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Линтер ошибку выдает по тестам.\n```\n/usr/src/app/__tests__/solution.test.ts\n 2:1 error 'type-assertions' should be listed in the project's dependencies. Run 'npm i -S type-assertions' to add it import/no-extraneous-dependencies\n```","plain_title":"Добрый день. Линтер ошибку выдает по тестам. /usr/src/app/__tests__/solution.test.ts 2:1 error 'type-assertions' should be listed in the project's dependencies. Run 'npm i -S type-assertions' to add it import/no-extraneous-dependencies ","creator":{"public_name":"Дмитрий Семенов","id":623615,"is_tutor":false},"comments":[{"creator":{"public_name":"Ivan Gagarinov","id":75907,"is_tutor":true},"id":178564,"body":"**Дмитрий Семенов**, здравствуйте. Спасибо, поправил. Сейчас многие упражнения ругаются на линтер, так как мы его недавно обновили. Упражнений очень много, еще не все поправили, но работаем над этим.","topic_id":89708}],"communitable":{"parent_entity_name":null,"parent_entity_url":null,"entity_name":"Объединения","entity_url":null,"active":true}},{"id":89304,"title":"Добрый день! Не уверен, что это сильно важно, но тесты не покрывают случай, когда возможно несколько вхождений искомого символа (в примере в Readme такой случай есть, да и по условию задачи нам нужно именно последнее вхождение)","plain_title":"Добрый день! Не уверен, что это сильно важно, но тесты не покрывают случай, когда возможно несколько вхождений искомого символа (в примере в Readme такой случай есть, да и по условию задачи нам нужно именно последнее вхождение) ","creator":{"public_name":"Андрей Луговов","id":517209,"is_tutor":false},"comments":[{"creator":{"public_name":"Ivan Gagarinov","id":75907,"is_tutor":true},"id":177910,"body":"**Андрей Луговов**, здравствуйте! Спасибо! Добавил!","topic_id":89304}],"communitable":{"parent_entity_name":null,"parent_entity_url":null,"entity_name":"Объединения","entity_url":null,"active":true}},{"id":99949,"title":"Добрый день! Насколько я поняла, объединение типов происходит по ИЛИ. Но если задать два типа, описывающих объекты, и использовать их объединение для описания параметра функции, то при обращении к полям будет ошибка\n\n```\ntype Type1 = {\n field1: string,\n field2: string\n}\n \ntype Type2 = {\n field3: number\n}\n \nconst func = (val: Type1 | Type2): void => {\n val.field1.toUpperCase()\n}\n```\n\n>Property 'field1' does not exist on type 'Type1 | Type2'. Property 'field1' does not exist on type 'Type2'.\n\nПочему он ждет, что field1 будет в Type2, у нас же ИЛИ?","plain_title":"Добрый день! Насколько я поняла, объединение типов происходит по ИЛИ. Но если задать два типа, описывающих объекты, и использовать их объединение для описания параметра функции, то при обращении к полям будет ошибка type Type1 = { field1: string, field2: string } type Type2 = { field3: number } const func = (val: Type1 | Type2): void => { val.field1.toUpperCase() } Property 'field1' does not exist on type 'Type1 | Type2'. Property 'field1' does not exist on type 'Type2'. Почему он ждет, что field1 будет в Type2, у нас же ИЛИ? ","creator":{"public_name":"Александра","id":809449,"is_tutor":false},"comments":[{"creator":{"public_name":"Ivan Gagarinov","id":75907,"is_tutor":true},"id":191604,"body":"**Александра**, здравствуйте. Ответ содержится в тексте ошибки. Свойство `field1` не содержится в типе `Type2`. Это логично, ведь если `val` будет иметь тип `Type2`, то у него может не быть этого свойства.","topic_id":99949}],"communitable":{"parent_entity_name":null,"parent_entity_url":null,"entity_name":"Объединения","entity_url":null,"active":true}}],"lesson":{"exercise":{"id":2567,"slug":"typescript_basics_union_types","name":null,"state":"active","kind":"exercise","language":"javascript","locale":"ru","has_web_view":false,"has_test_view":false,"reviewable":true,"readme":"## solution.ts\n\nРеализуйте функцию `lastIndex(str, char)`, возвращающую индекс последнего вхождения символа в строку или `null`, если такого символа нет.\n\n```typescript\nconst str = 'test';\nlastIndex(str, 't'); // 3\nlastIndex(str, 'p'); // null\n```\n","prepared_readme":"## solution.ts\n\nРеализуйте функцию `lastIndex(str, char)`, возвращающую индекс последнего вхождения символа в строку или `null`, если такого символа нет.