Rivalry2

Ruby
2026-02-26 22:26 Diff
https://ru.hexlet.io/courses/ruby-basics/lessons/hash-basics/theory_unit
Полный доступ к материалам
Hash — тип данных, предназначенный для хранения пар ключ-значение. Порядок ключей в хеше определен и совпадает с порядком их добавления.
Хеши в Ruby передаются по ссылке, но сравнение происходит по значению, как и в массивах.
У хешей, как и у массивов, огромное количество различных методов на все случаи жизни — включая обход и разнообразные функции высшего порядка. Частично мы их коснемся дальше, но основная часть познается уже в повседневной работе.
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Например, при итерации по нему&quot;,&quot;plain_title&quot;:&quot;Насколько помню, в хэше не гарантируется порядок ключей. Например, при итерации по нему &quot;,&quot;creator&quot;:{&quot;public_name&quot;:&quot;Антон Липич&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:288090,&quot;is_tutor&quot;:false},&quot;comments&quot;:[{&quot;creator&quot;:{&quot;public_name&quot;:&quot;Aleksandr Litvinov&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:117182,&quot;is_tutor&quot;:true},&quot;id&quot;:174417,&quot;body&quot;:&quot;В документации написано про порядок добавления: https://ruby-doc.org/3.2.2/Hash.html#class-Hash-label-Entry+Order&quot;,&quot;topic_id&quot;:86817}],&quot;communitable&quot;:{&quot;parent_entity_name&quot;:null,&quot;parent_entity_url&quot;:null,&quot;entity_name&quot;:&quot;Хеши&quot;,&quot;entity_url&quot;:null,&quot;active&quot;:true}}],&quot;lesson&quot;:{&quot;exercise&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:1983,&quot;slug&quot;:&quot;ruby_basics_hash_basics&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:null,&quot;state&quot;:&quot;active&quot;,&quot;kind&quot;:&quot;exercise&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;ruby&quot;,&quot;locale&quot;:&quot;ru&quot;,&quot;has_web_view&quot;:false,&quot;has_test_view&quot;:false,&quot;reviewable&quot;:true,&quot;readme&quot;:&quot;## solution.rb\n\nРеализуйте функцию `get_words_count_by_lang()`, которая считает количество слов в тексте\n\n```ruby\ntext = &#x27;php ruby php java javascript go go go&#x27;\nget_words_count_by_lang text\n# {\n#   &#x27;php&#x27; =&gt; 2,\n#   &#x27;ruby&#x27; =&gt; 1,\n#   &#x27;java&#x27; =&gt; 1,\n#   &#x27;javascript&#x27; =&gt; 1,\n#   &#x27;go&#x27; =&gt; 3\n# }\n```\n&quot;,&quot;prepared_readme&quot;:&quot;## solution.rb\n\nРеализуйте функцию `get_words_count_by_lang()`, которая считает количество слов в тексте\n\n```ruby\ntext = &#x27;php ruby php java javascript go go go&#x27;\nget_words_count_by_lang text\n# {\n#   &#x27;php&#x27; =&gt; 2,\n#   &#x27;ruby&#x27; =&gt; 1,\n#   &#x27;java&#x27; =&gt; 1,\n#   &#x27;javascript&#x27; =&gt; 1,\n#   &#x27;go&#x27; =&gt; 3\n# }\n```\n&quot;,&quot;has_solution&quot;:true,&quot;entity_name&quot;:&quot;Хеши&quot;},&quot;units&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:6438,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;theory&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;/courses/ruby-basics/lessons/hash-basics/theory_unit&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:7022,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;quiz&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;/courses/ruby-basics/lessons/hash-basics/quiz_unit&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:6454,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;exercise&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;/courses/ruby-basics/lessons/hash-basics/exercise_unit&quot;}],&quot;links&quot;:[],&quot;ordered_units&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:6438,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;theory&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;/courses/ruby-basics/lessons/hash-basics/theory_unit&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:7022,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;quiz&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;/courses/ruby-basics/lessons/hash-basics/quiz_unit&quot;},{&quot;id&quot;:6454,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;exercise&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;/courses/ruby-basics/lessons/hash-basics/exercise_unit&quot;}],&quot;id&quot;:2821,&quot;slug&quot;:&quot;hash-basics&quot;,&quot;state&quot;:&quot;approved&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Хеши&quot;,&quot;course_order&quot;:720,&quot;goal&quot;:&quot;Знакомимся