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To learn more about this situation and\nhow to fix it, please visit the web page mentioned above.\n```","plain_title":"Почему-то у меня curl-запрос заголовка хекслета блокируется: ~$ curl --head https://hexlet.io curl: (60) SSL certificate problem: self signed certificate in certificate chain More details here: https://curl.haxx.se/docs/sslcerts.html curl failed to verify the legitimacy of the server and therefore could not establish a secure connection to it. To learn more about this situation and how to fix it, please visit the web page mentioned above. ","creator":{"public_name":"Виталий","id":419171,"is_tutor":false},"comments":[{"creator":{"public_name":"Виталий","id":419171,"is_tutor":false},"id":160741,"body":"**Ivan Mamtsev**, да","topic_id":77374},{"creator":{"public_name":"Ivan Mamtsev","id":294764,"is_tutor":true},"id":160660,"body":"Добрый день, подскажите, у вас сохраняется ошибка?","topic_id":77374},{"creator":{"public_name":"Ivan Mamtsev","id":294764,"is_tutor":true},"id":160805,"body":"А в браузере открывается? Попробуйте подклчиться с впн. Также вы можете задать вопрос в вашу группу, может кто-то сталкивался с подобным.","topic_id":77374},{"creator":{"public_name":"Виталий","id":419171,"is_tutor":false},"id":160850,"body":"**Ivan Mamtsev**, да, в браузере открывается как https://ru.hexlet.io/my\n\nСпасибо, поспрашиваю в группе","topic_id":77374}],"communitable":{"parent_entity_name":null,"parent_entity_url":null,"entity_name":"Архитектура Веба","entity_url":null,"active":true}},{"id":86986,"title":"А есть курс который охватывает понятие websockets? ","plain_title":"А есть курс который охватывает понятие websockets? ","creator":{"public_name":"Arseniy","id":449611,"is_tutor":false},"comments":[{"creator":{"public_name":"Artyom Kropp","id":381127,"is_tutor":true},"id":174475,"body":"Добрый день! Курса по работе с вебсокетами нет, но есть вот такая [статья](https://ru.hexlet.io/blog/posts/chto-takoe-websocket-i-kak-oni-voobsche-rabotayut), которая поможет с пониманием работы с ними.","topic_id":86986}],"communitable":{"parent_entity_name":null,"parent_entity_url":null,"entity_name":"Архитектура Веба","entity_url":null,"active":true}}],"lesson":{"exercise":null,"units":[{"id":6752,"name":"theory","url":"/courses/python-flask/lessons/web-architecture/theory_unit"},{"id":6753,"name":"quiz","url":"/courses/python-flask/lessons/web-architecture/quiz_unit"}],"links":[],"ordered_units":[{"id":6752,"name":"theory","url":"/courses/python-flask/lessons/web-architecture/theory_unit"},{"id":6753,"name":"quiz","url":"/courses/python-flask/lessons/web-architecture/quiz_unit"}],"id":2959,"slug":"web-architecture","state":"approved","name":"Архитектура Веба","course_order":110,"goal":"Познакомимся с концепцией запрос-обработка-ответ в мире HTTP-запросов","self_study":"1. Выполните запрос `curl --head https://hexlet.io`. Изучите отправляемые и возвращаемые заголовки\n2. Откройте в браузере консоль разработчика, перейдите в ней на вкладку Network (Сеть) и загрузите `https://ru.hexlet.io` в этой вкладке. Изучите, какие запросы делает сайт и с какими заголовками, а также что приходит в ответ\n","theory_video_provider":null,"theory_video_uid":null,"theory":"Современные сайты разрабатываются на множестве языков с помощью разных технологий, но принципы их устройства одинаковые. Это определяется архитектурой веба. В его основе лежит протокол HTTP, с которым вы уже знакомы по одноименному курсу.\n\nСовременный веб несколько сложнее из-за WebSocket. Это влияет на принципы разработки сайтов, которые активно его используют. Но WebSocket — не замена обычному способу взаимодействия, а дополнение, которое необходимо для некоторых ситуаций. К таким задачам относится любое взаимодействие в реальном времени, например, чаты или многопользовательские игры.\n\nПринцип взаимодействия с любым сайтом сводится к следующим шагам:\n\n1. Пользователь запрашивает страницу сайта\n2. Браузер выполняет HTTP-запрос к веб-серверу\n3. Веб-сервер возвращает содержимое страницы в HTTP-ответе\n4. Браузер отрисовывает страницу сайта\n5. Пользователь кликает по ссылке на сайте, и весь процесс повторяется снова\n\n\n\nКаждый такой цикл включает в себя HTTP-сессию: HTTP-запрос и HTTP-ответ. Чтобы увидеть HTTP-сессию, нужно использовать утилиту `curl`:\n\n```bash\ncurl -v --head https://ru.hexlet.io\n\n* Trying 174.66.43.105:443...\n* TCP_NODELAY set\n* Connected to ru.hexlet.io (174.66.43.105) port 443 (#0)\n* ALPN, offering h2\n* ALPN, offering http/1.1\n* successfully set certificate verify locations:\n* CAfile: /etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt\n CApath: /etc/ssl/certs\n* TLSv1.3 (OUT), TLS handshake, Client hello (1):\n* TLSv1.3 (IN), TLS handshake, Server hello (2):\n* TLSv1.3 (IN), TLS handshake, Encrypted Extensions (8):\n* TLSv1.3 (IN), TLS handshake, Certificate (11):\n* TLSv1.3 (IN), TLS handshake, CERT verify (15):\n* TLSv1.3 (IN), TLS handshake, Finished (20):\n* TLSv1.3 (OUT), TLS change cipher, Change cipher spec (1):\n* TLSv1.3 (OUT), TLS handshake, Finished (20):\n* SSL connection using TLSv1.3 / TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384\n* ALPN, server accepted to use h2\n* Server certificate:\n* subject: C=US; ST=California; L=San Francisco; O=Cloudflare, Inc.; CN=sni.cloudflaressl.com\n* start date: Dec 21 00:00:00 2021 GMT\n* expire date: Dec 20 23:59:59 2022 GMT\n* issuer: C=US; O=Cloudflare, Inc.; CN=Cloudflare Inc ECC CA-3\n* SSL certificate verify ok.