-root m_1b7284a3 mantine-Paper-root"><div style="--group-gap:var(--mantine-spacing-md);--group-align:center;--group-justify:flex-start;--group-wrap:wrap" class="m_4081bf90 mantine-Group-root"><div style="--ti-bg:transparent;--ti-color:var(--mantine-color-indigo-light-color);--ti-bd:calc(0.0625rem * var(--mantine-scale)) solid transparent;margin-inline-end:auto;color:inherit" class="m_7341320d mantine-ThemeIcon-root" data-variant="transparent"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="tabler-icon tabler-icon-brand-telegram "><path d="M15 10l-4 4l6 6l4 -16l-18 7l4 2l2 6l3 -4"></path></svg></div>Присоединяйтесь к нашему Telegram-сообществу</div></div></button></div><h2 style="--title-fw:var(--mantine-h2-font-weight);--title-lh:var(--mantine-h2-line-height);--title-fz:var(--mantine-h2-font-size);margin-block:var(--mantine-spacing-xl)" class="m_8a5d1357 mantine-Title-root" data-order="2">Ответы</h2><div style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-xl);padding:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_e615b15f mantine-Card-root m_1b7284a3 mantine-Paper-root" data-with-border="true" id="answer-5116"><div style="--group-gap:calc(1.125rem * var(--mantine-scale));--group-align:stretch;--group-justify:flex-start;--group-wrap:nowrap" class="m_4081bf90 mantine-Group-root"><div style="--stack-gap:var(--mantine-spacing-md);--stack-align:stretch;--stack-justify:flex-start;font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-h1);font-weight:lighter;text-align:center" class="m_6d731127 mantine-Stack-root">0<a style="color:inherit" class="mantine-focus-auto m_849cf0da m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root mantine-Anchor-root" data-underline="hover" href="/qna/python/questions/pochemu-v-python-voznikaet-oshibka-attempted-relative-import-with-no-known-parent-package/answers/5116/vote"><div style="--ti-bg:transparent;--ti-color:var(--mantine-color-indigo-light-color);--ti-bd:calc(0.0625rem * var(--mantine-scale)) solid transparent;color:inherit" class="m_7341320d mantine-ThemeIcon-root" data-variant="transparent"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="tabler-icon tabler-icon-thumb-up "><path d="M7 11v8a1 1 0 0 1 -1 1h-2a1 1 0 0 1 -1 -1v-7a1 1 0 0 1 1 -1h3a4 4 0 0 0 4 -4v-1a2 2 0 0 1 4 0v5h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 2l-1 5a2 3 0 0 1 -2 2h-7a3 3 0 0 1 -3 -3"></path></svg></div></a></div><div style="--stack-gap:var(--mantine-spacing-md);--stack-align:stretch;--stack-justify:flex-start;width:100%;min-width:0rem" class="m_6d731127 mantine-Stack-root"><div style="margin-bottom:auto" class="m_d08caa0 mantine-Typography-root"><p>В Python относительные импорты работают только внутри <strong>пакетов</strong>, то есть директорий с файлом <code style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight">__init__.py</code>, и когда модуль запускается как часть пакета. Если запустить отдельный скрипт напрямую (<code style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight">python module.py</code>), относительные импорты не сработают.</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Структура проекта</strong> должна быть пакетной:</li>
</ol>
<div style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight" dir="ltr"><div class="m_be7e9c9c mantine-CodeHighlight-controls"><button style="--ai-bg:transparent;--ai-hover:transparent;--ai-color:inherit;--ai-bd:none" class="mantine-focus-auto mantine-active m_d498bab7 mantine-CodeHighlight-control m_8d3f4000 mantine-ActionIcon-root m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-variant="none" type="button" aria-label="Copy code"><span class="m_8d3afb97 mantine-ActionIcon-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="2" stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path stroke="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path><path d="M8 8m0 2a2 2 0 0 1 2 -2h8a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v8a2 2 0 0 1 -2 2h-8a2 2 0 0 1 -2 -2z"></path><path d="M16 8v-2a2 2 0 0 0 -2 -2h-8a2 2 0 0 0 -2 2v8a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2"></path></svg></span></button></div><div style="--scrollarea-scrollbar-size:calc(0.25rem * var(--mantine-scale));--sa-corner-width:0px;--sa-corner-height:0px" class="m_f744fd40 mantine-CodeHighlight-scrollarea m_d57069b5 mantine-ScrollArea-root" dir="ltr"><div style="overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:hidden;overscroll-behavior-inline:none" class="m_c0783ff9 mantine-ScrollArea-viewport" data-scrollbars="xy"><div class="m_b1336c6 mantine-ScrollArea-content"><pre class="m_2c47c4fd mantine-CodeHighlight-pre" style="padding:0"><code class="m_5caae6d3 mantine-CodeHighlight-code">project/
├── package1/
│ ├── **init**.py
│ └── module1.py
├── package2/
│ ├── **init**.py
│ └── module2.py
└── main.py</code></pre></div></div></div><button class="mantine-focus-auto m_c9378bc2 mantine-CodeHighlight-showCodeButton m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-hidden="true" type="button">Expand code</button></div>
<ol start="2">
<li><strong>Относительные импорты</strong> пишутся внутри пакетов:</li>
</ol>
