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Теперь должно быть более очевидно","topic_id":106163}],"communitable":{"parent_entity_name":null,"parent_entity_url":null,"entity_name":"Защита свойств и методов","entity_url":null,"active":true}},{"id":96636,"title":"Не совсем понял. Урок называется защита свойств и методов. При этом в данном уроке мы защищаем именно поля. И, насколько знаю по Шарпу, Джаве, поля то защищать логично, а вот свойства зачастую не защищают или же не так строго. Поправьте незнающего и непонимающего","plain_title":"Не совсем понял. Урок называется защита свойств и методов. При этом в данном уроке мы защищаем именно поля. И, насколько знаю по Шарпу, Джаве, поля то защищать логично, а вот свойства зачастую не защищают или же не так строго. Поправьте незнающего и непонимающего ","creator":{"public_name":"Клюев олег","id":755983,"is_tutor":false},"comments":[{"creator":{"public_name":"Ivan Gagarinov","id":75907,"is_tutor":true},"id":187554,"body":"**user-6056ee8952722a66**, здравствуйте. Обычно в JS (и TS) все называют свойствами, термин \"поля\" используется крайне редко. Между ними есть разница, но чаще всего используют термин \"свойство\".","topic_id":96636}],"communitable":{"parent_entity_name":null,"parent_entity_url":null,"entity_name":"Защита свойств и методов","entity_url":null,"active":true}},{"id":98603,"title":"Вы бы хоть написали, что `super()` делает. Ну а про `${super.toString()}` вообще ни слова нигде нет. \n\nИли просто поставьте `protected` поля в `File` чтобы избежать этих заморочек с суперами. Как я, собственно, и сделал в своем решении. ","plain_title":"Вы бы хоть написали, что super() делает. Ну а про ${super.toString()} вообще ни слова нигде нет. Или просто поставьте protected поля в File чтобы избежать этих заморочек с суперами. Как я, собственно, и сделал в своем решении. ","creator":{"public_name":"Andrey","id":438142,"is_tutor":false},"comments":[{"creator":{"public_name":"Ivan Gagarinov","id":75907,"is_tutor":true},"id":189930,"body":"**Andrey**, эти темы относятся скорее к JS, а не TS. Наш курс по TS расчитан на тех, кто уже хорошо знаком с JS. ","topic_id":98603},{"creator":{"public_name":"Andrey","id":438142,"is_tutor":false},"id":189939,"body":"Так я и иду по JS курсу с самого первого по Хекслету. В каком месте я что пропустил? Вообще, тут со структурой у вас беда прям 😔","topic_id":98603},{"creator":{"public_name":"Ivan Gagarinov","id":75907,"is_tutor":true},"id":190068,"body":"**Andrey**, спасибо, что обратили на это внимание! Передал редакторам. Об этом есть в одном из курсов \"JS: Полиморфизм\". Но он действительно не включен в программу. Пока добавил ссылку на пояснение в урок.","topic_id":98603}],"communitable":{"parent_entity_name":null,"parent_entity_url":null,"entity_name":"Защита свойств и методов","entity_url":null,"active":true}},{"id":100095,"title":"Добрый день!\nНе могу понять, почему вылезает ошибка в тестах \n` __tests__/solution.test.ts:23:3 - error TS2578: Unused '@ts-expect-error' directive.\n 23 // @ts-expect-error - private property`\n\nУ меня же нет обращения к приватным полям.\n```\n// @ts-check\n/* eslint-disable max-classes-per-file */\n\ntype FileOptions = {\n name: string;\n size: number;\n width: number;\n height: number;\n};\n\nclass File {\n private name: string;\n\n private size: number;\n\n constructor(options: FileOptions) {\n this.name = options.name;\n this.size = options.size;\n }\n\n protected toString() {\n return `${this.name} (${this.size} bytes)`;\n }\n}\n\n// BEGIN (write your solution here)\nclass ImageFile extends File {\n width: number\n height: number\n\n constructor(options: FileOptions) {\n super(options)\n this.width = options.width\n this.height = options.height\n }\n\n toString() {\n return `${super.toString()} ${this.width}x${this.height}`\n }\n}\n// END\n\nexport default ImageFile;\n\n```\n[В песочнице TypeScript](https://www.typescriptlang.org/play/?#code/PTAEAEBcGcFoGMAWBTeBrAUMAVKZ0AbASwDtJYATI6AQwCMDlQBbGgDwQJumn1gAdkAJ1gAzIo1DZgGDJACeg0ADEJyAPL9IRAPYlooALygA3hlCgSNZsgBcoaJCGkA5gG5zDogC87lgK7MdMIeFgDuRBSQiPYkgcFCoaAoRC6IkLHxIRgAvh4Y8Fw8KmoAjKae-M4AbjSQTFY29o7OJO6yFlVEtfVevplB2Z7wei3+8JA6QgAUOlq6+vaqjJraowCUFRYW0dQAdI1MxnNr+gfWyEk7iPvQPkegJwvQe3e+STkdoFU69RPIFFAkwAyk5XNNNmZtqAhMhIP4hCRQAADAAkJl2L0OOVA03RmNe9xxdHk9Wg62RH1yshAoAAQgBRADiAEkAHK4sLOXryHQIhw6Aj+U7JYTIdYFIoGFmsFzIZZMZBseokCgGBXlKGgCJRGIBQZCTwpNIZfUJL4jfROcaTGZPUZLNSrZ6QzwWaD+QR2+YbN1Am4vHXRIyPH1nIOIP0E43pEP2s4xyCeT6eEFgtoQrbbWHwxEo9Eer17NOtFwQnH4gN7CM5NiV-aJnLI5PU2kMtkAEVklscoCIsvlahDJGQYVAMpocoV0y1h3sAHJ+5PkHt+G15wAaTxvPylAAMe634Ui0XsACYD0fRal0vYAMyX3LrDw9wUrgg6MtLqdqYs6UGlhCz6gBgQA) работает\n\n","plain_title":"Добрый день! Не могу понять, почему вылезает ошибка в тестах __tests__/solution.test.ts:23:3 - error TS2578: Unused '@ts-expect-error' directive. 