\n* Using HTTP2, server supports multi-use\n* Connection state changed (HTTP/2 confirmed)\n* Copying HTTP/2 data in stream buffer to connection buffer after upgrade: len=0\n* Using Stream ID: 1 (easy handle 0x560728425e30)\n> HEAD / HTTP/2\n> Host: ru.hexlet.io\n> user-agent: curl/7.68.0\n> accept: */*\n>\n* TLSv1.3 (IN), TLS handshake, Newsession Ticket (4):\n* TLSv1.3 (IN), TLS handshake, Newsession Ticket (4):\n* old SSL session ID is stale, removing\n* Connection state changed (MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS == 256)!\n< HTTP/2 200\nHTTP/2 200\n< date: Wed, 09 Feb 2022 07:13:32 GMT\ndate: Wed, 09 Feb 2022 07:13:32 GMT\n< content-type: text/html; charset=utf-8\ncontent-type: text/html; charset=utf-8\n...\n\n<\n* Connection #0 to host ru.hexlet.io left intact\n```\n\nПринцип взаимодействия не зависит от того, на чем написан сайт. С точки зрения сервера всегда есть запрос, который нужно обработать и вернуть ответ, например, в виде HTML. Каким будет HTML для конкретного запроса, определяется самим запросом — запрошенной страницей и различными параметрами HTTP, например, заголовками.\n\nВ итоге код сайта представляет собой набор обработчиков разных страниц, которые принимают входящие запросы, формируют ответ и возвращают его. Ниже можно посмотреть примеры на разных языках. В них можно найти общую структуру всех примеров кода: функция-обработчик, привязанная к конкретной странице.\n\n**PHP**\n\n```php\n<?php\n\nuse Slim\\Factory\\AppFactory;\n$app = AppFactory::create();\n\n$app->get('/', function ($request, $response) {\n return $response->write('Welcome to Slim!');\n});\n\n$app->run();\n```\n\n**Ruby**\n\n```ruby\nrequire 'sinatra'\nget '/frank-says' do\n 'Put this in your pipe & smoke it!'\nend\n```\n\n**Python**\n\n```python\nfrom flask import Flask\n\napp = Flask(__name__)\n\n\n@app.route(\"/\")\ndef hello():\n return \"Hello World!\"\n```\n\n**Java**\n\n```java\nimport static spark.Spark.*;\n\npublic class HelloWorld {\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n get(\"/hello\", (req, res) -> \"Hello World\");\n }\n}\n```\n\n**JavaScript**\n\n```javascript\nimport Express from 'express'\nconst app = new Express()\n\napp.get('/', (req, res) => {\n res.send('Hello World!')\n})\n```\n\nРеальные сайты устроены значительно сложнее, но в основе лежит та связка запрос-ответ, которая была описана в этом уроке. Именно она определяет общую структуру любого сайта, написанного на любом языке.\n"},"lessonMember":null,"courseMember":null,"course":{"start_lesson":{"exercise":null,"units":[{"id":6811,"name":"theory","url":"/courses/python-flask/lessons/about/theory_unit"}],"links":[{"id":425950,"name":"Что такое протокол HTTPS, и как он защищает вас в интернете","url":"https://guides.hexlet.io/ru/https-yandex-guide/"},{"id":425951,"name":"Как работает DNS","url":"https://guides.hexlet.io/ru/dns/"}],"ordered_units":[{"id":6811,"name":"theory","url":"/courses/python-flask/lessons/about/theory_unit"}],"id":2995,"slug":"about","state":"approved","name":"О курсе","course_order":100,"goal":"Узнаем о курсе, его структуре, задачах и целях","self_study":null,"theory_video_provider":null,"theory_video_uid":null,"theory":"Flask — это один из популярных веб-фреймворков на Python, который помогает быстро и просто разрабатывать сайты. Его создатели придерживаются минималистского подхода, поэтому Flask предоставляет только необходимые инструменты и библиотеки для создания сайтов. Так он обеспечивает разработчикам гибкость в создании собственного набора технологий.\n\nЭтот курс подойдет тем, кто продолжает изучать Python и его применение в вебе. Здесь мы будем изучать основы веб-разработки. Вы познакомитесь с архитектурой веба и детально изучите принципы создания современных веб-приложений.\n\nВо время прохождения курса мы рассмотрим следующие темы:\n\n- Обработка запросов и формирование ответов\n- Обработка форм\n- Шаблонизатор\n- Ресурсная маршрутизация\n- CRUD и работа с сущностями\n- Архитектурный паттерн MVC\n- Работа с куками и сессиями\n- Деплой\n\nПрактика этого курса выполняется в среде Хекслета, но для полноценного погружения рекомендуем повторять все действия на своем компьютере. Для этого убедитесь, что в вашей системе установлены:\n\n- Python 3.10 (или более новая версия)\n- [uv](https://docs.astral.sh/uv/)\n\nКроме практики в нашей среде, почти каждый урок содержит самостоятельную работу. Ее нужно выполнять у себя на компьютере. Эти задания зависят друг от друга. Каждая новая самостоятельная работа базируется на том, что было сделано в предыдущих уроках.\n"},"id":197,"slug":"python-flask","challenges_count":3,"name":"Python: Веб-разработка (Flask)","allow_indexing":true,"state":"approved","course_state":"finished","pricing_type":"paid","description":"На этом курсе вы изучите основы веб-разработки на примере микрофреймворка Flask. Вы узнаете, как обрабатывать запросы и формировать ответ, как работать с куки и сессиями, что такое CRUD и как правильно работать с сущностями. В итоге вы научитесь создавать полноценные сайты, строить архитектуру веб-приложений и доставлять их до сервера. Веб-разработка на Flask пригодится, если вы решите детально изучить принципы создания современных веб-приложений.","kind":"basic","updated_at":"2026-01-22T11:47:35.289Z","language":"python","duration_cache":83280,"skills":["Создавать полноценные сайты с помощью Python","Работать с микрофреймворком Flask","Использовать шаблонизатор Jinja2","Правильно строить архитектуру веб-приложений и разбираться в MVC","Доставлять приложение до сервера"],"keywords":["маршрутизация","шаблонизация","request","WSGI","методы 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:root[data-mantine-color-scheme="dark"], :host([data-mantine-color-scheme="dark"]){--mantine-color-anchor: var(--mantine-color-text);--mantine-color-dimmed: #495057;--mantine-color-dark-filled: var(--mantine-color-dark-5);--mantine-color-dark-filled-hover: var(--mantine-color-dark-6);--mantine-color-dark-light: rgba(105, 105, 105, 0.15);--mantine-color-dark-light-hover: rgba(105, 105, 105, 0.2);--mantine-color-dark-light-color: var(--mantine-color-dark-0);--mantine-color-dark-outline: var(--mantine-color-dark-1);--mantine-color-dark-outline-hover: rgba(184, 184, 184, 0.05);--mantine-color-gray-filled: var(--mantine-color-gray-5);--mantine-color-gray-filled-hover: var(--mantine-color-gray-6);--mantine-color-gray-light: rgba(222, 226, 230, 0.15);--mantine-color-gray-light-hover: rgba(222, 226, 230, 0.2);--mantine-color-gray-light-color: var(--mantine-color-gray-0);--mantine-color-gray-outline: var(--mantine-color-gray-1);--mantine-color-gray-outline-hover: rgba(241, 243, 245, 0.05);--mantine-color-red-filled: var(--mantine-color-red-5);--mantine-color-red-filled-hover: var(--mantine-color-red-6);--mantine-color-red-light: rgba(236, 120, 120, 0.15);--mantine-color-red-light-hover: rgba(236, 120, 120, 0.2);--mantine-color-red-light-color: var(--mantine-color-red-0);--mantine-color-red-outline: var(--mantine-color-red-1);--mantine-color-red-outline-hover: rgba(254, 212, 212, 0.05);--mantine-color-pink-filled: var(--mantine-color-pink-5);--mantine-color-pink-filled-hover: var(--mantine-color-pink-6);--mantine-color-pink-light: rgba(250, 162, 193, 0.15);--mantine-color-pink-light-hover: rgba(250, 162, 193, 0.2);--mantine-color-pink-light-color: var(--mantine-color-pink-0);--mantine-color-pink-outline: var(--mantine-color-pink-1);--mantine-color-pink-outline-hover: rgba(255, 222, 235, 0.05);--mantine-color-grape-filled: var(--mantine-color-grape-5);--mantine-color-grape-filled-hover: var(--mantine-color-grape-6);--mantine-color-grape-light: rgba(229, 153, 247, 0.15);--mantine-color-grape-light-hover: rgba(229, 153, 247, 0.2);--mantine-color-grape-light-color: var(--mantine-color-grape-0);--mantine-color-grape-outline: var(--mantine-color-grape-1);--mantine-color-grape-outline-hover: rgba(243, 217, 250, 0.05);--mantine-color-violet-filled: var(--mantine-color-violet-5);--mantine-color-violet-filled-hover: var(--mantine-color-violet-6);--mantine-color-violet-light: rgba(209, 111, 255, 0.15);--mantine-color-violet-light-hover: rgba(209, 111, 255, 0.2);--mantine-color-violet-light-color: var(--mantine-color-violet-0);--mantine-color-violet-outline: var(--mantine-color-violet-1);--mantine-color-violet-outline-hover: rgba(241, 207, 255, 0.05);--mantine-color-indigo-filled: var(--mantine-color-indigo-5);--mantine-color-indigo-filled-hover: var(--mantine-color-indigo-6);--mantine-color-indigo-light: rgba(123, 121, 235, 0.15);--mantine-color-indigo-light-hover: rgba(123, 121, 235, 0.2);--mantine-color-indigo-light-color: var(--mantine-color-indigo-0);--mantine-color-indigo-outline: var(--mantine-color-indigo-1);--mantine-color-indigo-outline-hover: rgba(214, 213, 254, 0.05);--mantine-color-blue-filled: var(--mantine-color-blue-5);--mantine-color-blue-filled-hover: var(--mantine-color-blue-6);--mantine-color-blue-light: rgba(116, 192, 252, 0.15);--mantine-color-blue-light-hover: rgba(116, 192, 252, 0.2);--mantine-color-blue-light-color: var(--mantine-color-blue-0);--mantine-color-blue-outline: var(--mantine-color-blue-1);--mantine-color-blue-outline-hover: rgba(208, 235, 255, 0.05);--mantine-color-cyan-filled: var(--mantine-color-cyan-5);--mantine-color-cyan-filled-hover: var(--mantine-color-cyan-6);--mantine-color-cyan-light: rgba(100, 218, 255, 0.15);--mantine-color-cyan-light-hover: rgba(100, 218, 255, 0.2);--mantine-color-cyan-light-color: var(--mantine-color-cyan-0);--mantine-color-cyan-outline: var(--mantine-color-cyan-1);--mantine-color-cyan-outline-hover: rgba(202, 245, 255, 0.05);--mantine-color-teal-filled: var(--mantine-color-teal-5);--mantine-color-teal-filled-hover: var(--mantine-color-teal-6);--mantine-color-teal-light: rgba(99, 230, 190, 0.15);--mantine-color-teal-light-hover: rgba(99, 230, 190, 0.2);--mantine-color-teal-light-color: var(--mantine-color-teal-0);--mantine-color-teal-outline: var(--mantine-color-teal-1);--mantine-color-teal-outline-hover: rgba(195, 250, 232, 0.05);--mantine-color-green-filled: var(--mantine-color-green-5);--mantine-color-green-filled-hover: var(--mantine-color-green-6);--mantine-color-green-light: rgba(134, 223, 148, 0.15);--mantine-color-green-light-hover: rgba(134, 223, 148, 0.2);--mantine-color-green-light-color: var(--mantine-color-green-0);--mantine-color-green-outline: var(--mantine-color-green-1);--mantine-color-green-outline-hover: rgba(215, 246, 220, 0.05);--mantine-color-lime-filled: var(--mantine-color-lime-5);--mantine-color-lime-filled-hover: var(--mantine-color-lime-6);--mantine-color-lime-light: rgba(192, 235, 117, 0.15);--mantine-color-lime-light-hover: rgba(192, 235, 117, 0.2);--mantine-color-lime-light-color: var(--mantine-color-lime-0);--mantine-color-lime-outline: var(--mantine-color-lime-1);--mantine-color-lime-outline-hover: rgba(233, 250, 200, 0.05);--mantine-color-yellow-filled: var(--mantine-color-yellow-5);--mantine-color-yellow-filled-hover: var(--mantine-color-yellow-6);--mantine-color-yellow-light: rgba(255, 201, 102, 0.15);--mantine-color-yellow-light-hover: rgba(255, 201, 102, 0.2);--mantine-color-yellow-light-color: var(--mantine-color-yellow-0);--mantine-color-yellow-outline: var(--mantine-color-yellow-1);--mantine-color-yellow-outline-hover: rgba(255, 238, 205, 0.05);--mantine-color-orange-filled: var(--mantine-color-orange-5);--mantine-color-orange-filled-hover: var(--mantine-color-orange-6);--mantine-color-orange-light: rgba(255, 192, 120, 0.15);--mantine-color-orange-light-hover: rgba(255, 192, 120, 0.2);--mantine-color-orange-light-color: var(--mantine-color-orange-0);--mantine-color-orange-outline: var(--mantine-color-orange-1);--mantine-color-orange-outline-hover: rgba(255, 232, 204, 0.05);--app-cta-gradient: linear-gradient(90deg, var(--mantine-color-blue-9) 0%, var(--mantine-color-cyan-7) 100%);--app-color-surface: #2e2e2e;}