\n\n```typescript\nconst str = 'test';\nlastIndex(str, 't'); // 3\nlastIndex(str, 'p'); // null\n```\n","has_solution":true,"entity_name":"Объединения"},"units":[{"id":8578,"name":"theory","url":"/courses/typescript-basics/lessons/union-types/theory_unit"},{"id":8837,"name":"quiz","url":"/courses/typescript-basics/lessons/union-types/quiz_unit"},{"id":8641,"name":"exercise","url":"/courses/typescript-basics/lessons/union-types/exercise_unit"}],"links":[],"ordered_units":[{"id":8578,"name":"theory","url":"/courses/typescript-basics/lessons/union-types/theory_unit"},{"id":8837,"name":"quiz","url":"/courses/typescript-basics/lessons/union-types/quiz_unit"},{"id":8641,"name":"exercise","url":"/courses/typescript-basics/lessons/union-types/exercise_unit"}],"id":3806,"slug":"union-types","state":"approved","name":"Объединения","course_order":360,"goal":"Изучаем Union Types","self_study":null,"theory_video_provider":null,"theory_video_uid":null,"theory":"В этом уроке мы научимся работать с объединениями типов, которые играют большую роль в TypeScript. Они позволяют выразить обычную ситуацию для JavaScript, когда возвращаемое значение или аргумент функции могут быть различного типа. Например, метод `String.prototype.at()` может возвращать значение типа `string` либо `undefined`.\n\nОбъединение указывается с помощью оператора прямой черты `|`, по обе стороны которого располагаются типы. Определим свой тип для функции `at`:\n\n```typescript\ntype at = (str: string, position: number) => string | undefined\n```\n\nС точки зрения теории множеств операция _union_ обозначает объединение. Когда мы объединяем несколько множеств, получается новое множество, в которое входят все элементы исходных множеств.\n\nВ TypeScript это означает, что в результате мы получаем тип, который обещает содержать переменную одного из типов объединения. Так мы можем завести свой тип, под который попадают все строки **ИЛИ** числа:\n\n```typescript\ntype NumberOrString = number | string\n\nlet val: NumberOrString = 10 // OK\nval = 'My string' // OK\nval = true // Type 'boolean' is not assignable to type 'NumberOrString'.\n```\n\n\n\nНа практике нередко встречаются случаи, когда нам нужно поддержать работу функции с большим количеством типов. В JavaScript мы можем соединить строку не только со строкой, но и числом или булевыми значениями. Для решения похожей задачи в прошлых уроках мы познакомились с перегрузкой функции. Опишем тип такой функции с применением объединения:\n\n```typescript\ntype AllowedToConcatenation = number | string | null | undefined | boolean\n\nconst concat = (base: AllowedToConcatenation, suffix: AllowedToConcatenation): string => `${base}${suffix}`\n```\n\nЧтобы описать типы функции `concat()`, нам бы потребовалось написать код для каждого случая отдельно.\n\nВ целом, Union Types используется повсеместно, где программист хочет сказать, что переменная может содержать значения разных, но заранее описанных типов. Чтобы указать абсолютно произвольные типы, может использоваться `unknown` или дженерики, которые рассмотрим далее в продвинутом курсе.\n"},"lessonMember":null,"courseMember":null,"course":{"start_lesson":{"exercise":null,"units":[{"id":6484,"name":"theory","url":"/courses/typescript-basics/lessons/intro/theory_unit"}],"links":[{"id":423014,"name":"Профессия Фронтенд-разработчик","url":"https://ru.hexlet.io/programs/frontend"},{"id":423015,"name":"Профессия Node.js-разработчик","url":"https://ru.hexlet.io/programs/backend"},{"id":423016,"name":"Как устроен TypeScript и зачем его используют","url":"https://ru.hexlet.io/blog/posts/vse-chto-nuzhno-znat-novichku-o-typescript-ischerpyvayuschiy-gayd"}],"ordered_units":[{"id":6484,"name":"theory","url":"/courses/typescript-basics/lessons/intro/theory_unit"}],"id":2839,"slug":"intro","state":"approved","name":"Введение","course_order":100,"goal":"Знакомимся с темой и задачами курса","self_study":null,"theory_video_provider":null,"theory_video_uid":null,"theory":"Этот курс поможет вам познакомиться с основами TypeScript — языка программирования, который является надстройкой над JavaScript и позволяет писать более структурированный и надежный код.