23 // @ts-expect-error - private property У меня же нет обращения к приватным полям. ``` // @ts-check /* eslint-disable max-classes-per-file */ type FileOptions = { name: string; size: number; width: number; height: number; }; class File { private name: string; private size: number; constructor(options: FileOptions) { this.name = options.name; this.size = options.size; } protected toString() { return ${this.name} (${this.size} bytes); } } // BEGIN (write your solution here) class ImageFile extends File { width: number height: number constructor(options: FileOptions) { super(options) this.width = options.width this.height = options.height } toString() { return ${super.toString()} ${this.width}x${this.height} } } // END export default ImageFile; [В песочнице TypeScript](https://www.typescriptlang.org/play/?#code/PTAEAEBcGcFoGMAWBTeBrAUMAVKZ0AbASwDtJYATI6AQwCMDlQBbGgDwQJumn1gAdkAJ1gAzIo1DZgGDJACeg0ADEJyAPL9IRAPYlooALygA3hlCgSNZsgBcoaJCGkA5gG5zDogC87lgK7MdMIeFgDuRBSQiPYkgcFCoaAoRC6IkLHxIRgAvh4Y8Fw8KmoAjKae-M4AbjSQTFY29o7OJO6yFlVEtfVevplB2Z7wei3+8JA6QgAUOlq6+vaqjJraowCUFRYW0dQAdI1MxnNr+gfWyEk7iPvQPkegJwvQe3e+STkdoFU69RPIFFAkwAyk5XNNNmZtqAhMhIP4hCRQAADAAkJl2L0OOVA03RmNe9xxdHk9Wg62RH1yshAoAAQgBRADiAEkAHK4sLOXryHQIhw6Aj+U7JYTIdYFIoGFmsFzIZZMZBseokCgGBXlKGgCJRGIBQZCTwpNIZfUJL4jfROcaTGZPUZLNSrZ6QzwWaD+QR2+YbN1Am4vHXRIyPH1nIOIP0E43pEP2s4xyCeT6eEFgtoQrbbWHwxEo9Eer17NOtFwQnH4gN7CM5NiV-aJnLI5PU2kMtkAEVklscoCIsvlahDJGQYVAMpocoV0y1h3sAHJ+5PkHt+G15wAaTxvPylAAMe634Ui0XsACYD0fRal0vYAMyX3LrDw9wUrgg6MtLqdqYs6UGlhCz6gBgQA) работает ","creator":{"public_name":"Александра","id":809449,"is_tutor":false},"comments":[{"creator":{"public_name":"Александра","id":809449,"is_tutor":false},"id":191824,"body":"**Elena Gromova**, внимательность меня подвела. Спасибо!","topic_id":100095},{"creator":{"public_name":"Elena Gromova","id":548102,"is_tutor":true},"id":191811,"body":"**Александра**, добрый день! Ошибка говорит о том, что свойства `width` и `height` должны быть приватными (это требуется в задании). В песочнице ошибки не возникает, т.к. там это и не обозначено","topic_id":100095}],"communitable":{"parent_entity_name":null,"parent_entity_url":null,"entity_name":"Защита свойств и методов","entity_url":null,"active":true}}],"lesson":{"exercise":{"id":2549,"slug":"typescript_basics_members_visibility","name":null,"state":"active","kind":"exercise","language":"javascript","locale":"ru","has_web_view":false,"has_test_view":false,"reviewable":true,"readme":"## solution.ts\n\nРеализуйте класс `ImageFile`, расширяющий (`extends`) класс `File` дополнительными приватными полями: `width`, `height`. Также переопределите метод `toString()`, теперь он должен дополнительно выводить `<width>x<height>`.\n\n```typescript\nconst imageFile = new ImageFile({\n name: 'image.png',\n size: 100,\n width: 200,\n height: 300,\n});\nconsole.log(imageFile.toString()); // image.png (100 bytes) 200x300\n```\n\nДля того чтобы вызвать метод родительского класса, используйте `super.toString()`.\n","prepared_readme":"## solution.ts\n\nРеализуйте класс `ImageFile`, расширяющий (`extends`) класс `File` дополнительными приватными полями: `width`, `height`. Также переопределите метод `toString()`, теперь он должен дополнительно выводить `<width>x<height>`.\n\n```typescript\nconst imageFile = new ImageFile({\n name: 'image.png',\n size: 100,\n width: 200,\n height: 300,\n});\nconsole.log(imageFile.toString()); // image.png (100 bytes) 200x300\n```\n\nДля того чтобы вызвать метод родительского класса, используйте `super.toString()`.\n","has_solution":true,"entity_name":"Защита свойств и методов"},"units":[{"id":10471,"name":"theory","url":"/courses/typescript-advanced/lessons/members-visibility/theory_unit"},{"id":10472,"name":"quiz","url":"/courses/typescript-advanced/lessons/members-visibility/quiz_unit"},{"id":10510,"name":"exercise","url":"/courses/typescript-advanced/lessons/members-visibility/exercise_unit"}],"links":[{"id":428959,"name":"Что такое super()","url":"https://ru.hexlet.io/qna/javascript/questions/chto-takoe-super\n"}],"ordered_units":[{"id":10471,"name":"theory","url":"/courses/typescript-advanced/lessons/members-visibility/theory_unit"},{"id":10472,"name":"quiz","url":"/courses/typescript-advanced/lessons/members-visibility/quiz_unit"},{"id":10510,"name":"exercise","url":"/courses/typescript-advanced/lessons/members-visibility/exercise_unit"}],"id":4470,"slug":"members-visibility","state":"approved","name":"Защита свойств и методов","course_order":130,"goal":"Изучаем способы защиты свойств и методов","self_study":null,"theory_video_provider":null,"theory_video_uid":null,"theory":"В некоторых случаях свойства и методы в классе создаются только для внутреннего использования. Разработчики не хотят давать возможность вызывать их снаружи, иначе их случайно могут начать использовать, что не планировалось.