:root[data-mantine-color-scheme="light"], :host([data-mantine-color-scheme="light"]){--mantine-color-anchor: var(--mantine-color-text);--mantine-color-dimmed: #495057;--mantine-color-red-light: rgba(224, 40, 41, 0.1);--mantine-color-red-light-hover: rgba(224, 40, 41, 0.12);--mantine-color-red-outline-hover: rgba(224, 40, 41, 0.05);--mantine-color-violet-light: rgba(176, 9, 255, 0.1);--mantine-color-violet-light-hover: rgba(176, 9, 255, 0.12);--mantine-color-violet-outline-hover: rgba(176, 9, 255, 0.05);--mantine-color-indigo-light: rgba(45, 42, 223, 0.1);--mantine-color-indigo-light-hover: rgba(45, 42, 223, 0.12);--mantine-color-indigo-outline-hover: rgba(45, 42, 223, 0.05);--mantine-color-cyan-light: rgba(0, 194, 255, 0.1);--mantine-color-cyan-light-hover: rgba(0, 194, 255, 0.12);--mantine-color-cyan-outline-hover: rgba(0, 194, 255, 0.05);--mantine-color-green-light: rgba(63, 204, 84, 0.1);--mantine-color-green-light-hover: rgba(63, 204, 84, 0.12);--mantine-color-green-outline-hover: rgba(63, 204, 84, 0.05);--mantine-color-yellow-light: rgba(255, 169, 15, 0.1);--mantine-color-yellow-light-hover: rgba(255, 169, 15, 0.12);--mantine-color-yellow-outline-hover: rgba(255, 169, 15, 0.05);--app-color-surface: #f1f3f5;--app-cta-gradient: linear-gradient(90deg, var(--mantine-color-blue-filled) 0%, var(--mantine-color-cyan-5) 100%);}</style><style data-mantine-styles="classes">@media (max-width: 35.99375em) {.mantine-visible-from-xs {display: none !important;}}@media (min-width: 36em) {.mantine-hidden-from-xs {display: none !important;}}@media (max-width: 47.99375em) {.mantine-visible-from-sm {display: none !important;}}@media (min-width: 48em) {.mantine-hidden-from-sm {display: none !important;}}@media (max-width: 61.99375em) {.mantine-visible-from-md {display: none !important;}}@media (min-width: 62em) {.mantine-hidden-from-md {display: none !important;}}@media (max-width: 74.99375em) {.mantine-visible-from-lg {display: none !important;}}@media (min-width: 75em) {.mantine-hidden-from-lg {display: none !important;}}@media (max-width: 87.99375em) {.mantine-visible-from-xl {display: none !important;}}@media (min-width: 88em) {.mantine-hidden-from-xl {display: none !important;}}</style><div style="position:absolute;top:0rem" class=""></div><div style="max-width:var(--container-size-xl);height:100%;min-height:0rem" class=""><style data-mantine-styles="inline">.__m__-_R_5ub_{--grid-gutter:0rem;}</style><div style="height:100%;min-height:0rem" class="m_410352e9 mantine-Grid-root __m__-_R_5ub_"><div class="m_dee7bd2f mantine-Grid-inner" style="height:100%"><style data-mantine-styles="inline">.__m__-_R_rdub_{--col-flex-grow:auto;--col-flex-basis:91.66666666666667%;--col-max-width:91.66666666666667%;}@media(min-width: 48em){.__m__-_R_rdub_{--col-flex-grow:auto;--col-flex-basis:83.33333333333334%;--col-max-width:83.33333333333334%;}}</style><div style="min-width:0rem;height:100%;min-height:0rem;display:flex" class="m_96bdd299 mantine-Grid-col __m__-_R_rdub_"><style data-mantine-styles="inline">.__m__-_R_6qrdub_{margin-top:0rem;padding-inline:var(--mantine-spacing-xs);width:100%;}@media(min-width: 48em){.__m__-_R_6qrdub_{margin-top:var(--mantine-spacing-xl);width:80%;}}@media(min-width: 62em){.__m__-_R_6qrdub_{padding-inline:var(--mantine-spacing-xl);}}</style><div style="margin-inline:auto;max-width:var(--mantine-breakpoint-xl)" class="__m__-_R_6qrdub_"><div style="color:var(--mantine-color-dimmed)" class="m_4451eb3a mantine-Center-root" data-inline="true"><div style="--ti-size:var(--ti-size-xs);--ti-bg:transparent;--ti-color:var(--mantine-color-indigo-light-color);--ti-bd:calc(0.0625rem * var(--mantine-scale)) solid transparent;margin-inline-end:calc(0.125rem * var(--mantine-scale));color:inherit" class="m_7341320d mantine-ThemeIcon-root" data-variant="transparent" data-size="xs"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="tabler-icon tabler-icon-lock "><path d="M5 13a2 2 0 0 1 2 -2h10a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v6a2 2 0 0 1 -2 2h-10a2 2 0 0 1 -2 -2v-6"></path><path d="M11 16a1 1 0 1 0 2 0a1 1 0 0 0 -2 0"></path><path d="M8 11v-4a4 4 0 1 1 8 0v4"></path></svg></div><p style="font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-sm)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">Python: Веб-разработка (Flask)</p></div><h1 style="--title-fw:var(--mantine-h1-font-weight);--title-lh:var(--mantine-h1-line-height);--title-fz:var(--mantine-h1-font-size);margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-xl)" class="m_8a5d1357 mantine-Title-root" data-order="1">Теория: Архитектура Веба</h1><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"LearningResource","name":"Архитектура Веба","inLanguage":"ru","isPartOf":{"@type":"LearningResource","name":"Python: Веб-разработка (Flask)"},"isAccessibleForFree":"False","hasPart":{"@type":"WebPageElement","isAccessibleForFree":"False","cssSelector":".paywalled"}}</script><div class=""><div style="--alert-color:var(--mantine-color-indigo-light-color);margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg);font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-lg)" class="m_66836ed3 mantine-Alert-root" id="mantine-_R_remqrdub_" role="alert" aria-describedby="mantine-_R_remqrdub_-body" aria-labelledby="mantine-_R_remqrdub_-title"><div class="m_a5d60502 mantine-Alert-wrapper"><div class="m_667f2a6a mantine-Alert-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="tabler-icon tabler-icon-rocket "><path d="M4 13a8 8 0 0 1 7 7a6 6 0 0 0 3 -5a9 9 0 0 