<div style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight" dir="ltr"><div class="m_be7e9c9c mantine-CodeHighlight-controls"><button style="--ai-bg:transparent;--ai-hover:transparent;--ai-color:inherit;--ai-bd:none" class="mantine-focus-auto mantine-active m_d498bab7 mantine-CodeHighlight-control m_8d3f4000 mantine-ActionIcon-root m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-variant="none" type="button" aria-label="Copy code"><span class="m_8d3afb97 mantine-ActionIcon-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="2" stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path stroke="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path><path d="M8 8m0 2a2 2 0 0 1 2 -2h8a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v8a2 2 0 0 1 -2 2h-8a2 2 0 0 1 -2 -2z"></path><path d="M16 8v-2a2 2 0 0 0 -2 -2h-8a2 2 0 0 0 -2 2v8a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2"></path></svg></span></button></div><div style="--scrollarea-scrollbar-size:calc(0.25rem * var(--mantine-scale));--sa-corner-width:0px;--sa-corner-height:0px" class="m_f744fd40 mantine-CodeHighlight-scrollarea m_d57069b5 mantine-ScrollArea-root" dir="ltr"><div style="overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:hidden;overscroll-behavior-inline:none" class="m_c0783ff9 mantine-ScrollArea-viewport" data-scrollbars="xy"><div class="m_b1336c6 mantine-ScrollArea-content"><pre class="m_2c47c4fd mantine-CodeHighlight-pre" style="padding:0"><code class="m_5caae6d3 mantine-CodeHighlight-code"># внутри package2/module2.py
from ..package1.module1 import func</code></pre></div></div></div><button class="mantine-focus-auto m_c9378bc2 mantine-CodeHighlight-showCodeButton m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-hidden="true" type="button">Expand code</button></div>
<ol start="3">
<li><strong>Запуск через пакет</strong>:</li>
</ol>
<div style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight" dir="ltr"><div class="m_be7e9c9c mantine-CodeHighlight-controls"><button style="--ai-bg:transparent;--ai-hover:transparent;--ai-color:inherit;--ai-bd:none" class="mantine-focus-auto mantine-active m_d498bab7 mantine-CodeHighlight-control m_8d3f4000 mantine-ActionIcon-root m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-variant="none" type="button" aria-label="Copy code"><span class="m_8d3afb97 mantine-ActionIcon-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="2" stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path stroke="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path><path d="M8 8m0 2a2 2 0 0 1 2 -2h8a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v8a2 2 0 0 1 -2 2h-8a2 2 0 0 1 -2 -2z"></path><path d="M16 8v-2a2 2 0 0 0 -2 -2h-8a2 2 0 0 0 -2 2v8a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2"></path></svg></span></button></div><div style="--scrollarea-scrollbar-size:calc(0.25rem * var(--mantine-scale));--sa-corner-width:0px;--sa-corner-height:0px" class="m_f744fd40 mantine-CodeHighlight-scrollarea m_d57069b5 mantine-ScrollArea-root" dir="ltr"><div style="overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:hidden;overscroll-behavior-inline:none" class="m_c0783ff9 mantine-ScrollArea-viewport" data-scrollbars="xy"><div class="m_b1336c6 mantine-ScrollArea-content"><pre class="m_2c47c4fd mantine-CodeHighlight-pre" style="padding:0"><code class="m_5caae6d3 mantine-CodeHighlight-code">python -m package2.module2</code></pre></div></div></div><button class="mantine-focus-auto m_c9378bc2 mantine-CodeHighlight-showCodeButton m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-hidden="true" type="button">Expand code</button></div>
<p>или запускать скрипт из корня проекта (<code style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight">project/</code>) так, чтобы Python видел пакеты.</p>
<ol start="4">
<li><strong>Избегать изменения <code style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight">sys.path</code></strong> — это считается плохой практикой и может привести к непредсказуемым ошибкам.</li>
</ol>
<p>Замечание: иногда IDE вроде PyCharm корректно подхватывают пути пакетов, а VS Code нет. Всегда проверяйте запуск из командной строки с правильным рабочим каталогом.</p></div><div class="m_3eebeb36 mantine-Divider-root" data-orientation="horizontal" role="separator"></div><div style="--group-gap:var(--mantine-spacing-md);--group-align:center;--group-justify:flex-start;--group-wrap:wrap;font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-sm)" class="m_4081bf90 mantine-Group-root"><div style="--group-gap:var(--mantine-spacing-xs);--group-align:center;--group-justify:flex-start;--group-wrap:wrap;margin-inline-start:auto" class="m_4081bf90 mantine-Group-root"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="tabler-icon tabler-icon-calendar "><path d="M4 7a2 2 0 0 1 2 -2h12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v12a2 2 0 0 1 -2 2h-12a2 2 0 0 1 -2 -2v-12"></path><path d="M16 3v4"></path><path d="M8 3v4"></path><path d="M4 11h16"></path><path d="M11 15h1"></path><path d="M12 15v3"></path></svg><p class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root" data-inherit="true">3 месяца назад</p></div><div style="--group-gap:var(--mantine-spacing-xs);--group-align:center;--group-justify:flex-start;--group-wrap:wrap" class="m_4081bf90 mantine-Group-root"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="tabler-icon tabler-icon-user "><path d="M8 7a4 4 0 1 0 8 0a4 4 0 0 0 -8 0"></path><path d="M6 21v-2a4 4 0 0 1 4 -4h4a4 4 0 0 1 4 4v2"></path></svg><p class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root" data-inherit="true">Nikolai Gagarinov</p></div></div></div></div></div></div><style data-mantine-styles="inline">.__m__-_R_5diub_{--col-flex-grow:auto;--col-flex-basis:100%;--col-max-width:100%;}@media(min-width: 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