\n\nВ языках с классами принято разделять свойства на публичные, приватные и защищенные. Первые доступны для всех, вторые могут использоваться только внутри класса, а третьи — внутри класса и в его наследниках. В этом уроке разберем каждый из этих видов.\n\n## Публичные свойства\n\nПо умолчанию в TypeScript все свойства публичные. Это можно обозначить явно с помощью ключевого слова `public`:\n\n```typescript\nclass Point {\n public x: number\n\n public y: number\n\n constructor(x: number, y: number) {\n this.x = x\n this.y = y\n }\n\n public someMethod() {\n // some logic\n }\n}\n```\n\n## Приватные свойства\n\nТакже свойства можно сделать приватными. Тогда пропадет возможность обращаться к ним снаружи напрямую:\n\n```typescript\nclass Point {\n private x: number\n\n private y: number\n\n constructor(x: number, y: number) {\n this.x = x\n this.y = y\n }\n}\n\nconst p = new Point(10, 8)\np.x // Property 'x' is private and only accessible within class 'Point'.\np.y // Property 'y' is private and only accessible within class 'Point'.\n```\n\n## Защищенные свойства\n\nНаконец, свойства можно сделать защищенными. Это значит, что они доступны внутри класса и в наследниках:\n\n```typescript\nclass Point {\n protected x: number\n\n protected y: number\n\n constructor(x: number, y: number) {\n this.x = x\n this.y = y\n }\n}\n\nclass Point3D extends Point {\n protected z: number\n\n constructor(x: number, y: number, z: number) {\n super(x, y)\n this.z = z\n }\n\n public getCoordinates() {\n return [this.x, this.y, this.z] // OK\n }\n}\n\nconst p = new Point3D(10, 8, 5)\np.x // Property 'x' is protected and only accessible within class 'Point' and its subclasses.\np.y // Property 'y' is protected and only accessible within class 'Point' and its subclasses.\np.z // Property 'z' is protected and only accessible within class 'Point3D' and its subclasses.\n```\n"},"lessonMember":null,"courseMember":null,"course":{"start_lesson":{"exercise":{"id":2533,"slug":"typescript_basics_class_fields","name":null,"state":"active","kind":"exercise","language":"javascript","locale":"ru","has_web_view":false,"has_test_view":false,"reviewable":true,"readme":"## solution.ts\n\nРеализуйте класс `File`, в конструктор которого передается объект с полями: `name` - именем файла и `size` - размером в байтах. Внутри класса определите метод `toString()`, который должен вернуть форматированную строку в формате `<file-name> (<size> bytes)`.\n\n```typescript\nconst file = new File({ name: 'open-world.jpeg', size: 1000 });\nconsole.log(file); // open-world.jpeg (1000 bytes)\n```\n","prepared_readme":"## solution.ts\n\nРеализуйте класс `File`, в конструктор которого передается объект с полями: `name` - именем файла и `size` - размером в байтах. Внутри класса определите метод `toString()`, который должен вернуть форматированную строку в формате `<file-name> (<size> bytes)`.\n\n```typescript\nconst file = new File({ name: 'open-world.jpeg', size: 1000 });\nconsole.log(file); // open-world.jpeg (1000 bytes)\n```\n","has_solution":true,"entity_name":"Классы"},"units":[{"id":10467,"name":"theory","url":"/courses/typescript-advanced/lessons/class-fields/theory_unit"},{"id":10468,"name":"quiz","url":"/courses/typescript-advanced/lessons/class-fields/quiz_unit"},{"id":10508,"name":"exercise","url":"/courses/typescript-advanced/lessons/class-fields/exercise_unit"}],"links":[],"ordered_units":[{"id":10467,"name":"theory","url":"/courses/typescript-advanced/lessons/class-fields/theory_unit"},{"id":10468,"name":"quiz","url":"/courses/typescript-advanced/lessons/class-fields/quiz_unit"},{"id":10508,"name":"exercise","url":"/courses/typescript-advanced/lessons/class-fields/exercise_unit"}],"id":4468,"slug":"class-fields","state":"approved","name":"Классы","course_order":110,"goal":"Знакомимся с классами в TypeScript","self_study":null,"theory_video_provider":null,"theory_video_uid":null,"theory":"Типизация классов в TypeScript добавляет новый синтаксис определения классов, которого нет в JavaScript. Этот синтаксис существует только на уровне проверки типов. В результирующем коде он вырезается или заменяется. В этом уроке мы изучим реализацию таких классов.\n\n## Определение полей внутри класса\n\nНачнем с примера. Посмотрите на этот класс:\n\n```typescript\nclass Point {\n x: number\n\n y: number\n\n constructor(x: number, y: number) {\n this.x = x\n this.y = y\n }\n}\n\nconst p = new Point(10, 20)\nconsole.log(p) // { x: 10, y: 20 }\n```\n\nЗдесь мы видим новый синтаксис, который описывает поля класса: `x` и `y`. Их описание обязательно, потому что классы — это функции-конструкторы, а функции в TypeScript являются объектами.