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Сделать все поля класса `final`. Это запретит изменение значений этих полей после создания объекта.\r\n2. Удалить все сеттеры для полей класса.\r\n3. Если класс содержит изменяемые объекты, то следует создать копии этих объектов в конструкторе и вернуть их через геттеры. Это защитит от изменения объектов извне.\r\n4. При создании объекта необходимо инициализировать все поля. Это можно сделать через конструктор, или же если все поля имеют значения по умолчанию, то можно использовать блок инициализации.\r\n5. Не допускайте наследования от вашего класса. Можно либо объявить класс `final`, либо сделать все его конструкторы приватными, чтобы нельзя было создать наследников.\r\n\r\nПример:\r\n\r\n```java\r\npublic final class ImmutableClass {\r\n private final int id;\r\n private final String name;\r\n private final List<Integer> numbers;\r\n\r\n public ImmutableClass(int id, String name, List<Integer> numbers) {\r\n this.id = id;\r\n this.name = name;\r\n this.numbers = new ArrayList<>(numbers);\r\n }\r\n\r\n public int getId() {\r\n return id;\r\n }\r\n\r\n public String getName() {\r\n return name;\r\n }\r\n\r\n public List<Integer> getNumbers() {\r\n return new ArrayList<>(numbers);\r\n }\r\n}\r\n```\r\n\r\n- В данном примере класс содержит три поля: `id`, `name` и `numbers`. Все они помечены как `final`. \r\n- В конструкторе происходит копирование объекта `numbers`, чтобы сохранить его неизменным. \r\n- Геттеры возвращают копии полей для предотвращения изменения объекта извне. \r\n- Класс объявлен как `final`, чтобы запретить наследование от него.","votes_up_count":0,"votes_down_count":0,"created_at":"2023-04-14T12:12:15.518Z","user_id":576892,"category_slug":"java"}],"relatedQuestions":[{"creator":{"id":363630,"email":"a.agaphonov@ya.ru","first_name":"Человек-Молекула","last_name":"","telegram":null,"full_name":"Человек-Молекула","removed":false},"category":{"id":4,"title":"Java","slug":"java","questions_count":931,"locale":"ru"},"tags":[],"id":1083,"answers_count":1,"slug":"kak-sozdat-3d-figuru-v-java","state":"published","title":"Как создать 3d фигуру в 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java\r","created_at":"2021-11-23T11:30:15.454Z","details":null,"best_answer_id":2848,"related_stacks_count":5},{"creator":{"id":363630,"email":"a.agaphonov@ya.ru","first_name":"Человек-Молекула","last_name":"","telegram":null,"full_name":"Человек-Молекула","removed":false},"category":{"id":4,"title":"Java","slug":"java","questions_count":931,"locale":"ru"},"tags":[],"id":1108,"answers_count":1,"slug":"kak-testirovat-mnogopotochnost-java","state":"published","title":"Как тестировать многопоточность java\r","created_at":"2021-11-23T11:30:19.282Z","details":null,"best_answer_id":2847,"related_stacks_count":5},{"creator":{"id":363630,"email":"a.agaphonov@ya.ru","first_name":"Человек-Молекула","last_name":"","telegram":null,"full_name":"Человек-Молекула","removed":false},"category":{"id":4,"title":"Java","slug":"java","questions_count":931,"locale":"ru"},"tags":[],"id":1121,"answers_count":1,"slug":"kak-upakovat-java-prilozhenie-v-docker","state":"published","title":"Как упаковать java 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Сделать все поля класса `final`. Это запретит изменение значений этих полей после создания объекта.\r\n2. Удалить все сеттеры для полей класса.\r\n3. Если класс содержит изменяемые объекты, то следует создать копии этих объектов в конструкторе и вернуть их через геттеры. Это защитит от изменения объектов извне.\r\n4. При создании объекта необходимо инициализировать все поля. Это можно сделать через конструктор, или же если все поля имеют значения по умолчанию, то можно использовать блок инициализации.\r\n5. Не допускайте наследования от вашего класса. Можно либо объявить класс `final`, либо сделать все его конструкторы приватными, чтобы нельзя было создать наследников.