\n\nКурс включает в себя основные понятия в TypeScript: типизацию, объявление переменных и функций, интерфейсы, классы, наследование и множество других тем. Также в курсе есть практические задания, которые помогут вам применить полученные знания на практике. После окончания курса вы сможете использовать TypeScript для разработки простых приложений и поймете, какие преимущества дает этот язык программирования в сравнении с JavaScript.\n"},"id":275,"slug":"typescript-basics","challenges_count":5,"name":"Основы Typescript","allow_indexing":true,"state":"approved","course_state":"finished","pricing_type":"paid","description":"На этом курсе вы изучите основы языка Typescript. Вы узнаете о работе с ошибками, отладке и импорте модулей. В итоге вы научитесь писать простые программы на Typescript. Знания из этого курса помогут программистам писать более надежный и понятный код. Этот курс подойдет тем, кто хочет изучить новый язык программирования или улучшить свои навыки в Typescript.","kind":"basic","updated_at":"2026-01-20T11:39:47.190Z","language":"javascript","duration_cache":155460,"skills":["Создавать программы, используя основные конструкции языка (условия, циклы, функции и другие)","Составлять программы, состоящие из нескольких модулей","Правильно анализировать ошибки в коде и пользоваться отладочной печатью при их 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#3ccffe;--mantine-color-cyan-5: #24c8fe;--mantine-color-cyan-6: #00c2ff;--mantine-color-cyan-7: #00ade4;--mantine-color-cyan-8: #009acd;--mantine-color-cyan-9: #0085b5;--mantine-color-green-0: #e9fdec;--mantine-color-green-1: #d7f6dc;--mantine-color-green-2: #b0eab9;--mantine-color-green-3: #86df94;--mantine-color-green-4: #62d574;--mantine-color-green-5: #4ccf5f;--mantine-color-green-6: #3fcc54;--mantine-color-green-7: #2fb344;--mantine-color-green-8: #25a03b;--mantine-color-green-9: #138a2e;--mantine-color-yellow-0: #fff7e2;--mantine-color-yellow-1: #ffeecd;--mantine-color-yellow-2: #ffdc9c;--mantine-color-yellow-3: #ffc966;--mantine-color-yellow-4: #feb93a;--mantine-color-yellow-5: #feae1e;--mantine-color-yellow-6: #ffa90f;--mantine-color-yellow-8: #ca8200;--mantine-color-yellow-9: #af7000;--mantine-h1-font-size: clamp(28.0000px, calc(23.6364px + 1.3636vw), 40.0000px);--mantine-h1-font-weight: normal;--mantine-h2-font-size: clamp(24.0000px, calc(21.0909px + 0.9091vw), 32.0000px);--mantine-h2-font-weight: normal;--mantine-h3-font-size: clamp(20.0000px, calc(17.0909px + 0.9091vw), 28.0000px);--mantine-h3-font-weight: normal;--mantine-h4-font-size: clamp(16.0000px, calc(13.0909px + 0.9091vw), 24.0000px);--mantine-h4-font-weight: normal;--mantine-h5-font-size: clamp(16.0000px, calc(14.5455px + 0.4545vw), 20.0000px);--mantine-h5-font-weight: normal;--mantine-h6-font-size: 1rem;--mantine-h6-font-weight: normal;}
:root[data-mantine-color-scheme="dark"], :host([data-mantine-color-scheme="dark"]){--mantine-color-anchor: var(--mantine-color-text);--mantine-color-dimmed: #495057;--mantine-color-dark-filled: var(--mantine-color-dark-5);--mantine-color-dark-filled-hover: var(--mantine-color-dark-6);--mantine-color-dark-light: rgba(105, 105, 105, 0.15);--mantine-color-dark-light-hover: rgba(105, 105, 105, 0.2);--mantine-color-dark-light-color: var(--mantine-color-dark-0);--mantine-color-dark-outline: var(--mantine-color-dark-1);--mantine-color-dark-outline-hover: rgba(184, 184, 184, 0.05);--mantine-color-gray-filled: var(--mantine-color-gray-5);--mantine-color-gray-filled-hover: var(--mantine-color-gray-6);--mantine-color-gray-light: rgba(222, 226, 230, 0.15);--mantine-color-gray-light-hover: rgba(222, 226, 230, 0.2);--mantine-color-gray-light-color: var(--mantine-color-gray-0);--mantine-color-gray-outline: var(--mantine-color-gray-1);--mantine-color-gray-outline-hover: rgba(241, 243, 245, 0.05);--mantine-color-red-filled: var(--mantine-color-red-5);--mantine-color-red-filled-hover: var(--mantine-color-red-6);--mantine-color-red-light: rgba(236, 120, 120, 0.15);--mantine-color-red-light-hover: rgba(236, 120, 120, 0.2);--mantine-color-red-light-color: var(--mantine-color-red-0);--mantine-color-red-outline: var(--mantine-color-red-1);--mantine-color-red-outline-hover: rgba(254, 212, 212, 0.05);--mantine-color-pink-filled: var(--mantine-color-pink-5);--mantine-color-pink-filled-hover: var(--mantine-color-pink-6);--mantine-color-pink-light: rgba(250, 162, 193, 0.15);--mantine-color-pink-light-hover: rgba(250, 162, 193, 0.2);--mantine-color-pink-light-color: var(--mantine-color-pink-0);--mantine-color-pink-outline: var(--mantine-color-pink-1);--mantine-color-pink-outline-hover: rgba(255, 222, 235, 0.05);--mantine-color-grape-filled: var(--mantine-color-grape-5);--mantine-color-grape-filled-hover: var(--mantine-color-grape-6);--mantine-color-grape-light: rgba(229, 153, 247, 0.15);--mantine-color-grape-light-hover: rgba(229, 153, 247, 0.2);--mantine-color-grape-light-color: var(--mantine-color-grape-0);--mantine-color-grape-outline: var(--mantine-color-grape-1);--mantine-color-grape-outline-hover: rgba(243, 217, 250, 0.05);--mantine-color-violet-filled: var(--mantine-color-violet-5);--mantine-color-violet-filled-hover: var(--mantine-color-violet-6);--mantine-color-violet-light: rgba(209, 111, 255, 0.15);--mantine-color-violet-light-hover: rgba(209, 111, 255, 0.2);--mantine-color-violet-light-color: var(--mantine-color-violet-0);--mantine-color-violet-outline: var(--mantine-color-violet-1);--mantine-color-violet-outline-hover: rgba(241, 207, 255, 0.05);--mantine-color-indigo-filled: var(--mantine-color-indigo-5);--mantine-color-indigo-filled-hover: var(--mantine-color-indigo-6);--mantine-color-indigo-light: rgba(123, 121, 235, 0.15);--mantine-color-indigo-light-hover: rgba(123, 121, 235, 0.2);--mantine-color-indigo-light-color: var(--mantine-color-indigo-0);--mantine-color-indigo-outline: var(--mantine-color-indigo-1);--mantine-color-indigo-outline-hover: rgba(214, 213, 254, 0.05);--mantine-color-blue-filled: var(--mantine-color-blue-5);--mantine-color-blue-filled-hover: var(--mantine-color-blue-6);--mantine-color-blue-light: rgba(116, 192, 252, 0.15);--mantine-color-blue-light-hover: rgba(116, 192, 252, 0.2);--mantine-color-blue-light-color: var(--mantine-color-blue-0);--mantine-color-blue-outline: var(--mantine-color-blue-1);--mantine-color-blue-outline-hover: rgba(208, 235, 255, 0.05);--mantine-color-cyan-filled: var(--mantine-color-cyan-5);--mantine-color-cyan-filled-hover: var(--mantine-color-cyan-6);--mantine-color-cyan-light: rgba(100, 218, 255, 0.15);--mantine-color-cyan-light-hover: rgba(100, 218, 255, 0.2);--mantine-color-cyan-light-color: var(--mantine-color-cyan-0);--mantine-color-cyan-outline: var(--mantine-color-cyan-1);--mantine-color-cyan-outline-hover: rgba(202, 245, 255, 0.05);--mantine-color-teal-filled: var(--mantine-color-teal-5);--mantine-color-teal-filled-hover: var(--mantine-color-teal-6);--mantine-color-teal-light: rgba(99, 230, 190, 0.15);--mantine-color-teal-light-hover: rgba(99, 230, 190, 0.2);--mantine-color-teal-light-color: var(--mantine-color-teal-0);--mantine-color-teal-outline: var(--mantine-color-teal-1);--mantine-color-teal-outline-hover: rgba(195, 250, 232, 0.05);--mantine-color-green-filled: var(--mantine-color-green-5);--mantine-color-green-filled-hover: var(--mantine-color-green-6);--mantine-color-green-light: rgba(134, 223, 148, 0.15);--mantine-color-green-light-hover: rgba(134, 223, 148, 0.2);--mantine-color-green-light-color: var(--mantine-color-green-0);--mantine-color-green-outline: var(--mantine-color-green-1);--mantine-color-green-outline-hover: rgba(215, 246, 220, 0.05);--mantine-color-lime-filled: var(--mantine-color-lime-5);--mantine-color-lime-filled-hover: var(--mantine-color-lime-6);--mantine-color-lime-light: rgba(192, 235, 117, 0.15);--mantine-color-lime-light-hover: rgba(192, 235, 117, 0.2);--mantine-color-lime-light-color: var(--mantine-color-lime-0);--mantine-color-lime-outline: var(--mantine-color-lime-1);--mantine-color-lime-outline-hover: rgba(233, 250, 200, 0.05);--mantine-color-yellow-filled: var(--mantine-color-yellow-5);--mantine-color-yellow-filled-hover: var(--mantine-color-yellow-6);--mantine-color-yellow-light: rgba(255, 201, 102, 0.15);--mantine-color-yellow-light-hover: rgba(255, 201, 102, 0.2);--mantine-color-yellow-light-color: var(--mantine-color-yellow-0);--mantine-color-yellow-outline: var(--mantine-color-yellow-1);--mantine-color-yellow-outline-hover: rgba(255, 238, 205, 0.05);--mantine-color-orange-filled: var(--mantine-color-orange-5);--mantine-color-orange-filled-hover: var(--mantine-color-orange-6);--mantine-color-orange-light: rgba(255, 192, 120, 0.15);--mantine-color-orange-light-hover: rgba(255, 192, 120, 0.2);--mantine-color-orange-light-color: var(--mantine-color-orange-0);--mantine-color-orange-outline: var(--mantine-color-orange-1);--mantine-color-orange-outline-hover: rgba(255, 232, 204, 0.05);--app-cta-gradient: linear-gradient(90deg, var(--mantine-color-blue-9) 0%, var(--mantine-color-cyan-7) 100%);--app-color-surface: #2e2e2e;}