\n\nОпределение полей внутри класса появилось в JavaScript, начиная со стандарта es2022. Перед тем как двигаться дальше, разберемся с понятием «поле класса».\n\n## Поле класса\n\nОбычно в JavaScript все называют свойствами. А слово «поле» используют как синоним те, кто пришел из других языков. Но это не одно и тоже. Внутри класса мы определяем **поля** — это данные самого класса. А **свойство** — это то, с помощью чего мы взаимодействуем с объектом.\n\nЧасто свойства отображаются на поля напрямую, но так происходит не всегда. Например, свойство может быть геттером, который берет информацию из поля. Или свойство может быть сеттером, который устанавливает новое значение поля:\n\n```typescript\nclass Point {\n x: number\n\n y: number\n\n // Возвращаемый тип не указывается, потому что это конструктор\n constructor(x: number, y: number) {\n this.x = x\n this.y = y\n }\n\n get inspect(): string {\n return `(${this.x}, ${this.y})`\n }\n}\n\nconst p = new Point(2, 5)\n// Свойство есть, а поля такого нет\nconsole.log(p.inspect) // (2, 5)\n```\n\nПоля могут быть инициализированы сразу при определении класса. Это удобно, когда конструктор не нужен или данные не зависят от его вызова — задаются статически внутри:\n\n```typescript\nclass Point {\n x = 0\n\n y = 0\n}\n\nconst p = new Point()\nconsole.log(p) // { x: 0, y: 0 }\n```\n\nКак и в случае обычных переменных, тип полей выводится автоматически во время их инициализации, поэтому указывать явный тип не обязательно.\n"},"id":384,"slug":"typescript-advanced","challenges_count":4,"name":"Продвинутый Typescript","allow_indexing":true,"state":"approved","course_state":"finished","pricing_type":"paid","description":"На этом курсе вы продолжите изучать Typescript. Вы узнаете о работе с классами, интерфейсами, познакомитесь с дженериками и узнаете, как типизировать объекты. В итоге вы научитесь писать более сложные программы на Typescript.","kind":"advanced","updated_at":"2026-02-26T17:30:37.064Z","language":"javascript","duration_cache":94740,"skills":["Создавать программы, используя продвинутые конструкции языка (классы, интерфейсы, дженерики, типизация)","Составлять программы, состоящие из нескольких модулей","Правильно анализировать ошибки в коде и пользоваться отладочной печатью при их 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{.mantine-hidden-from-lg {display: none !important;}}@media (max-width: 87.99375em) {.mantine-visible-from-xl {display: none !important;}}@media (min-width: 88em) {.mantine-hidden-from-xl {display: none !important;}}</style><div style="position:absolute;top:0rem" class=""></div><div style="max-width:var(--container-size-xl);height:100%;min-height:0rem" class=""><style data-mantine-styles="inline">.__m__-_R_5ub_{--grid-gutter:0rem;}</style><div style="height:100%;min-height:0rem" class="m_410352e9 mantine-Grid-root __m__-_R_5ub_"><div class="m_dee7bd2f mantine-Grid-inner" style="height:100%"><style data-mantine-styles="inline">.__m__-_R_rdub_{--col-flex-grow:auto;--col-flex-basis:91.66666666666667%;--col-max-width:91.66666666666667%;}@media(min-width: 48em){.__m__-_R_rdub_{--col-flex-grow:auto;--col-flex-basis:83.33333333333334%;--col-max-width:83.33333333333334%;}}</style><div style="min-width:0rem;height:100%;min-height:0rem;display:flex" class="m_96bdd299 mantine-Grid-col __m__-_R_rdub_"><style data-mantine-styles="inline">.__m__-_R_6qrdub_{margin-top:0rem;padding-inline:var(--mantine-spacing-xs);width:100%;}@media(min-width: 48em){.__m__-_R_6qrdub_{margin-top:var(--mantine-spacing-xl);width:80%;}}@media(min-width: 62em){.__m__-_R_6qrdub_{padding-inline:var(--mantine-spacing-xl);}}</style><div style="margin-inline:auto;max-width:var(--mantine-breakpoint-xl)" class="__m__-_R_6qrdub_"><div style="color:var(--mantine-color-dimmed)" class="m_4451eb3a mantine-Center-root" data-inline="true"><div style="--ti-size:var(--ti-size-xs);--ti-bg:transparent;--ti-color:var(--mantine-color-indigo-light-color);--ti-bd:calc(0.0625rem * var(--mantine-scale)) solid transparent;margin-inline-end:calc(0.125rem * var(--mantine-scale));color:inherit" class="m_7341320d mantine-ThemeIcon-root" data-variant="transparent" data-size="xs"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="tabler-icon tabler-icon-lock "><path d="M5 13a2 2 0 0 1 2 -2h10a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v6a2 2 0 0 1 -2 2h-10a2 2 0 0 1 -2 -2v-6"></path><path d="M11 16a1 1 0 1 0 2 0a1 1 0 0 0 -2 0"></path><path d="M8 11v-4a4 4 0 1 1 8 0v4"></path></svg></div><p style="font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-sm)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">Продвинутый Typescript</p></div><h1 style="--title-fw:var(--mantine-h1-font-weight);--title-lh:var(--mantine-h1-line-height);--title-fz:var(--mantine-h1-font-size);margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-xl)" class="m_8a5d1357 