\r\n\r\nПример:\r\n\r\n```java\r\npublic final class ImmutableClass {\r\n private final int id;\r\n private final String name;\r\n private final List<Integer> numbers;\r\n\r\n public ImmutableClass(int id, String name, List<Integer> numbers) {\r\n this.id = id;\r\n this.name = name;\r\n this.numbers = new ArrayList<>(numbers);\r\n }\r\n\r\n public int getId() {\r\n return id;\r\n }\r\n\r\n public String getName() {\r\n return name;\r\n }\r\n\r\n public List<Integer> getNumbers() {\r\n return new ArrayList<>(numbers);\r\n }\r\n}\r\n```\r\n\r\n- В данном примере класс содержит три поля: `id`, `name` и `numbers`. Все они помечены как `final`. \r\n- В конструкторе происходит копирование объекта `numbers`, чтобы сохранить его неизменным. \r\n- Геттеры возвращают копии полей для предотвращения изменения объекта извне. \r\n- Класс объявлен как `final`, чтобы запретить наследование от него.","datePublished":"2023-04-14T12:12:15.518Z","upvoteCount":0,"author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Иван Полежаев"},"url":"https://ru.hexlet.io/qna/java/questions/kak-sdelat-klass-immutable-java#answer-2831"}}}</script><div style="--container-size:var(--container-size-lg);margin-top:var(--mantine-spacing-xl);height:100%" class="m_7485cace mantine-Container-root" data-size="lg" data-strategy="block"><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"position":1,"@type":"ListItem","item":{"@id":"/qna","name":"Вопросы и ответы"}},{"position":2,"@type":"ListItem","item":{"@id":"/qna/java/questions","name":"Java"}},{"position":3,"@type":"ListItem","item":{"@id":"/qna/java/questions/kak-sdelat-klass-immutable-java","name":"Как сделать класс immutable java\r"}}]}</script><div style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-xs)" class="m_8b3717df mantine-Breadcrumbs-root"><a style="--text-fz:var(--mantine-font-size-sm);--text-lh:var(--mantine-line-height-sm);white-space:normal;color:inherit" class="mantine-focus-auto m_849cf0da m_f678d540 mantine-Breadcrumbs-breadcrumb m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root mantine-Anchor-root" data-size="sm" data-underline="hover" href="/"><div style="color:inherit" class="m_4451eb3a mantine-Center-root"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="15" height="15" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="tabler-icon tabler-icon-home-link "><path d="M20.085 11.085l-8.085 -8.085l-9 9h2v7a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h4.5"></path><path d="M9 21v-6a2 2 0 0 1 2 -2h2a2 2 0 0 1 1.807 1.143"></path><path d="M20 21a1 1 0 1 0 2 0a1 1 0 1 0 -2 0"></path><path d="M20 16a1 1 0 1 0 2 0a1 1 0 1 0 -2 0"></path><path d="M15 19a1 1 0 1 0 2 0a1 1 0 1 0 -2 0"></path><path d="M21 16l-5 3l5 2"></path></svg></div></a><div class="m_3b8f2208 mantine-Breadcrumbs-separator">/</div><a style="--text-fz:var(--mantine-font-size-sm);--text-lh:var(--mantine-line-height-sm);white-space:normal;color:inherit" class="mantine-focus-auto m_849cf0da m_f678d540 mantine-Breadcrumbs-breadcrumb m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root mantine-Anchor-root" data-size="sm" data-underline="hover" href="/qna">Вопросы и ответы</a><div class="m_3b8f2208 mantine-Breadcrumbs-separator">/</div><a style="--text-fz:var(--mantine-font-size-sm);--text-lh:var(--mantine-line-height-sm);white-space:normal;color:inherit" class="mantine-focus-auto m_849cf0da m_f678d540 mantine-Breadcrumbs-breadcrumb m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root mantine-Anchor-root" data-size="sm" data-underline="hover" href="/qna/java/questions">Java</a><div class="m_3b8f2208 mantine-Breadcrumbs-separator">/</div><p style="--text-fz:var(--mantine-font-size-sm);--text-lh:var(--mantine-line-height-sm);white-space:normal;color:var(--mantine-color-dimmed)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_f678d540 mantine-Breadcrumbs-breadcrumb m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root" data-size="sm">Как сделать класс immutable java