:root[data-mantine-color-scheme="light"], :host([data-mantine-color-scheme="light"]){--mantine-color-anchor: var(--mantine-color-text);--mantine-color-dimmed: #495057;--mantine-color-red-light: rgba(224, 40, 41, 0.1);--mantine-color-red-light-hover: rgba(224, 40, 41, 0.12);--mantine-color-red-outline-hover: rgba(224, 40, 41, 0.05);--mantine-color-violet-light: rgba(176, 9, 255, 0.1);--mantine-color-violet-light-hover: rgba(176, 9, 255, 0.12);--mantine-color-violet-outline-hover: rgba(176, 9, 255, 0.05);--mantine-color-indigo-light: rgba(45, 42, 223, 0.1);--mantine-color-indigo-light-hover: rgba(45, 42, 223, 0.12);--mantine-color-indigo-outline-hover: rgba(45, 42, 223, 0.05);--mantine-color-cyan-light: rgba(0, 194, 255, 0.1);--mantine-color-cyan-light-hover: rgba(0, 194, 255, 0.12);--mantine-color-cyan-outline-hover: rgba(0, 194, 255, 0.05);--mantine-color-green-light: rgba(63, 204, 84, 0.1);--mantine-color-green-light-hover: rgba(63, 204, 84, 0.12);--mantine-color-green-outline-hover: rgba(63, 204, 84, 0.05);--mantine-color-yellow-light: rgba(255, 169, 15, 0.1);--mantine-color-yellow-light-hover: rgba(255, 169, 15, 0.12);--mantine-color-yellow-outline-hover: rgba(255, 169, 15, 0.05);--app-color-surface: #f1f3f5;--app-cta-gradient: linear-gradient(90deg, var(--mantine-color-blue-filled) 0%, var(--mantine-color-cyan-5) 100%);}</style><style data-mantine-styles="classes">@media (max-width: 35.99375em) {.mantine-visible-from-xs {display: none !important;}}@media (min-width: 36em) {.mantine-hidden-from-xs {display: none !important;}}@media (max-width: 47.99375em) {.mantine-visible-from-sm {display: none !important;}}@media (min-width: 48em) {.mantine-hidden-from-sm {display: none !important;}}@media (max-width: 61.99375em) {.mantine-visible-from-md {display: none !important;}}@media (min-width: 62em) {.mantine-hidden-from-md {display: none !important;}}@media (max-width: 74.99375em) {.mantine-visible-from-lg {display: none !important;}}@media (min-width: 75em) {.mantine-hidden-from-lg {display: none !important;}}@media (max-width: 87.99375em) {.mantine-visible-from-xl {display: none !important;}}@media (min-width: 88em) {.mantine-hidden-from-xl {display: none !important;}}</style><div style="position:absolute;top:0rem" class=""></div><div style="max-width:var(--container-size-xl);height:100%;min-height:0rem" class=""><style data-mantine-styles="inline">.__m__-_R_5ub_{--grid-gutter:0rem;}</style><div style="height:100%;min-height:0rem" class="m_410352e9 mantine-Grid-root __m__-_R_5ub_"><div class="m_dee7bd2f mantine-Grid-inner" style="height:100%"><style data-mantine-styles="inline">.__m__-_R_rdub_{--col-flex-grow:auto;--col-flex-basis:91.66666666666667%;--col-max-width:91.66666666666667%;}@media(min-width: 48em){.__m__-_R_rdub_{--col-flex-grow:auto;--col-flex-basis:83.33333333333334%;--col-max-width:83.33333333333334%;}}</style><div style="min-width:0rem;height:100%;min-height:0rem;display:flex" class="m_96bdd299 mantine-Grid-col __m__-_R_rdub_"><style data-mantine-styles="inline">.__m__-_R_6qrdub_{margin-top:0rem;padding-inline:var(--mantine-spacing-xs);width:100%;}@media(min-width: 48em){.__m__-_R_6qrdub_{margin-top:var(--mantine-spacing-xl);width:80%;}}@media(min-width: 62em){.__m__-_R_6qrdub_{padding-inline:var(--mantine-spacing-xl);}}</style><div style="margin-inline:auto;max-width:var(--mantine-breakpoint-xl)" class="__m__-_R_6qrdub_"><div style="color:var(--mantine-color-dimmed)" class="m_4451eb3a mantine-Center-root" data-inline="true"><div style="--ti-size:var(--ti-size-xs);--ti-bg:transparent;--ti-color:var(--mantine-color-indigo-light-color);--ti-bd:calc(0.0625rem * var(--mantine-scale)) solid transparent;margin-inline-end:calc(0.125rem * var(--mantine-scale));color:inherit" class="m_7341320d mantine-ThemeIcon-root" data-variant="transparent" data-size="xs"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="tabler-icon tabler-icon-lock "><path d="M5 13a2 2 0 0 1 2 -2h10a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v6a2 2 0 0 1 -2 2h-10a2 2 0 0 1 -2 -2v-6"></path><path