0 6 -8a3 3 0 0 0 -3 -3a9 9 0 0 0 -8 6a6 6 0 0 0 -5 3"></path><path d="M7 14a6 6 0 0 0 -3 6a6 6 0 0 0 6 -3"></path><path d="M14 9a1 1 0 1 0 2 0a1 1 0 1 0 -2 0"></path></svg></div><div class="m_667c2793 mantine-Alert-body"><div class="m_6a03f287 mantine-Alert-title"><span id="mantine-_R_remqrdub_-title" class="m_698f4f23 mantine-Alert-label">Полный доступ к материалам</span></div><div id="mantine-_R_remqrdub_-body" class="m_7fa78076 mantine-Alert-message"><div style="--group-gap:var(--mantine-spacing-md);--group-align:center;--group-justify:space-between;--group-wrap:wrap" class="m_4081bf90 mantine-Group-root"><p class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">Зарегистрируйтесь и получите доступ к этому и десяткам других курсов</p><a style="--button-height:var(--button-height-xs);--button-padding-x:var(--button-padding-x-xs);--button-fz:var(--mantine-font-size-xs);--button-bg:linear-gradient(45deg, var(--mantine-color-blue-filled) 0%, var(--mantine-color-cyan-filled) 100%);--button-hover:linear-gradient(45deg, var(--mantine-color-blue-filled) 0%, var(--mantine-color-cyan-filled) 100%);--button-color:var(--mantine-color-white);--button-bd:none" class="mantine-focus-auto mantine-active m_77c9d27d mantine-Button-root m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-variant="gradient" data-size="xs" href="/u/new"><span class="m_80f1301b mantine-Button-inner"><span class="m_811560b9 mantine-Button-label">Зарегистрироваться</span></span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="paywalled m_d08caa0 mantine-Typography-root"><p>Современные сайты разрабатываются на множестве языков с помощью разных технологий, но принципы их устройства одинаковые. Это определяется архитектурой веба. В его основе лежит протокол HTTP, с которым вы уже знакомы по одноименному курсу.</p>
<p>Современный веб несколько сложнее из-за WebSocket. Это влияет на принципы разработки сайтов, которые активно его используют. Но WebSocket — не замена обычному способу взаимодействия, а дополнение, которое необходимо для некоторых ситуаций. К таким задачам относится любое взаимодействие в реальном времени, например, чаты или многопользовательские игры.</p>
<p>Принцип взаимодействия с любым сайтом сводится к следующим шагам:</p>
<ol>
<li>Пользователь запрашивает страницу сайта</li>
<li>Браузер выполняет HTTP-запрос к веб-серверу</li>
<li>Веб-сервер возвращает содержимое страницы в HTTP-ответе</li>
<li>Браузер отрисовывает страницу сайта</li>
<li>Пользователь кликает по ссылке на сайте, и весь процесс повторяется снова</li>
</ol>
<p><img style="--image-object-fit:contain;width:auto" class="m_9e117634 mantine-Image-root" src="/rails/active_storage/blobs/proxy/eyJfcmFpbHMiOnsiZGF0YSI6MTAwMTUsInB1ciI6ImJsb2JfaWQifX0=--32179d44faf489f0b8b97d1c09a665a36e438897/http-session.png" alt="http session" loading="lazy"/></p>
<p>Каждый такой цикл включает в себя HTTP-сессию: HTTP-запрос и HTTP-ответ. Чтобы увидеть HTTP-сессию, нужно использовать утилиту <code style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight">curl</code>:</p>
<div style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight" dir="ltr"><div class="m_be7e9c9c mantine-CodeHighlight-controls"><button style="--ai-bg:transparent;--ai-hover:transparent;--ai-color:inherit;--ai-bd:none" class="mantine-focus-auto mantine-active m_d498bab7 mantine-CodeHighlight-control m_8d3f4000 mantine-ActionIcon-root m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-variant="none" type="button" aria-label="Copy code"><span class="m_8d3afb97 mantine-ActionIcon-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="2" stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path stroke="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path><path d="M8 8m0 2a2 2 0 0 1 2 -2h8a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v8a2 2 0 0 1 -2 2h-8a2 2 0 0 1 -2 -2z"></path><path d="M16 8v-2a2 2 0 0 0 -2 -2h-8a2 2 0 0 0 -2 2v8a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2"></path></svg></span></button></div><div style="--scrollarea-scrollbar-size:calc(0.25rem * var(--mantine-scale));--sa-corner-width:0px;--sa-corner-height:0px" class="m_f744fd40 mantine-CodeHighlight-scrollarea m_d57069b5 mantine-ScrollArea-root" dir="ltr"><div style="overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:hidden;overscroll-behavior-inline:none" class="m_c0783ff9 mantine-ScrollArea-viewport" data-scrollbars="xy"><div class="m_b1336c6 mantine-ScrollArea-content"><pre class="m_2c47c4fd mantine-CodeHighlight-pre" style="padding:0"><code class="m_5caae6d3 mantine-CodeHighlight-code">curl -v --head https://ru.hexlet.io
* Trying 174.66.43.105:443...
* TCP_NODELAY set
* Connected to ru.hexlet.io (174.66.43.105) port 443 (#0)
* ALPN, offering h2
* ALPN, offering http/1.1
* successfully set certificate verify locations:
* CAfile: /etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt
CApath: /etc/ssl/certs
* TLSv1.3 (OUT), TLS handshake, Client hello (1):
* TLSv1.3 (IN), TLS handshake, Server hello (2):
* TLSv1.3 (IN), TLS handshake, Encrypted Extensions (8):
* TLSv1.3 (IN), TLS handshake, Certificate (11):
* TLSv1.3 (IN), TLS handshake, CERT verify (15):
* TLSv1.3 (IN), TLS handshake, Finished (20):
* TLSv1.3 (OUT), TLS change cipher, Change cipher spec (1):
* TLSv1.3 (OUT), TLS handshake, Finished (20):
* SSL connection using TLSv1.3 / TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384
* ALPN, server accepted to use h2
* Server certificate:
* subject: C=US; ST=California; L=San Francisco; O=Cloudflare, Inc.; CN=sni.cloudflaressl.com
* start date: Dec 21 00:00:00 2021 GMT
* expire date: Dec 20 23:59:59 2022 GMT
* issuer: C=US; O=Cloudflare, Inc.; CN=Cloudflare Inc ECC CA-3
* SSL certificate verify ok.