с хешами в Ruby&quot;,&quot;self_study&quot;:null,&quot;theory_video_provider&quot;:null,&quot;theory_video_uid&quot;:null,&quot;theory&quot;:&quot;Hash — тип данных, предназначенный для хранения пар **ключ-значение**. Порядок ключей в хеше определен и совпадает с порядком их добавления.\n\n```ruby\noptions = {}\n# При таком определении ключ становится символом (symbol)\noptions = { key: &#x27;value&#x27; }\noptions[:key] # &#x27;value&#x27;\n\n# При таком определении ключ становится строкой (string)\noptions = { &#x27;key&#x27; =&gt; &#x27;value&#x27; }\n\n# Добавление/замена в хешах\noptions[:where] = &#x27;code-basics&#x27;\noptions[:who] = &#x27;hexlet&#x27;\n\noptions.any? # true\noptions.empty? # false\n\n# Возвращает ключи\noptions.keys # [&#x27;key&#x27;, :where, :who]\n\n# Возвращает значения\noptions.values # [&#x27;value&#x27;, &#x27;code-basics&#x27;, &#x27;hexlet&#x27;]\n\n# Обращение к несуществующему элементу возвращает nil\noptions[:language] # nil\n\n# Доступ к вложенным структурам без необходимости проверок\noptions.dig(:key1, :key2, :key3)\n\n# Если ключа нет, то будет брошено исключение\noptions.fetch(:key) # KeyError (key not found: :key)\n\n# Если ключа нет, то вернётся значение по умолчанию\noptions.fetch(:key, &#x27;default value&#x27;)\n```\n\n```ruby\n# Проверка наличия ключа\noptions.key?(&#x27;who&#x27;) # false\noptions.key?(:who) # true\n```\n\nХеши в Ruby передаются по ссылке, но сравнение происходит по значению, как и в массивах.\n\n```ruby\noptions1 = { language: &#x27;ruby&#x27; }\noptions2 = { language: &#x27;ruby&#x27; }\noptions1 == options2 # true\n```\n\nУ хешей, как и у массивов, огромное количество различных методов на все случаи жизни — включая обход и разнообразные функции высшего порядка. Частично мы их коснемся дальше, но основная часть познается уже в повседневной работе.\n&quot;},&quot;lessonMember&quot;:null,&quot;courseMember&quot;:null,&quot;course&quot;:{&quot;start_lesson&quot;:{&quot;exercise&quot;:null,&quot;units&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:7191,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;theory&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;/courses/ruby-basics/lessons/intro/theory_unit&quot;}],&quot;links&quot;:[],&quot;ordered_units&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:7191,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;theory&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;/courses/ruby-basics/lessons/intro/theory_unit&quot;}],&quot;id&quot;:3209,&quot;slug&quot;:&quot;intro&quot;,&quot;state&quot;:&quot;approved&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Введение&quot;,&quot;course_order&quot;:50,&quot;goal&quot;:&quot;Знакомимся с курсом&quot;,&quot;self_study&quot;:null,&quot;theory_video_provider&quot;:null,&quot;theory_video_uid&quot;:null,&quot;theory&quot;:&quot;Ruby — язык, созданный для того, чтобы программисты были счастливы. Он взял в себя лучшее из Lisp, Smalltalk и Perl — он объектно-ориентирован, но в то же время его декларативность позволяет писать в процедурной и функциональной парадигме.\n\nЛаконичный код, отсутствие шума и богатые возможности делают Ruby одним из самых \&quot;быстрых\&quot; языков для написания кода.\n\nПрофессия разработчик на Ruby on Rails на Хекслете дает все необходимые знания и навыки для трудоустройства. С этого курса начинается погружение в сам язык.\n\nКурс включает в себя основы программирования на Ruby. 