d="M11 16a1 1 0 1 0 2 0a1 1 0 0 0 -2 0"></path><path d="M8 11v-4a4 4 0 1 1 8 0v4"></path></svg></div><p style="font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-sm)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">Основы Typescript</p></div><h1 style="--title-fw:var(--mantine-h1-font-weight);--title-lh:var(--mantine-h1-line-height);--title-fz:var(--mantine-h1-font-size);margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-xl)" class="m_8a5d1357 mantine-Title-root" data-order="1">Теория: Объединения</h1><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"LearningResource","name":"Объединения","inLanguage":"ru","isPartOf":{"@type":"LearningResource","name":"Основы Typescript"},"isAccessibleForFree":"False","hasPart":{"@type":"WebPageElement","isAccessibleForFree":"False","cssSelector":".paywalled"}}</script><div class=""><div style="--alert-color:var(--mantine-color-indigo-light-color);margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg);font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-lg)" class="m_66836ed3 mantine-Alert-root" id="mantine-_R_remqrdub_" role="alert" aria-describedby="mantine-_R_remqrdub_-body" aria-labelledby="mantine-_R_remqrdub_-title"><div class="m_a5d60502 mantine-Alert-wrapper"><div class="m_667f2a6a mantine-Alert-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="tabler-icon tabler-icon-rocket "><path d="M4 13a8 8 0 0 1 7 7a6 6 0 0 0 3 -5a9 9 0 0 0 6 -8a3 3 0 0 0 -3 -3a9 9 0 0 0 -8 6a6 6 0 0 0 -5 3"></path><path d="M7 14a6 6 0 0 0 -3 6a6 6 0 0 0 6 -3"></path><path d="M14 9a1 1 0 1 0 2 0a1 1 0 1 0 -2 0"></path></svg></div><div class="m_667c2793 mantine-Alert-body"><div class="m_6a03f287 mantine-Alert-title"><span id="mantine-_R_remqrdub_-title" class="m_698f4f23 mantine-Alert-label">Полный доступ к материалам</span></div><div id="mantine-_R_remqrdub_-body" class="m_7fa78076 mantine-Alert-message"><div style="--group-gap:var(--mantine-spacing-md);--group-align:center;--group-justify:space-between;--group-wrap:wrap" class="m_4081bf90 mantine-Group-root"><p class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">Зарегистрируйтесь и получите доступ к этому и десяткам других курсов</p><a style="--button-height:var(--button-height-xs);--button-padding-x:var(--button-padding-x-xs);--button-fz:var(--mantine-font-size-xs);--button-bg:linear-gradient(45deg, var(--mantine-color-blue-filled) 0%, var(--mantine-color-cyan-filled) 100%);--button-hover:linear-gradient(45deg, var(--mantine-color-blue-filled) 0%, var(--mantine-color-cyan-filled) 100%);--button-color:var(--mantine-color-white);--button-bd:none" class="mantine-focus-auto mantine-active m_77c9d27d mantine-Button-root m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-variant="gradient" data-size="xs" href="/u/new"><span class="m_80f1301b mantine-Button-inner"><span class="m_811560b9 mantine-Button-label">Зарегистрироваться</span></span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="paywalled m_d08caa0 mantine-Typography-root"><p>В этом уроке мы научимся работать с объединениями типов, которые играют большую роль в TypeScript. Они позволяют выразить обычную ситуацию для JavaScript, когда возвращаемое значение или аргумент функции могут быть различного типа. Например, метод <code style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight">String.prototype.at()</code> может возвращать значение типа <code style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight">string</code> либо <code style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight">undefined</code>.</p>
<p>Объединение указывается с помощью оператора прямой черты <code style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight">|</code>, по обе стороны которого располагаются типы. Определим свой тип для функции <code style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight">at</code>:</p>