* Using HTTP2, server supports multi-use
* Connection state changed (HTTP/2 confirmed)
* Copying HTTP/2 data in stream buffer to connection buffer after upgrade: len=0
* Using Stream ID: 1 (easy handle 0x560728425e30)
> HEAD / HTTP/2
> Host: ru.hexlet.io
> user-agent: curl/7.68.0
> accept: */*
>
* TLSv1.3 (IN), TLS handshake, Newsession Ticket (4):
* TLSv1.3 (IN), TLS handshake, Newsession Ticket (4):
* old SSL session ID is stale, removing
* Connection state changed (MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS == 256)!
< HTTP/2 200
HTTP/2 200
< date: Wed, 09 Feb 2022 07:13:32 GMT
date: Wed, 09 Feb 2022 07:13:32 GMT
< content-type: text/html; charset=utf-8
content-type: text/html; charset=utf-8
...
<
* Connection #0 to host ru.hexlet.io left intact</code></pre></div></div></div><button class="mantine-focus-auto m_c9378bc2 mantine-CodeHighlight-showCodeButton m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-hidden="true" type="button">Expand code</button></div>
<p>Принцип взаимодействия не зависит от того, на чем написан сайт. С точки зрения сервера всегда есть запрос, который нужно обработать и вернуть ответ, например, в виде HTML. Каким будет HTML для конкретного запроса, определяется самим запросом — запрошенной страницей и различными параметрами HTTP, например, заголовками.</p>
<p>В итоге код сайта представляет собой набор обработчиков разных страниц, которые принимают входящие запросы, формируют ответ и возвращают его. Ниже можно посмотреть примеры на разных языках. В них можно найти общую структуру всех примеров кода: функция-обработчик, привязанная к конкретной странице.</p>
<p><strong>PHP</strong></p>
<div style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight" dir="ltr"><div class="m_be7e9c9c mantine-CodeHighlight-controls"><button style="--ai-bg:transparent;--ai-hover:transparent;--ai-color:inherit;--ai-bd:none" class="mantine-focus-auto mantine-active m_d498bab7 mantine-CodeHighlight-control m_8d3f4000 mantine-ActionIcon-root m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-variant="none" type="button" aria-label="Copy code"><span class="m_8d3afb97 mantine-ActionIcon-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="2" stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path stroke="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path><path d="M8 8m0 2a2 2 0 0 1 2 -2h8a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v8a2 2 0 0 1 -2 2h-8a2 2 0 0 1 -2 -2z"></path><path d="M16 8v-2a2 2 0 0 0 -2 -2h-8a2 2 0 0 0 -2 2v8a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2"></path></svg></span></button></div><div style="--scrollarea-scrollbar-size:calc(0.25rem * var(--mantine-scale));--sa-corner-width:0px;--sa-corner-height:0px" class="m_f744fd40 mantine-CodeHighlight-scrollarea m_d57069b5 mantine-ScrollArea-root" dir="ltr"><div style="overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:hidden;overscroll-behavior-inline:none" class="m_c0783ff9 mantine-ScrollArea-viewport" data-scrollbars="xy"><div class="m_b1336c6 mantine-ScrollArea-content"><pre class="m_2c47c4fd mantine-CodeHighlight-pre" style="padding:0"><code class="m_5caae6d3 mantine-CodeHighlight-code"><?php
use Slim\Factory\AppFactory;
$app = AppFactory::create();
$app->get('/', function ($request, $response) {
return $response->write('Welcome to Slim!');
});
$app->run();</code></pre></div></div></div><button class="mantine-focus-auto m_c9378bc2 mantine-CodeHighlight-showCodeButton m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-hidden="true" type="button">Expand code</button></div>
<p><strong>Ruby</strong></p>
<div style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight" dir="ltr"><div class="m_be7e9c9c mantine-CodeHighlight-controls"><button style="--ai-bg:transparent;--ai-hover:transparent;--ai-color:inherit;--ai-bd:none" class="mantine-focus-auto mantine-active m_d498bab7 mantine-CodeHighlight-control m_8d3f4000 mantine-ActionIcon-root m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-variant="none" type="button" aria-label="Copy code"><span class="m_8d3afb97 mantine-ActionIcon-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="2" stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path stroke="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path><path d="M8 8m0 2a2 2 0 0 1 2 -2h8a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v8a2 2 0 0 1 -2 2h-8a2 2 0 0 1 -2 -2z"></path><path d="M16 8v-2a2 2 0 0 0 -2 -2h-8a2 2 0 0 0 -2 2v8a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2"></path></svg></span></button></div><div style="--scrollarea-scrollbar-size:calc(0.25rem * var(--mantine-scale));--sa-corner-width:0px;--sa-corner-height:0px" class="m_f744fd40 mantine-CodeHighlight-scrollarea m_d57069b5 mantine-ScrollArea-root" dir="ltr"><div style="overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:hidden;overscroll-behavior-inline:none" class="m_c0783ff9 mantine-ScrollArea-viewport" data-scrollbars="xy"><div class="m_b1336c6 mantine-ScrollArea-content"><pre class="m_2c47c4fd mantine-CodeHighlight-pre" style="padding:0"><code class="m_5caae6d3 mantine-CodeHighlight-code">require 'sinatra'
get '/frank-says' do
'Put this in your pipe & smoke it!'