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mantine-Card-root m_1b7284a3 mantine-Paper-root"><div style="--group-gap:var(--mantine-spacing-md);--group-align:center;--group-justify:flex-start;--group-wrap:wrap" class="m_4081bf90 mantine-Group-root"><div style="--ti-bg:transparent;--ti-color:var(--mantine-color-indigo-light-color);--ti-bd:calc(0.0625rem * var(--mantine-scale)) solid transparent;margin-inline-end:auto;color:inherit" class="m_7341320d mantine-ThemeIcon-root" data-variant="transparent"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="tabler-icon tabler-icon-brand-telegram "><path d="M15 10l-4 4l6 6l4 -16l-18 7l4 2l2 6l3 -4"></path></svg></div>Присоединяйтесь к нашему Telegram-сообществу</div></div></button></div><h2 style="--title-fw:var(--mantine-h2-font-weight);--title-lh:var(--mantine-h2-line-height);--title-fz:var(--mantine-h2-font-size);margin-block:var(--mantine-spacing-xl)" class="m_8a5d1357 mantine-Title-root" data-order="2">Ответы</h2><div style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-xl);padding:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_e615b15f mantine-Card-root m_1b7284a3 mantine-Paper-root" data-with-border="true" id="answer-2831"><div style="--group-gap:calc(1.125rem * var(--mantine-scale));--group-align:stretch;--group-justify:flex-start;--group-wrap:nowrap" class="m_4081bf90 mantine-Group-root"><div style="--stack-gap:var(--mantine-spacing-md);--stack-align:stretch;--stack-justify:flex-start;font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-h1);font-weight:lighter;text-align:center" class="m_6d731127 mantine-Stack-root">0<a style="color:inherit" class="mantine-focus-auto m_849cf0da m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root mantine-Anchor-root" data-underline="hover" href="/qna/java/questions/kak-sdelat-klass-immutable-java/answers/2831/vote"><div style="--ti-bg:transparent;--ti-color:var(--mantine-color-indigo-light-color);--ti-bd:calc(0.0625rem * var(--mantine-scale)) solid transparent;color:inherit" class="m_7341320d mantine-ThemeIcon-root" data-variant="transparent"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="tabler-icon tabler-icon-thumb-up "><path d="M7 11v8a1 1 0 0 1 -1 1h-2a1 1 0 0 1 -1 -1v-7a1 1 0 0 1 1 -1h3a4 4 0 0 0 4 -4v-1a2 2 0 0 1 4 0v5h3a2 2 0 0 1 2 2l-1 5a2 3 0 0 1 -2 2h-7a3 3 0 0 1 -3 -3"></path></svg></div></a><div style="--ti-bg:transparent;--ti-color:var(--mantine-color-indigo-light-color);--ti-bd:calc(0.0625rem * var(--mantine-scale)) solid transparent;color:inherit" class="m_7341320d mantine-ThemeIcon-root" data-variant="transparent"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="tabler-icon tabler-icon-check "><path d="M5 12l5 5l10 -10"></path></svg></div></div><div style="--stack-gap:var(--mantine-spacing-md);--stack-align:stretch;--stack-justify:flex-start;width:100%;min-width:0rem" class="m_6d731127 mantine-Stack-root"><div style="margin-bottom:auto" class="m_d08caa0 mantine-Typography-root"><p>Для того чтобы сделать класс <code style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight">immutable</code> в <code style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight">Java</code>, нужно выполнить следующие шаги:</p>
<ol>
<li>Сделать все поля класса <code style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight">final</code>. Это запретит изменение значений этих полей после создания объекта.</li>
<li>Удалить все сеттеры для полей класса.</li>
<li>Если класс содержит изменяемые объекты, то следует создать копии этих объектов в конструкторе и вернуть их через геттеры. Это защитит от изменения объектов извне.</li>
<li>При создании объекта необходимо инициализировать все поля. Это можно сделать через конструктор, или же если все поля имеют значения по умолчанию, то можно использовать блок инициализации.</li>
<li>Не допускайте наследования от вашего класса. Можно либо объявить класс <code style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight">final</code>, либо сделать все его конструкторы приватными, чтобы нельзя было создать наследников.</li>
</ol>
<p>Пример:</p>