mantine-Title-root" data-order="1">Теория: Защита свойств и методов</h1><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"LearningResource","name":"Защита свойств и методов","inLanguage":"ru","isPartOf":{"@type":"LearningResource","name":"Продвинутый Typescript"},"isAccessibleForFree":"False","hasPart":{"@type":"WebPageElement","isAccessibleForFree":"False","cssSelector":".paywalled"}}</script><div class=""><div style="--alert-color:var(--mantine-color-indigo-light-color);margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg);font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-lg)" class="m_66836ed3 mantine-Alert-root" id="mantine-_R_remqrdub_" role="alert" aria-describedby="mantine-_R_remqrdub_-body" aria-labelledby="mantine-_R_remqrdub_-title"><div class="m_a5d60502 mantine-Alert-wrapper"><div class="m_667f2a6a mantine-Alert-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="tabler-icon tabler-icon-rocket "><path d="M4 13a8 8 0 0 1 7 7a6 6 0 0 0 3 -5a9 9 0 0 0 6 -8a3 3 0 0 0 -3 -3a9 9 0 0 0 -8 6a6 6 0 0 0 -5 3"></path><path d="M7 14a6 6 0 0 0 -3 6a6 6 0 0 0 6 -3"></path><path d="M14 9a1 1 0 1 0 2 0a1 1 0 1 0 -2 0"></path></svg></div><div class="m_667c2793 mantine-Alert-body"><div class="m_6a03f287 mantine-Alert-title"><span id="mantine-_R_remqrdub_-title" class="m_698f4f23 mantine-Alert-label">Полный доступ к материалам</span></div><div id="mantine-_R_remqrdub_-body" class="m_7fa78076 mantine-Alert-message"><div style="--group-gap:var(--mantine-spacing-md);--group-align:center;--group-justify:space-between;--group-wrap:wrap" class="m_4081bf90 mantine-Group-root"><p class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">Зарегистрируйтесь и получите доступ к этому и десяткам других курсов</p><a style="--button-height:var(--button-height-xs);--button-padding-x:var(--button-padding-x-xs);--button-fz:var(--mantine-font-size-xs);--button-bg:linear-gradient(45deg, var(--mantine-color-blue-filled) 0%, var(--mantine-color-cyan-filled) 100%);--button-hover:linear-gradient(45deg, var(--mantine-color-blue-filled) 0%, var(--mantine-color-cyan-filled) 100%);--button-color:var(--mantine-color-white);--button-bd:none" class="mantine-focus-auto mantine-active m_77c9d27d mantine-Button-root m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-variant="gradient" data-size="xs" href="/u/new"><span class="m_80f1301b mantine-Button-inner"><span class="m_811560b9 mantine-Button-label">Зарегистрироваться</span></span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="paywalled m_d08caa0 mantine-Typography-root"><p>В некоторых случаях свойства и методы в классе создаются только для внутреннего использования. Разработчики не хотят давать возможность вызывать их снаружи, иначе их случайно могут начать использовать, что не планировалось.</p>
<p>В языках с классами принято разделять свойства на публичные, приватные и защищенные. Первые доступны для всех, вторые могут использоваться только внутри класса, а третьи — внутри класса и в его наследниках. В этом уроке разберем каждый из этих видов.</p>
<h2 id="heading-2-1">Публичные свойства</h2>
<p>По умолчанию в TypeScript все свойства публичные. Это можно обозначить явно с помощью ключевого слова <code style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight">public</code>:</p>
<div style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight" dir="ltr"><div class="m_be7e9c9c mantine-CodeHighlight-controls"><button style="--ai-bg:transparent;--ai-hover:transparent;--ai-color:inherit;--ai-bd:none" class="mantine-focus-auto mantine-active m_d498bab7 mantine-CodeHighlight-control m_8d3f4000 mantine-ActionIcon-root m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-variant="none" type="button" aria-label="Copy code"><span class="m_8d3afb97 mantine-ActionIcon-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="2" stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path stroke="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path><path d="M8 8m0 2a2 2 0 0 1 2 -2h8a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v8a2 2 0 0 1 -2 2h-8a2 2 0 0 1 -2 -2z"></path><path d="M16 8v-2a2 2 0 0 0 -2 -2h-8a2 2 0 0 0 -2 2v8a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2"></path></svg></span></button></div><div style="--scrollarea-scrollbar-size:calc(0.25rem * var(--mantine-scale));--sa-corner-width:0px;--sa-corner-height:0px" class="m_f744fd40 mantine-CodeHighlight-scrollarea m_d57069b5 mantine-ScrollArea-root" dir="ltr"><div style="overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:hidden;overscroll-behavior-inline:none" class="m_c0783ff9 mantine-ScrollArea-viewport" data-scrollbars="xy"><div class="m_b1336c6 mantine-ScrollArea-content"><pre class="m_2c47c4fd mantine-CodeHighlight-pre" style="padding:0"><code class="m_5caae6d3 mantine-CodeHighlight-code">class Point {