end</code></pre></div></div></div><button class="mantine-focus-auto m_c9378bc2 mantine-CodeHighlight-showCodeButton m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-hidden="true" type="button">Expand code</button></div>
<p><strong>Python</strong></p>
<div style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight" dir="ltr"><div class="m_be7e9c9c mantine-CodeHighlight-controls"><button style="--ai-bg:transparent;--ai-hover:transparent;--ai-color:inherit;--ai-bd:none" class="mantine-focus-auto mantine-active m_d498bab7 mantine-CodeHighlight-control m_8d3f4000 mantine-ActionIcon-root m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-variant="none" type="button" aria-label="Copy code"><span class="m_8d3afb97 mantine-ActionIcon-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="2" stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path stroke="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path><path d="M8 8m0 2a2 2 0 0 1 2 -2h8a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v8a2 2 0 0 1 -2 2h-8a2 2 0 0 1 -2 -2z"></path><path d="M16 8v-2a2 2 0 0 0 -2 -2h-8a2 2 0 0 0 -2 2v8a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2"></path></svg></span></button></div><div style="--scrollarea-scrollbar-size:calc(0.25rem * var(--mantine-scale));--sa-corner-width:0px;--sa-corner-height:0px" class="m_f744fd40 mantine-CodeHighlight-scrollarea m_d57069b5 mantine-ScrollArea-root" dir="ltr"><div style="overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:hidden;overscroll-behavior-inline:none" class="m_c0783ff9 mantine-ScrollArea-viewport" data-scrollbars="xy"><div class="m_b1336c6 mantine-ScrollArea-content"><pre class="m_2c47c4fd mantine-CodeHighlight-pre" style="padding:0"><code class="m_5caae6d3 mantine-CodeHighlight-code">from flask import Flask
app = Flask(__name__)
@app.route("/")
def hello():
return "Hello World!"</code></pre></div></div></div><button class="mantine-focus-auto m_c9378bc2 mantine-CodeHighlight-showCodeButton m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-hidden="true" type="button">Expand code</button></div>
<p><strong>Java</strong></p>
<div style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight" dir="ltr"><div class="m_be7e9c9c mantine-CodeHighlight-controls"><button style="--ai-bg:transparent;--ai-hover:transparent;--ai-color:inherit;--ai-bd:none" class="mantine-focus-auto mantine-active m_d498bab7 mantine-CodeHighlight-control m_8d3f4000 mantine-ActionIcon-root m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-variant="none" type="button" aria-label="Copy code"><span class="m_8d3afb97 mantine-ActionIcon-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="2" stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path stroke="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path><path d="M8 8m0 2a2 2 0 0 1 2 -2h8a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v8a2 2 0 0 1 -2 2h-8a2 2 0 0 1 -2 -2z"></path><path d="M16 8v-2a2 2 0 0 0 -2 -2h-8a2 2 0 0 0 -2 2v8a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2"></path></svg></span></button></div><div style="--scrollarea-scrollbar-size:calc(0.25rem * var(--mantine-scale));--sa-corner-width:0px;--sa-corner-height:0px" class="m_f744fd40 mantine-CodeHighlight-scrollarea m_d57069b5 mantine-ScrollArea-root" dir="ltr"><div style="overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:hidden;overscroll-behavior-inline:none" class="m_c0783ff9 mantine-ScrollArea-viewport" data-scrollbars="xy"><div class="m_b1336c6 mantine-ScrollArea-content"><pre class="m_2c47c4fd mantine-CodeHighlight-pre" style="padding:0"><code class="m_5caae6d3 mantine-CodeHighlight-code">import static spark.Spark.*;
public class HelloWorld {
public static void main(String[] args) {
get("/hello", (req, res) -> "Hello World");
}
}</code></pre></div></div></div><button class="mantine-focus-auto m_c9378bc2 mantine-CodeHighlight-showCodeButton m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-hidden="true" type="button">Expand code</button></div>
<p><strong>JavaScript</strong></p>
<div style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight" dir="ltr"><div class="m_be7e9c9c mantine-CodeHighlight-controls"><button style="--ai-bg:transparent;--ai-hover:transparent;--ai-color:inherit;--ai-bd:none" class="mantine-focus-auto mantine-active m_d498bab7 mantine-CodeHighlight-control m_8d3f4000 mantine-ActionIcon-root m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-variant="none" type="button" aria-label="Copy code"><span class="m_8d3afb97 mantine-ActionIcon-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="2" stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path stroke="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path><path d="M8 8m0 2a2 2 0 0 1 2 -2h8a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v8a2 2 0 0 1 -2 2h-8a2 2 0 0 1 -2 -2z"></path><path d="M16 8v-2a2 2 0 0 0 -2 -2h-8a2 2 0 0 0 -2 2v8a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2"></path></svg></span></button></div><div style="--scrollarea-scrollbar-size:calc(0.25rem * var(--mantine-scale));--sa-corner-width:0px;--sa-corner-height:0px" class="m_f744fd40 mantine-CodeHighlight-scrollarea m_d57069b5 mantine-ScrollArea-root" dir="ltr"><div style="overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:hidden;overscroll-behavior-inline:none" class="m_c0783ff9 mantine-ScrollArea-viewport" data-scrollbars="xy"><div class="m_b1336c6 mantine-ScrollArea-content"><pre class="m_2c47c4fd mantine-CodeHighlight-pre" style="padding:0"><code class="m_5caae6d3 mantine-CodeHighlight-code">import Express from 'express'
const app = new Express()
app.get('/', (req, res) => {
res.send('Hello World!')
})</code></pre></div></div></div><button class="mantine-focus-auto m_c9378bc2 mantine-CodeHighlight-showCodeButton m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-hidden="true" type="button">Expand code</button></div>
<p>Реальные сайты устроены значительно сложнее, но в основе лежит та связка запрос-ответ, которая была описана в этом уроке. Именно она определяет общую структуру любого сайта, написанного на любом языке.</p></div><div style="margin-block:var(--mantine-spacing-xl)" class=""><h2 style="--title-fw:var(--mantine-h2-font-weight);--title-lh:var(--mantine-h2-line-height);--title-fz:var(--mantine-h2-font-size);margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-md)" class="m_8a5d1357 mantine-Title-root" data-order="2">Рекомендуемые программы</h2><style data-mantine-styles="inline">.__m__-_R_2mremqrdub_{--carousel-slide-gap:var(--mantine-spacing-xs);--carousel-slide-size:70%;}@media(min-width: 36em){.