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{.mantine-hidden-from-lg {display: none !important;}}@media (max-width: 87.99375em) {.mantine-visible-from-xl {display: none !important;}}@media (min-width: 88em) {.mantine-hidden-from-xl {display: none !important;}}</style><div style="position:absolute;top:0rem" class=""></div><div style="max-width:var(--container-size-xl);height:100%;min-height:0rem" class=""><style data-mantine-styles="inline">.__m__-_R_5ub_{--grid-gutter:0rem;}</style><div style="height:100%;min-height:0rem" class="m_410352e9 mantine-Grid-root __m__-_R_5ub_"><div class="m_dee7bd2f mantine-Grid-inner" style="height:100%"><style data-mantine-styles="inline">.__m__-_R_rdub_{--col-flex-grow:auto;--col-flex-basis:91.66666666666667%;--col-max-width:91.66666666666667%;}@media(min-width: 48em){.__m__-_R_rdub_{--col-flex-grow:auto;--col-flex-basis:83.33333333333334%;--col-max-width:83.33333333333334%;}}</style><div style="min-width:0rem;height:100%;min-height:0rem;display:flex" class="m_96bdd299 mantine-Grid-col __m__-_R_rdub_"><style data-mantine-styles="inline">.__m__-_R_6qrdub_{margin-top:0rem;padding-inline:var(--mantine-spacing-xs);width:100%;}@media(min-width: 48em){.__m__-_R_6qrdub_{margin-top:var(--mantine-spacing-xl);width:80%;}}@media(min-width: 62em){.__m__-_R_6qrdub_{padding-inline:var(--mantine-spacing-xl);}}</style><div style="margin-inline:auto;max-width:var(--mantine-breakpoint-xl)" class="__m__-_R_6qrdub_"><div style="color:var(--mantine-color-dimmed)" class="m_4451eb3a mantine-Center-root" data-inline="true"><div style="--ti-size:var(--ti-size-xs);--ti-bg:transparent;--ti-color:var(--mantine-color-indigo-light-color);--ti-bd:calc(0.0625rem * var(--mantine-scale)) solid transparent;margin-inline-end:calc(0.125rem * var(--mantine-scale));color:inherit" class="m_7341320d mantine-ThemeIcon-root" data-variant="transparent" data-size="xs"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="tabler-icon tabler-icon-lock "><path d="M5 13a2 2 0 0 1 2 -2h10a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v6a2 2 0 0 1 -2 2h-10a2 2 0 0 1 -2 -2v-6"></path><path d="M11 16a1 1 0 1 0 2 0a1 1 0 0 0 -2 0"></path><path d="M8 11v-4a4 4 0 1 1 8 0v4"></path></svg></div><p style="font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-sm)" class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">Ruby</p></div><h1 style="--title-fw:var(--mantine-h1-font-weight);--title-lh:var(--mantine-h1-line-height);--title-fz:var(--mantine-h1-font-size);margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-xl)" class="m_8a5d1357 mantine-Title-root" data-order="1">Теория: Хеши</h1><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"LearningResource","name":"Хеши","inLanguage":"ru","isPartOf":{"@type":"LearningResource","name":"Ruby"},"isAccessibleForFree":"False","hasPart":{"@type":"WebPageElement","isAccessibleForFree":"False","cssSelector":".paywalled"}}</script><div class=""><div style="--alert-color:var(--mantine-color-indigo-light-color);margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg);font-size:var(--mantine-font-size-lg)" class="m_66836ed3 mantine-Alert-root" id="mantine-_R_remqrdub_" role="alert" aria-describedby="mantine-_R_remqrdub_-body" aria-labelledby="mantine-_R_remqrdub_-title"><div class="m_a5d60502 mantine-Alert-wrapper"><div class="m_667f2a6a mantine-Alert-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="tabler-icon tabler-icon-rocket "><path d="M4 13a8 8 0 0 1 7 7a6 6 0 0 0 3 -5a9 9 0 0 0 6 -8a3 3 0 0 0 -3 -3a9 9 0 0 0 -8 6a6 6 0 0 0 -5 3"></path><path d="M7 14a6 6 0 0 0 -3 6a6 6 0 0 0 6 -3"></path><path d="M14 9a1 1 0 1 0 2 0a1 1 0 1 0 -2 0"></path></svg></div><div class="m_667c2793 mantine-Alert-body"><div class="m_6a03f287 mantine-Alert-title"><span id="mantine-_R_remqrdub_-title" class="m_698f4f23 mantine-Alert-label">Полный доступ к материалам</span></div><div id="mantine-_R_remqrdub_-body" class="m_7fa78076 mantine-Alert-message"><div style="--group-gap:var(--mantine-spacing-md);--group-align:center;--group-justify:space-between;--group-wrap:wrap" class="m_4081bf90 mantine-Group-root"><p class="mantine-focus-auto