public x: number
public y: number
constructor(x: number, y: number) {
this.x = x
this.y = y
}
public someMethod() {
// some logic
}
}</code></pre></div></div></div><button class="mantine-focus-auto m_c9378bc2 mantine-CodeHighlight-showCodeButton m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-hidden="true" type="button">Expand code</button></div>
<h2 id="heading-2-2">Приватные свойства</h2>
<p>Также свойства можно сделать приватными. Тогда пропадет возможность обращаться к ним снаружи напрямую:</p>
<div style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight" dir="ltr"><div class="m_be7e9c9c mantine-CodeHighlight-controls"><button style="--ai-bg:transparent;--ai-hover:transparent;--ai-color:inherit;--ai-bd:none" class="mantine-focus-auto mantine-active m_d498bab7 mantine-CodeHighlight-control m_8d3f4000 mantine-ActionIcon-root m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-variant="none" type="button" aria-label="Copy code"><span class="m_8d3afb97 mantine-ActionIcon-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="2" stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path stroke="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path><path d="M8 8m0 2a2 2 0 0 1 2 -2h8a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v8a2 2 0 0 1 -2 2h-8a2 2 0 0 1 -2 -2z"></path><path d="M16 8v-2a2 2 0 0 0 -2 -2h-8a2 2 0 0 0 -2 2v8a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2"></path></svg></span></button></div><div style="--scrollarea-scrollbar-size:calc(0.25rem * var(--mantine-scale));--sa-corner-width:0px;--sa-corner-height:0px" class="m_f744fd40 mantine-CodeHighlight-scrollarea m_d57069b5 mantine-ScrollArea-root" dir="ltr"><div style="overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:hidden;overscroll-behavior-inline:none" class="m_c0783ff9 mantine-ScrollArea-viewport" data-scrollbars="xy"><div class="m_b1336c6 mantine-ScrollArea-content"><pre class="m_2c47c4fd mantine-CodeHighlight-pre" style="padding:0"><code class="m_5caae6d3 mantine-CodeHighlight-code">class Point {
private x: number
private y: number
constructor(x: number, y: number) {
this.x = x
this.y = y
}
}
const p = new Point(10, 8)
p.x // Property 'x' is private and only accessible within class 'Point'.
p.y // Property 'y' is private and only accessible within class 'Point'.</code></pre></div></div></div><button class="mantine-focus-auto m_c9378bc2 mantine-CodeHighlight-showCodeButton m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-hidden="true" type="button">Expand code</button></div>
<h2 id="heading-2-3">Защищенные свойства</h2>
<p>Наконец, свойства можно сделать защищенными. Это значит, что они доступны внутри класса и в наследниках:</p>
<div style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight" dir="ltr"><div class="m_be7e9c9c mantine-CodeHighlight-controls"><button style="--ai-bg:transparent;--ai-hover:transparent;--ai-color:inherit;--ai-bd:none" class="mantine-focus-auto mantine-active m_d498bab7 mantine-CodeHighlight-control m_8d3f4000 mantine-ActionIcon-root m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-variant="none" type="button" aria-label="Copy code"><span class="m_8d3afb97 mantine-ActionIcon-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="2" stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path stroke="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path><path d="M8 8m0 2a2 2 0 0 1 2 -2h8a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v8a2 2 0 0 1 -2 2h-8a2 2 0 0 1 -2 -2z"></path><path d="M16 8v-2a2 2 0 0 0 -2 -2h-8a2 2 0 0 0 -2 2v8a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2"></path></svg></span></button></div><div style="--scrollarea-scrollbar-size:calc(0.25rem * var(--mantine-scale));--sa-corner-width:0px;--sa-corner-height:0px" class="m_f744fd40 mantine-CodeHighlight-scrollarea m_d57069b5 mantine-ScrollArea-root" dir="ltr"><div style="overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:hidden;overscroll-behavior-inline:none" class="m_c0783ff9 mantine-ScrollArea-viewport" data-scrollbars="xy"><div class="m_b1336c6 mantine-ScrollArea-content"><pre class="m_2c47c4fd mantine-CodeHighlight-pre" style="padding:0"><code class="m_5caae6d3 mantine-CodeHighlight-code">class Point {
protected x: number
protected y: number
constructor(x: number, y: number) {
this.x = x
this.y = y
}
}
class Point3D extends Point {
protected z: number
constructor(x: number, y: number, z: number) {
super(x, y)
this.z = z
}
public getCoordinates() {
return [this.x, this.y, this.z] // OK
}
}
const p = new Point3D(10, 8, 5)
p.x // Property 'x' is protected and only accessible within class 'Point' and its subclasses.