__m__-_R_2mremqrdub_{--carousel-slide-gap:var(--mantine-spacing-xl);--carousel-slide-size:50%;}}</style><div style="--carousel-control-size:calc(2.5rem * var(--mantine-scale));--carousel-controls-offset:var(--mantine-spacing-sm);margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg);padding-block:var(--mantine-spacing-sm);background:var(--app-color-surface)" class="m_17884d0f mantine-Carousel-root responsiveClassName" data-orientation="horizontal" data-include-gap-in-size="true"><div class="m_39bc3463 mantine-Carousel-controls" data-orientation="horizontal"><button class="mantine-focus-auto m_64f58e10 mantine-Carousel-control m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" type="button" data-inactive="true" data-type="previous" tabindex="-1"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 15" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="transform:rotate(90deg);width:calc(1rem * var(--mantine-scale));height:calc(1rem * var(--mantine-scale));display:block"><path d="M3.13523 6.15803C3.3241 5.95657 3.64052 5.94637 3.84197 6.13523L7.5 9.56464L11.158 6.13523C11.3595 5.94637 11.6759 5.95657 11.8648 6.15803C12.0536 6.35949 12.0434 6.67591 11.842 6.86477L7.84197 10.6148C7.64964 10.7951 7.35036 10.7951 7.15803 10.6148L3.15803 6.86477C2.95657 6.67591 2.94637 6.35949 3.13523 6.15803Z" fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></button><button class="mantine-focus-auto m_64f58e10 mantine-Carousel-control m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" type="button" data-inactive="true" data-type="next" tabindex="-1"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 15" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="transform:rotate(-90deg);width:calc(1rem * var(--mantine-scale));height:calc(1rem * var(--mantine-scale));display:block"><path d="M3.13523 6.15803C3.3241 5.95657 3.64052 5.94637 3.84197 6.13523L7.5 9.56464L11.158 6.13523C11.3595 5.94637 11.6759 5.95657 11.8648 6.15803C12.0536 6.35949 12.0434 6.67591 11.842 6.86477L7.84197 10.6148C7.64964 10.7951 7.35036 10.7951 7.15803 10.6148L3.15803 6.86477C2.95657 6.67591 2.94637 6.35949 3.13523 6.15803Z" fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></button></div><div class="m_a2dae653 mantine-Carousel-viewport" data-type="media"><div class="m_fcd81474 mantine-Carousel-container __m__-_R_2mremqrdub_" data-orientation="horizontal"><div class="m_d98df724 mantine-Carousel-slide" data-orientation="horizontal"><div tabindex="0" style="cursor:pointer;height:100%"><a style="text-decoration:none" class="mantine-focus-auto m_849cf0da m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root mantine-Anchor-root" data-underline="hover" href="/programs/python?promo_name=programs_list&promo_position=course&promo_creative=catalog_card&promo_type=card" target="_blank"><div style="height:100%" class="m_e615b15f mantine-Card-root m_1b7284a3 mantine-Paper-root" data-with-border="true"><div style="--group-gap:calc(0.25rem * var(--mantine-scale));--group-align:center;--group-justify:flex-start;--group-wrap:nowrap" class="m_4081bf90 mantine-Group-root"><span style="font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-sm)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">10 месяцев</span><span class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">·</span><span style="font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-sm)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">С нуля</span></div><p style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-sm);font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-h5);font-weight:bold" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">Python-разработчик </p><p class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">Изучите Python, Django, REST и Fast API для создания веб-приложений</p><div style="margin-top:auto" class=""><div class="m_4451eb3a mantine-Center-root"><img style="opacity:0.8;width:70%" class="m_9e117634 mantine-Image-root mantine-visible-from-xs" src="https://hexlet.io/rails/active_storage/representations/proxy/eyJfcmFpbHMiOnsiZGF0YSI6MzczMSwicHVyIjoiYmxvYl9pZCJ9fQ==--f5df4883f3f678321cb4fa96e9ce657bd5ee1adf/eyJfcmFpbHMiOnsiZGF0YSI6eyJmb3JtYXQiOiJ3ZWJwIiwicmVzaXplX3RvX2xpbWl0IjpbNDAwLDQwMF0sInNhdmVyIjp7InF1YWxpdHkiOjg1fX0sInB1ciI6InZhcmlhdGlvbiJ9fQ==--5b6f46dacd1af664f27558553a58076185091823/Static%20website-cuate.png" alt="Python-разработчик " loading="eager"/></div><div style="--group-gap:var(--mantine-spacing-md);--group-align:end;--group-justify:space-between;--group-wrap:wrap;margin-top:var(--mantine-spacing-xs)" class="m_4081bf90 mantine-Group-root"><p style="font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-xl)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">от 6 792 ₽</p><p style="font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-sm)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">Посмотреть →</p></div></div></div></a></div></div><div class="m_d98df724 mantine-Carousel-slide" data-orientation="horizontal"><div tabindex="0" style="cursor:pointer;height:100%"><a style="text-decoration:none" class="mantine-focus-auto m_849cf0da m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root mantine-Anchor-root" data-underline="hover" href="/programs/flask?promo_name=programs_list&promo_position=course&promo_creative=catalog_card&promo_type=card" target="_blank"><div style="height:100%" class="m_e615b15f mantine-Card-root m_1b7284a3 mantine-Paper-root" data-with-border="true"><div style="--group-gap:calc(0.25rem * var(--mantine-scale));--group-align:center;--group-justify:flex-start;--group-wrap:nowrap" class="m_4081bf90 mantine-Group-root"><span style="font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-sm)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">1 месяц</span><span class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">·</span><span style="font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-sm)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">С нуля</span></div><p style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-sm);font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-h5);font-weight:bold" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">Веб-разработка на Python</p><p class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">Навык создания веб-приложений на Flask</p><div style="margin-top:auto" class=""><div class="m_4451eb3a mantine-Center-root"><img style="opacity:0.8;width:70%" class="m_9e117634 mantine-Image-root mantine-visible-from-xs" src="https://hexlet.io/rails/active_storage/representations/proxy/eyJfcmFpbHMiOnsiZGF0YSI6MzY3NywicHVyIjoiYmxvYl9pZCJ9fQ==--745022c2f47ba4203dd11cd8922cd55d5bebfdca/eyJfcmFpbHMiOnsiZGF0YSI6eyJmb3JtYXQiOiJ3ZWJwIiwicmVzaXplX3RvX2xpbWl0IjpbNDAwLDQwMF0sInNhdmVyIjp7InF1YWxpdHkiOjg1fX0sInB1ciI6InZhcmlhdGlvbiJ9fQ==--5b6f46dacd1af664f27558553a58076185091823/Code%20typing-rafiki.png" alt="Веб-разработка на Python" loading="eager"/></div><div style="--group-gap:var(--mantine-spacing-md);--group-align:end;--group-justify:space-between;--group-wrap:wrap;margin-top:var(--mantine-spacing-xs)" class="m_4081bf90 mantine-Group-root"><p style="font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-xl)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">от 3 900 ₽</p><p style="font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-sm)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">Посмотреть →</p></div></div></div></a></div></div><div class="m_d98df724 mantine-Carousel-slide" data-orientation="horizontal"><div tabindex="0" 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style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-sm);font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-h5);font-weight:bold" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">DevOps-инженер с нуля</p><p class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">Полное погружение в DevOps: весь стек от Linux до Kubernetes</p><div style="margin-top:auto" class=""><div class="m_4451eb3a mantine-Center-root"><img style="opacity:0.8;width:70%" class="m_9e117634 mantine-Image-root mantine-visible-from-xs" src="https://hexlet.io/rails/active_storage/representations/proxy/eyJfcmFpbHMiOnsiZGF0YSI6Mzk2NSwicHVyIjoiYmxvYl9pZCJ9fQ==--84278a1852c9c6fb13b80a69f395bac6e47a422e/eyJfcmFpbHMiOnsiZGF0YSI6eyJmb3JtYXQiOiJ3ZWJwIiwicmVzaXplX3RvX2xpbWl0IjpbNDAwLDQwMF0sInNhdmVyIjp7InF1YWxpdHkiOjg1fX0sInB1ciI6InZhcmlhdGlvbiJ9fQ==--5b6f46dacd1af664f27558553a58076185091823/Cloud%20sync-bro.png" alt="DevOps-инженер с нуля" loading="eager"/></div><div 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