<div style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight" dir="ltr"><div class="m_be7e9c9c mantine-CodeHighlight-controls"><button style="--ai-bg:transparent;--ai-hover:transparent;--ai-color:inherit;--ai-bd:none" class="mantine-focus-auto mantine-active m_d498bab7 mantine-CodeHighlight-control m_8d3f4000 mantine-ActionIcon-root m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-variant="none" type="button" aria-label="Copy code"><span class="m_8d3afb97 mantine-ActionIcon-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="2" stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path stroke="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path><path d="M8 8m0 2a2 2 0 0 1 2 -2h8a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v8a2 2 0 0 1 -2 2h-8a2 2 0 0 1 -2 -2z"></path><path d="M16 8v-2a2 2 0 0 0 -2 -2h-8a2 2 0 0 0 -2 2v8a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2"></path></svg></span></button></div><div style="--scrollarea-scrollbar-size:calc(0.25rem * var(--mantine-scale));--sa-corner-width:0px;--sa-corner-height:0px" class="m_f744fd40 mantine-CodeHighlight-scrollarea m_d57069b5 mantine-ScrollArea-root" dir="ltr"><div style="overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:hidden;overscroll-behavior-inline:none" class="m_c0783ff9 mantine-ScrollArea-viewport" data-scrollbars="xy"><div class="m_b1336c6 mantine-ScrollArea-content"><pre class="m_2c47c4fd mantine-CodeHighlight-pre" style="padding:0"><code class="m_5caae6d3 mantine-CodeHighlight-code">type at = (str: string, position: number) => string | undefined</code></pre></div></div></div><button class="mantine-focus-auto m_c9378bc2 mantine-CodeHighlight-showCodeButton m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-hidden="true" type="button">Expand code</button></div>
<p>С точки зрения теории множеств операция <em>union</em> обозначает объединение. Когда мы объединяем несколько множеств, получается новое множество, в которое входят все элементы исходных множеств.</p>
<p>В TypeScript это означает, что в результате мы получаем тип, который обещает содержать переменную одного из типов объединения. Так мы можем завести свой тип, под который попадают все строки <strong>ИЛИ</strong> числа:</p>
<div style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight" dir="ltr"><div class="m_be7e9c9c mantine-CodeHighlight-controls"><button style="--ai-bg:transparent;--ai-hover:transparent;--ai-color:inherit;--ai-bd:none" class="mantine-focus-auto mantine-active m_d498bab7 mantine-CodeHighlight-control m_8d3f4000 mantine-ActionIcon-root m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-variant="none" type="button" aria-label="Copy code"><span class="m_8d3afb97 mantine-ActionIcon-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="2" stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path stroke="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path><path d="M8 8m0 2a2 2 0 0 1 2 -2h8a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v8a2 2 0 0 1 -2 2h-8a2 2 0 0 1 -2 -2z"></path><path d="M16 8v-2a2 2 0 0 0 -2 -2h-8a2 2 0 0 0 -2 2v8a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2"></path></svg></span></button></div><div style="--scrollarea-scrollbar-size:calc(0.25rem * var(--mantine-scale));--sa-corner-width:0px;--sa-corner-height:0px" class="m_f744fd40 mantine-CodeHighlight-scrollarea m_d57069b5 mantine-ScrollArea-root" dir="ltr"><div style="overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:hidden;overscroll-behavior-inline:none" class="m_c0783ff9 mantine-ScrollArea-viewport" data-scrollbars="xy"><div class="m_b1336c6 mantine-ScrollArea-content"><pre class="m_2c47c4fd mantine-CodeHighlight-pre" style="padding:0"><code class="m_5caae6d3 mantine-CodeHighlight-code">type NumberOrString = number | string
let val: NumberOrString = 10 // OK
val = 'My string' // OK
val = true // Type 'boolean' is not assignable to type 'NumberOrString'.</code></pre></div></div></div><button class="mantine-focus-auto m_c9378bc2 mantine-CodeHighlight-showCodeButton m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-hidden="true" type="button">Expand code</button></div>
<p><img style="--image-object-fit:contain;width:auto" class="m_9e117634 mantine-Image-root" src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/hexlet-basics/exercises-typescript/main/modules/25-types/20-union-types/assets/number_or_string.png" alt="NumberOrString" loading="lazy"/></p>
<p>На практике нередко встречаются случаи, когда нам нужно поддержать работу функции с большим количеством типов. В JavaScript мы можем соединить строку не только со строкой, но и числом или булевыми значениями. Для решения похожей задачи в прошлых уроках мы познакомились с перегрузкой функции. Опишем тип такой функции с применением объединения:</p>