p.y // Property 'y' is protected and only accessible within class 'Point' and its subclasses.
p.z // Property 'z' is protected and only accessible within class 'Point3D' and its subclasses.</code></pre></div></div></div><button class="mantine-focus-auto m_c9378bc2 mantine-CodeHighlight-showCodeButton m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-hidden="true" type="button">Expand code</button></div></div><div style="margin-block:var(--mantine-spacing-xl)" class=""><h2 style="--title-fw:var(--mantine-h2-font-weight);--title-lh:var(--mantine-h2-line-height);--title-fz:var(--mantine-h2-font-size);margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-md)" class="m_8a5d1357 mantine-Title-root" data-order="2">Рекомендуемые программы</h2><style data-mantine-styles="inline">.__m__-_R_2mremqrdub_{--carousel-slide-gap:var(--mantine-spacing-xs);--carousel-slide-size:70%;}@media(min-width: 36em){.__m__-_R_2mremqrdub_{--carousel-slide-gap:var(--mantine-spacing-xl);--carousel-slide-size:50%;}}</style><div style="--carousel-control-size:calc(2.5rem * var(--mantine-scale));--carousel-controls-offset:var(--mantine-spacing-sm);margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg);padding-block:var(--mantine-spacing-sm);background:var(--app-color-surface)" class="m_17884d0f mantine-Carousel-root responsiveClassName" data-orientation="horizontal" data-include-gap-in-size="true"><div class="m_39bc3463 mantine-Carousel-controls" data-orientation="horizontal"><button class="mantine-focus-auto m_64f58e10 mantine-Carousel-control m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" type="button" data-inactive="true" data-type="previous" tabindex="-1"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 15" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="transform:rotate(90deg);width:calc(1rem * var(--mantine-scale));height:calc(1rem * var(--mantine-scale));display:block"><path d="M3.13523 6.15803C3.3241 5.95657 3.64052 5.94637 3.84197 6.13523L7.5 9.56464L11.158 6.13523C11.3595 5.94637 11.6759 5.95657 11.8648 6.15803C12.0536 6.35949 12.0434 6.67591 11.842 6.86477L7.84197 10.6148C7.64964 10.7951 7.35036 10.7951 7.15803 10.6148L3.15803 6.86477C2.95657 6.67591 2.94637 6.35949 3.13523 6.15803Z" fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></button><button class="mantine-focus-auto m_64f58e10 mantine-Carousel-control m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" type="button" data-inactive="true" data-type="next" tabindex="-1"><svg viewBox="0 0 15 15" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="transform:rotate(-90deg);width:calc(1rem * var(--mantine-scale));height:calc(1rem * var(--mantine-scale));display:block"><path d="M3.13523 6.15803C3.3241 5.95657 3.64052 5.94637 3.84197 6.13523L7.5 9.56464L11.158 6.13523C11.3595 5.94637 11.6759 5.95657 11.8648 6.15803C12.0536 6.35949 12.0434 6.67591 11.842 6.86477L7.84197 10.6148C7.64964 10.7951 7.35036 10.7951 7.15803 10.6148L3.15803 6.86477C2.95657 6.67591 2.94637 6.35949 3.13523 6.15803Z" fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></button></div><div class="m_a2dae653 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m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">·</span><span style="font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-sm)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">С нуля</span></div><p style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-sm);font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-h5);font-weight:bold" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">Фронтенд-разработчик</p><p class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">Изучите HTML, CSS, JavaScript и React</p><div style="margin-top:auto" class=""><div class="m_4451eb3a mantine-Center-root"><img style="opacity:0.8;width:70%" class="m_9e117634 mantine-Image-root mantine-visible-from-xs" src="https://hexlet.io/rails/active_storage/representations/proxy/eyJfcmFpbHMiOnsiZGF0YSI6MzcyNywicHVyIjoiYmxvYl9pZCJ9fQ==--2d5cbbf5c3b4a73ae4b2c50632305d78f5872e4d/eyJfcmFpbHMiOnsiZGF0YSI6eyJmb3JtYXQiOiJ3ZWJwIiwicmVzaXplX3RvX2xpbWl0IjpbNDAwLDQwMF0sInNhdmVyIjp7InF1YWxpdHkiOjg1fX0sInB1ciI6InZhcmlhdGlvbiJ9fQ==--5b6f46dacd1af664f27558553a58076185091823/Programmer-rafiki.png" alt="Фронтенд-разработчик" loading="eager"/></div><div style="--group-gap:var(--mantine-spacing-md);--group-align:end;--group-justify:space-between;--group-wrap:wrap;margin-top:var(--mantine-spacing-xs)" class="m_4081bf90 mantine-Group-root"><p style="font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-xl)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">от 6 792 ₽</p><p style="font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-sm)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">Посмотреть →</p></div></div></div></a></div></div><div class="m_d98df724 mantine-Carousel-slide" data-orientation="horizontal"><div tabindex="0" style="cursor:pointer;height:100%"><a style="text-decoration:none" class="mantine-focus-auto m_849cf0da m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root