m_b6d8b162 mantine-Text-root">Зарегистрируйтесь и получите доступ к этому и десяткам других курсов</p><a style="--button-height:var(--button-height-xs);--button-padding-x:var(--button-padding-x-xs);--button-fz:var(--mantine-font-size-xs);--button-bg:linear-gradient(45deg, var(--mantine-color-blue-filled) 0%, var(--mantine-color-cyan-filled) 100%);--button-hover:linear-gradient(45deg, var(--mantine-color-blue-filled) 0%, var(--mantine-color-cyan-filled) 100%);--button-color:var(--mantine-color-white);--button-bd:none" class="mantine-focus-auto mantine-active m_77c9d27d mantine-Button-root m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-variant="gradient" data-size="xs" href="/u/new"><span class="m_80f1301b mantine-Button-inner"><span class="m_811560b9 mantine-Button-label">Зарегистрироваться</span></span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="paywalled m_d08caa0 mantine-Typography-root"><p>Hash — тип данных, предназначенный для хранения пар <strong>ключ-значение</strong>. Порядок ключей в хеше определен и совпадает с порядком их добавления.</p>
<div class="m_5cb1b9c8 mantine-CodeHighlightTabs-root"><div style="--sa-corner-width:0px;--sa-corner-height:0px" class="m_7b14120b mantine-CodeHighlightTabs-filesScrollarea m_d57069b5 mantine-ScrollArea-root" dir="ltr"><div style="overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:hidden" class="m_c0783ff9 mantine-ScrollArea-viewport" data-scrollbars="xy"><div class="m_b1336c6 mantine-ScrollArea-content"><div class="m_38d99e51 mantine-CodeHighlightTabs-files"><button class="mantine-focus-auto m_5cac2e62 mantine-CodeHighlightTabs-file m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-active="true" type="button"><span>ruby</span></button><button class="mantine-focus-auto m_5cac2e62 mantine-CodeHighlightTabs-file m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" type="button"><span>ruby</span></button></div></div></div><div data-orientation="horizontal" class="m_c44ba933 mantine-ScrollArea-scrollbar" data-hidden="true" style="position:absolute;--sa-thumb-width:18px" data-mantine-scrollbar="true"></div><div class="m_c44ba933 mantine-ScrollArea-scrollbar" data-hidden="true" data-orientation="vertical" style="position:absolute;--sa-thumb-height:18px" data-mantine-scrollbar="true"></div></div><div style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlightTabs-codeHighlight" dir="ltr"><div class="m_be7e9c9c mantine-CodeHighlightTabs-controls" data-with-offset="true"><button style="--ai-bg:transparent;--ai-hover:transparent;--ai-color:inherit;--ai-bd:none" class="mantine-focus-auto mantine-active m_d498bab7 mantine-CodeHighlightTabs-control m_8d3f4000 mantine-ActionIcon-root m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-variant="none" type="button" aria-label="Copy code"><span class="m_8d3afb97 mantine-ActionIcon-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="2" stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path stroke="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path><path d="M8 8m0 2a2 2 0 0 1 2 -2h8a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v8a2 2 0 0 1 -2 2h-8a2 2 0 0 1 -2 -2z"></path><path d="M16 8v-2a2 2 0 0 0 -2 -2h-8a2 2 0 0 0 -2 2v8a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2"></path></svg></span></button></div><div style="--scrollarea-scrollbar-size:calc(0.25rem * var(--mantine-scale));--sa-corner-width:0px;--sa-corner-height:0px" class="m_f744fd40 mantine-CodeHighlightTabs-scrollarea m_d57069b5 mantine-ScrollArea-root" dir="ltr"><div style="overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:hidden;overscroll-behavior-inline:none" class="m_c0783ff9 mantine-ScrollArea-viewport" data-scrollbars="xy"><div class="m_b1336c6 mantine-ScrollArea-content"><pre class="m_2c47c4fd mantine-CodeHighlightTabs-pre" data-with-offset="true"><code class="m_5caae6d3 mantine-CodeHighlightTabs-code">options = {}
# При таком определении ключ становится символом (symbol)
options = { key: &#x27;value&#x27; }
options[:key] # &#x27;value&#x27;