<div style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight" dir="ltr"><div class="m_be7e9c9c mantine-CodeHighlight-controls"><button style="--ai-bg:transparent;--ai-hover:transparent;--ai-color:inherit;--ai-bd:none" class="mantine-focus-auto mantine-active m_d498bab7 mantine-CodeHighlight-control m_8d3f4000 mantine-ActionIcon-root m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-variant="none" type="button" aria-label="Copy code"><span class="m_8d3afb97 mantine-ActionIcon-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="2" stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path stroke="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path><path d="M8 8m0 2a2 2 0 0 1 2 -2h8a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v8a2 2 0 0 1 -2 2h-8a2 2 0 0 1 -2 -2z"></path><path d="M16 8v-2a2 2 0 0 0 -2 -2h-8a2 2 0 0 0 -2 2v8a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2"></path></svg></span></button></div><div style="--scrollarea-scrollbar-size:calc(0.25rem * var(--mantine-scale));--sa-corner-width:0px;--sa-corner-height:0px" class="m_f744fd40 mantine-CodeHighlight-scrollarea m_d57069b5 mantine-ScrollArea-root" dir="ltr"><div style="overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:hidden;overscroll-behavior-inline:none" class="m_c0783ff9 mantine-ScrollArea-viewport" data-scrollbars="xy"><div class="m_b1336c6 mantine-ScrollArea-content"><pre class="m_2c47c4fd mantine-CodeHighlight-pre" style="padding:0"><code class="m_5caae6d3 mantine-CodeHighlight-code">public final class ImmutableClass {
private final int id;
private final String name;
private final List<Integer> numbers;
public ImmutableClass(int id, String name, List<Integer> numbers) {
this.id = id;
this.name = name;
this.numbers = new ArrayList<>(numbers);
}
public int getId() {
return id;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public List<Integer> getNumbers() {
return new ArrayList<>(numbers);
}
}</code></pre></div></div></div><button class="mantine-focus-auto m_c9378bc2 mantine-CodeHighlight-showCodeButton m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-hidden="true" type="button">Expand code</button></div>
<ul>
<li>В данном примере класс содержит три поля: <code style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight">id</code>, <code style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight">name</code> и <code style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight">numbers</code>. Все они помечены как <code style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight">final</code>.</li>
<li>В конструкторе происходит копирование объекта <code style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight">numbers</code>, чтобы сохранить его неизменным.</li>
<li>Геттеры возвращают копии полей для предотвращения изменения объекта извне.</li>
<li>Класс объявлен как <code style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight">final</code>, чтобы запретить наследование от него.</li>
</ul></div><div class="m_3eebeb36 mantine-Divider-root" data-orientation="horizontal" role="separator"></div><div style="--group-gap:var(--mantine-spacing-md);--group-align:center;--group-justify:flex-start;--group-wrap:wrap;font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-sm)" class="m_4081bf90 mantine-Group-root"><div style="--group-gap:var(--mantine-spacing-xs);--group-align:center;--group-justify:flex-start;--group-wrap:wrap;margin-inline-start:auto" class="m_4081bf90 mantine-Group-root"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="tabler-icon tabler-icon-calendar "><path d="M4 7a2 2 0 0 1 2 -2h12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v12a2 2 0 0 1 -2 2h-12a2 2 0 0 1 -2 -2v-12"></path><path d="M16 3v4"></path><path d="M8 3v4"></path><path d="M4 11h16"></path><path d="M11 15h1"></path><path d="M12 15v3"></path></svg><p class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root" data-inherit="true">3 года назад</p></div><div style="--group-gap:var(--mantine-spacing-xs);--group-align:center;--group-justify:flex-start;--group-wrap:wrap" class="m_4081bf90 mantine-Group-root"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="tabler-icon tabler-icon-user "><path d="M8 7a4 4 0 1 0 8 0a4 4 0 0 0 -8 0"></path><path d="M6 21v-2a4 4 0 0 1 4 -4h4a4 4 0 0 1 4 4v2"></path></svg><p class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root" data-inherit="true">Иван Полежаев</p></div></div></div></div></div><style data-mantine-styles="inline">.__m__-_R_4bbdiub_{--carousel-slide-gap:var(--mantine-spacing-xs);--carousel-slide-size:70%;}@media(min-width: 36em){.__m__-_R_4bbdiub_{--carousel-slide-gap:var(--mantine-spacing-xl);--carousel-slide-size:50%;}}</style><div style="--carousel-control-size:calc(2.5rem * 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