mantine-Anchor-root" data-underline="hover" href="/programs/backend?promo_name=programs_list&promo_position=course&promo_creative=catalog_card&promo_type=card" target="_blank"><div style="height:100%" class="m_e615b15f mantine-Card-root m_1b7284a3 mantine-Paper-root" data-with-border="true"><div style="--group-gap:calc(0.25rem * var(--mantine-scale));--group-align:center;--group-justify:flex-start;--group-wrap:nowrap" class="m_4081bf90 mantine-Group-root"><span style="font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-sm)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">10 месяцев</span><span class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">·</span><span style="font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-sm)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">С нуля</span></div><p style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-sm);font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-h5);font-weight:bold" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">Node.js-разработчик</p><p class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">Изучите JavaScript, Node.js, Fastify и REST API</p><div style="margin-top:auto" class=""><div class="m_4451eb3a mantine-Center-root"><img style="opacity:0.8;width:70%" class="m_9e117634 mantine-Image-root mantine-visible-from-xs" src="https://hexlet.io/rails/active_storage/representations/proxy/eyJfcmFpbHMiOnsiZGF0YSI6MzcyNSwicHVyIjoiYmxvYl9pZCJ9fQ==--2e84f5f94140ee4e22019ac479c290ef48c3fac8/eyJfcmFpbHMiOnsiZGF0YSI6eyJmb3JtYXQiOiJ3ZWJwIiwicmVzaXplX3RvX2xpbWl0IjpbNDAwLDQwMF0sInNhdmVyIjp7InF1YWxpdHkiOjg1fX0sInB1ciI6InZhcmlhdGlvbiJ9fQ==--5b6f46dacd1af664f27558553a58076185091823/Static%20website-cuate.png" alt="Node.js-разработчик" loading="eager"/></div><div 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src="https://hexlet.io/rails/active_storage/representations/proxy/eyJfcmFpbHMiOnsiZGF0YSI6NDA0MywicHVyIjoiYmxvYl9pZCJ9fQ==--e2c6c0775e2308e42fbc5dc592ba2db0470632ca/eyJfcmFpbHMiOnsiZGF0YSI6eyJmb3JtYXQiOiJ3ZWJwIiwicmVzaXplX3RvX2xpbWl0IjpbNDAwLDQwMF0sInNhdmVyIjp7InF1YWxpdHkiOjg1fX0sInB1ciI6InZhcmlhdGlvbiJ9fQ==--5b6f46dacd1af664f27558553a58076185091823/Programmer-rafiki.png" alt="Fullstack-разработчик на Node.js" loading="eager"/></div><div style="--group-gap:var(--mantine-spacing-md);--group-align:end;--group-justify:space-between;--group-wrap:wrap;margin-top:var(--mantine-spacing-xs)" class="m_4081bf90 mantine-Group-root"><p style="font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-xl)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">от 7 934 ₽</p><p style="font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-sm)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">Посмотреть →</p></div></div></div></a></div></div><div class="m_d98df724 mantine-Carousel-slide" data-orientation="horizontal"><div tabindex="0" style="cursor:pointer;height:100%"><a style="text-decoration:none" class="mantine-focus-auto m_849cf0da m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root mantine-Anchor-root" data-underline="hover" href="/programs/typescript?promo_name=programs_list&promo_position=course&promo_creative=catalog_card&promo_type=card" target="_blank"><div style="height:100%" class="m_e615b15f mantine-Card-root m_1b7284a3 mantine-Paper-root" data-with-border="true"><div style="--group-gap:calc(0.25rem * var(--mantine-scale));--group-align:center;--group-justify:flex-start;--group-wrap:nowrap" class="m_4081bf90 mantine-Group-root"><span style="font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-sm)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">2 месяца</span><span class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">·</span><span style="font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-sm)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">Для продвинутых</span></div><p 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style="--group-gap:var(--mantine-spacing-md);--group-align:end;--group-justify:space-between;--group-wrap:wrap;margin-top:var(--mantine-spacing-xs)" class="m_4081bf90 mantine-Group-root"><p style="font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-xl)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">от 3 900 ₽</p><p style="font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-sm)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">Посмотреть →</p></div></div></div></a></div></div><div class="m_d98df724 mantine-Carousel-slide" data-orientation="horizontal"><div tabindex="0" style="cursor:pointer;height:100%"><a style="text-decoration:none" class="mantine-focus-auto m_849cf0da m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root mantine-Anchor-root" data-underline="hover" href="/programs/middle-frontend?promo_name=programs_list&promo_position=course&promo_creative=catalog_card&promo_type=card" target="_blank"><div style="height:100%" class="m_e615b15f mantine-Card-root m_1b7284a3 mantine-Paper-root" data-with-border="true"><div 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