<div style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight" dir="ltr"><div class="m_be7e9c9c mantine-CodeHighlight-controls"><button style="--ai-bg:transparent;--ai-hover:transparent;--ai-color:inherit;--ai-bd:none" class="mantine-focus-auto mantine-active m_d498bab7 mantine-CodeHighlight-control m_8d3f4000 mantine-ActionIcon-root m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-variant="none" type="button" aria-label="Copy code"><span class="m_8d3afb97 mantine-ActionIcon-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="2" stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path stroke="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path><path d="M8 8m0 2a2 2 0 0 1 2 -2h8a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v8a2 2 0 0 1 -2 2h-8a2 2 0 0 1 -2 -2z"></path><path d="M16 8v-2a2 2 0 0 0 -2 -2h-8a2 2 0 0 0 -2 2v8a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2"></path></svg></span></button></div><div style="--scrollarea-scrollbar-size:calc(0.25rem * var(--mantine-scale));--sa-corner-width:0px;--sa-corner-height:0px" class="m_f744fd40 mantine-CodeHighlight-scrollarea m_d57069b5 mantine-ScrollArea-root" dir="ltr"><div style="overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:hidden;overscroll-behavior-inline:none" class="m_c0783ff9 mantine-ScrollArea-viewport" data-scrollbars="xy"><div class="m_b1336c6 mantine-ScrollArea-content"><pre class="m_2c47c4fd mantine-CodeHighlight-pre" style="padding:0"><code class="m_5caae6d3 mantine-CodeHighlight-code">type AllowedToConcatenation = number | string | null | undefined | boolean
const concat = (base: AllowedToConcatenation, suffix: AllowedToConcatenation): string => `${base}${suffix}`</code></pre></div></div></div><button class="mantine-focus-auto m_c9378bc2 mantine-CodeHighlight-showCodeButton m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-hidden="true" type="button">Expand code</button></div>
<p>Чтобы описать типы функции <code style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight">concat()</code>, нам бы потребовалось написать код для каждого случая отдельно.</p>
<p>В целом, Union Types используется повсеместно, где программист хочет сказать, что переменная может содержать значения разных, но заранее описанных типов. Чтобы указать абсолютно произвольные типы, может использоваться <code style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight m_dfe9c588 mantine-InlineCodeHighlight-inlineCodeHighlight">unknown</code> или дженерики, которые рассмотрим далее в продвинутом курсе.</p></div><div style="margin-block:var(--mantine-spacing-xl)" class=""><h2 style="--title-fw:var(--mantine-h2-font-weight);--title-lh:var(--mantine-h2-line-height);--title-fz:var(--mantine-h2-font-size);margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-md)" class="m_8a5d1357 mantine-Title-root" data-order="2">Рекомендуемые программы</h2><style data-mantine-styles="inline">.__m__-_R_2mremqrdub_{--carousel-slide-gap:var(--mantine-spacing-xs);--carousel-slide-size:70%;}@media(min-width: 36em){.__m__-_R_2mremqrdub_{--carousel-slide-gap:var(--mantine-spacing-xl);--carousel-slide-size:50%;}}</style><div style="--carousel-control-size:calc(2.5rem 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style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-sm);font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-h5);font-weight:bold" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">Typescript</p><p class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">Изучите Typescript и получите навык снижать ошибки, упрощать отладку</p><div style="margin-top:auto" class=""><div class="m_4451eb3a mantine-Center-root"><img style="opacity:0.8;width:70%" class="m_9e117634 mantine-Image-root mantine-visible-from-xs" src="https://hexlet.io/rails/active_storage/representations/proxy/eyJfcmFpbHMiOnsiZGF0YSI6MzcwOSwicHVyIjoiYmxvYl9pZCJ9fQ==--03e50bbd408fef672ad099f7b2a258d80f54ad96/eyJfcmFpbHMiOnsiZGF0YSI6eyJmb3JtYXQiOiJ3ZWJwIiwicmVzaXplX3RvX2xpbWl0IjpbNDAwLDQwMF0sInNhdmVyIjp7InF1YWxpdHkiOjg1fX0sInB1ciI6InZhcmlhdGlvbiJ9fQ==--5b6f46dacd1af664f27558553a58076185091823/Hand%20coding-bro.png" alt="Typescript" loading="eager"/></div><div 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