# При таком определении ключ становится строкой (string)
options = { &#x27;key&#x27; =&gt; &#x27;value&#x27; }

# Добавление/замена в хешах
options[:where] = &#x27;code-basics&#x27;
options[:who] = &#x27;hexlet&#x27;

options.any? # true
options.empty? # false

# Возвращает ключи
options.keys # [&#x27;key&#x27;, :where, :who]

# Возвращает значения
options.values # [&#x27;value&#x27;, &#x27;code-basics&#x27;, &#x27;hexlet&#x27;]

# Обращение к несуществующему элементу возвращает nil
options[:language] # nil

# Доступ к вложенным структурам без необходимости проверок
options.dig(:key1, :key2, :key3)

# Если ключа нет, то будет брошено исключение
options.fetch(:key) # KeyError (key not found: :key)

# Если ключа нет, то вернётся значение по умолчанию
options.fetch(:key, &#x27;default value&#x27;)</code></pre></div></div></div><button class="mantine-focus-auto m_c9378bc2 mantine-CodeHighlightTabs-showCodeButton m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-hidden="true" type="button">Expand code</button></div></div><p>Хеши в Ruby передаются по ссылке, но сравнение происходит по значению, как и в массивах.</p>
<div style="margin-bottom:var(--mantine-spacing-lg)" class="m_e597c321 mantine-CodeHighlight-codeHighlight" dir="ltr"><div class="m_be7e9c9c mantine-CodeHighlight-controls"><button style="--ai-bg:transparent;--ai-hover:transparent;--ai-color:inherit;--ai-bd:none" class="mantine-focus-auto mantine-active m_d498bab7 mantine-CodeHighlight-control m_8d3f4000 mantine-ActionIcon-root m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-variant="none" type="button" aria-label="Copy code"><span class="m_8d3afb97 mantine-ActionIcon-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="2" stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><path stroke="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path><path d="M8 8m0 2a2 2 0 0 1 2 -2h8a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v8a2 2 0 0 1 -2 2h-8a2 2 0 0 1 -2 -2z"></path><path d="M16 8v-2a2 2 0 0 0 -2 -2h-8a2 2 0 0 0 -2 2v8a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2"></path></svg></span></button></div><div style="--scrollarea-scrollbar-size:calc(0.25rem * var(--mantine-scale));--sa-corner-width:0px;--sa-corner-height:0px" class="m_f744fd40 mantine-CodeHighlight-scrollarea m_d57069b5 mantine-ScrollArea-root" dir="ltr"><div style="overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:hidden;overscroll-behavior-inline:none" class="m_c0783ff9 mantine-ScrollArea-viewport" data-scrollbars="xy"><div class="m_b1336c6 mantine-ScrollArea-content"><pre class="m_2c47c4fd mantine-CodeHighlight-pre" style="padding:0"><code class="m_5caae6d3 mantine-CodeHighlight-code">options1 = { language: &#x27;ruby&#x27; }
options2 = { language: &#x27;ruby&#x27; }
options1 == options2 # true</code></pre></div></div></div><button class="mantine-focus-auto m_c9378bc2 mantine-CodeHighlight-showCodeButton m_87cf2631 mantine-UnstyledButton-root" data-hidden="true" type="button">Expand code</button></div>
<p>У хешей, как и у массивов, огромное количество различных методов на все случаи жизни — включая обход и разнообразные функции высшего порядка. 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